Carboxylic Acid and Vitamin K

2. CARBOXYLIC ACID
Carboxylic Acid :
 Any Of A Class Of Organic Compounds In Which A Carbon
(C) Atom Is Bonded To An Oxygen (O) Atom By A Double
Bond And To A Hydroxyl Group (―OH) By A Single Bond.
A Fourth Bond Links The Carbon Atom To A Hydrogen (H)
Atom Or To Some Other Univalent Combining Group.

3. SOME EXAMPLE OF CARBOXYLIC
ACID

4. TYPES OF CHEMICAL BOND
 Carboxylic acids contain a double bond
between a carbon atom and an oxygen atom,
and a single bond between the same carbon
atom and a hydroxyl group (-OH)

5. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
 . Carboxylic acid molecules are polar due to the presence of two
electronegative oxygen atoms
• They also participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of the
carbonyl group (C=O) and the hydroxyl group.
• When placed in nonpolar solvents, these compounds form dimers via
hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl group of one carboxylic acid and
the carbonyl group of the other.

6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
• The solubility of compounds containing the carboxyl functional group
in water depends on the size of the compound. The smaller the
compound (the shorter the R group), the higher the solubility.
• The boiling point of a carboxylic acid is generally higher than that of
water.
• These compounds have the ability to donate protons and are
therefore Bronsted-Lowry acids.
• They generally have a strong sour smell. However, their esters have
pleasant odours and are therefore used in perfumes.

7. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACID
• The α-carbon belonging to a carboxylic acid can easily
be halogenated via the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.
• These compounds can be converted into amines using
the Schmidt reaction.
• A carboxylic acid can be reduced to an alcohol by
treating it with hydrogen to cause a hydrogenation
reaction.
• Upon reaction with alcohols, these compounds yield
esters.

8. BIOLOGICAL ROLE
 Fatty acids that are essential to human beings are made up of carboxylic acids. Examples
include omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.
 Higher fatty acids are also used in the manufacture of soaps.
 The production of soft drinks and many other food products involves the use of many
carboxylic acids.
 The synthesis of many drugs involves the use of these compounds. Therefore, carboxylic
acids are very important in pharmaceuticals.
 Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are used in the production of polymers, biopolymers,
coatings, adhesives, and pharmaceutical drugs. They also can be used as solvents, food
additives, antimicrobials, and flavoring .
 They can be present as natural food components, for example, the acids present in fruits and
vegetables (citric acid in citric fruits, malic acid in grapes and apples, oxalic acid salts in
parsley, broccoli), or added artificially, as acidulants (citric acid), preservatives (lactic acid),
emulsifiers (tartaric acid), antioxidants (ascorbic acid), or flavors (propionic acid) in a wide
variety of products for human consumption (foods and beverages)

9. USES IN MEDICINE
 Carboxylic acids are a class of organic compounds that are characterized by
the presence of the carboxyl group (-COOH) in them. They are used in
various fields, including medicine.
 Salicylic acid ; which is a type of carboxylic acid, is used in acne creams and
in the synthesis of aspirin .
 Ethanoic acid ; another type of carboxylic acid, is also used in the synthesis
of aspirin . Carboxylic acids are also good antimicrobial and antifungal agent.
 Benzoic acid ; is also a constituent of Whitfield’s ointment, which is used
for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as ringworm and athlete’s foot.
 Acetic acid ; An acid that is used to treat a number of conditions in
medicine As an eardrop, it is used to treat infections of the ear canal. It
may be used with an ear wick.

10. USE IN MEDICINE
A. Salicylic acid Benzoic acid Acetylsalicylic acid Vinegar

11. VITAMIN K PHYLLOQUINONE
 Vitamin K was discovered by Henrik
Dam as an antihemorragic agent.
 The term vitamin K is used to describe
2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and all
derivatives of this compound that
exhibit antihemorrhagic activity in
animals with a vitamin K-deficient diet.
 Vitamin K can be found in
some tropical and subtropical fruits.
 Given fig. are some source of vitamin k
rich foods.

12. STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF VITAMIN - K
 Vitamin K activity is provided by several different
naturally occurring compounds, including
 VITAMIN K1 ; which is found in the diet
as phylloquinone.
 VITAMIN K 2 ; menaquinones which are
synthesized by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.
 VITAMIN 3 ; also known as menadione, is a
synthetic or artificially produced form of vitamin
K.
 Vitamin K3 is a synthetic, artificially produced
form of vitamin K that doesn’t occur naturally. This
is unlike the other two forms of vitamin K.

13. CHEMICAL BOND
 The structure of phylloquinone or Vitamin K1, is marked by
the presence of a phytyl sidechain.
 Vitamin K1 has an (E) trans double bond responsible for its
biological activity, phylloquinone) – both forms of the vitamin
contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side
chain. Phylloquinone has a phytyl side chain.
 The structures of menaquinones, vitamin K2 are marked by
the polyisoprenyl side chain present in the molecule that can
contain four to 13 isoprenyl units.
 Vitamin K2 (menaquinone). In menaquinone, the side chain is
composed of a varying number of isoprenoid residues. The
most common number of these residues is four, since
animal enzymes normally produce menaquinone-4 from plant
phylloquinone.

14. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

15. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 It appears as yellow to orange transparent viscous liquid and is
odorless with the relative density being 0.967 and the refractive index
being nD251.525~1.528.
 It is easily soluble in chloroform, ether and vegetable oil, slightly
soluble in ethanol and insoluble in water.
 It is easily to be decomposed when exposed to light and with being
decomposed upon being heated to 120 ℃.

16. BIOLOGICAL ROLE
 Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in blood clotting and bone
metabolism. Here are ten points on the biological role of Vitamin K:
 Vitamin K is essential for the activation of clotting factors in the liver, which are
responsible for blood coagulation .
 It also plays a role in calcium metabolism by regulating the activity of proteins involved
in bone mineralization .
 Vitamin K is involved in the synthesis of osteocalcin, a protein that is important for bone
formation .
 It is also involved in the synthesis of matrix Gla protein (MGP), which helps to prevent
the calcification of soft tissues such as blood vessels .
 Vitamin K has been shown to have a protective effect against heart disease by reducing
arterial calcification .

17.  It may also have a role in cancer prevention by
inhibiting the growth of cancer cells .
 Vitamin K has been shown to have a beneficial effect
on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism .
 It may also have a role in brain function by
regulating the activity of proteins involved in the
nervous system .
 Vitamin K is important for fetal development and
may help to prevent birth defects .
 It is also involved in the immune system by
regulating the activity of immune cells.

18. USE IN MEDICINE
 Vitamin K is used to prevent and treat certain blood clotting (coagulation) issues. It’s also
used to prevent severe bleeding in newborns.
 Vitamin K may be used in cases of ongoing IV feeding. It may also be used when antibiotics
have killed bacteria in the intestines that make vitamin K.
 ANTIHEMORRHAGIC FACTOR- essential for the formation of prothrombin . Therefore a patient
with deficiency has increased clotting times.
 MENADIOL- Menadiol Diphosphate 10mgTablets are used to treat or prevent excessive
bleeding in certain situations, for example after surgery and in some forms of jaundice when
the body may be unable to absorb sufficient vitamin K from the diet.
 MENADIONE (VITAMIN K-3) - It is important to prevent dangerous buildup of calcium
in tissues, organs, and blood vessels of people with or at risk of certain conditions like kidney
disease, heart disease, and diabetes ( 1 , 2 , 3 ).
 MENAQUINONE (VITAMIN K-2) - lower the risk of cardiovascular damage and improve
overall heart health.

19. ANTIHEMORRHAGIC
DRUG
MENADIOL MENADIONE (VITAMIN K-3) MENAQUINONE
(VITAMIN K-2)