- Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts for normal growth and life processes. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). - Some key early discoveries include isolating the "antiberiberi factor" in 1911 and identifying two essential fractions (fat-soluble A and water-soluble B) in eggs and milk in 1915. - Vitamin A was the first fat-soluble vitamin identified and helps maintain epithelial cells and vision. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and bone growth. Vitamin K is needed for blood clotting.

1. VITAMINS

2. Introduction
 In 14th and 15th century, Scurvy was one of the
dominant disease which-Was common to, sailors. It
could be cured by providing them oranges and
lemons.
 Thus it was concluded that there must be certain
substances, in addition to carbohydrates, fats,
proteins, and minerals, which are essential for
normal life and are called as accessory food factors.

3.  In 1911, Funk isolated unknown factor from extract
of husk. He called it as 'antiberiberi’ factor as it was
used to treat beriberi in man (beriberi in man
corresponds to polyneuritis in birds).
 Hence in 1912, he coined the word 'Vitamine' (latin
word 'vita' means life) as above factor is essential for
life and it contains basic 'nitrogen', 1. e. believed to
be amine.

4.  In 1915, Mc Collura and Davis observed the presence
of at least two essential factors in egg yolk and milk.
 He collected two fractions from butter and eggs. The
first is the 'fat soluble A' fraction (which cures
xerophthaimia) and the other is 'water soluble B'
fraction. This was the basis of classification of
vitamins.

5.  Later on other factors were recognised and other
letters of alphabet were assigned.
 When original factor was shown to be a mixture of
several components, the numerical subscripts were
added. e. g. in 'B' complex, B1, B2, B3, B6. etc. In
vitamin 'D' D1, 132, D3, D4, D5 etc. were given.

6. Definition
 Vitamins may be defined as potent organic
substances which are essential for normal growth
and maintenance of life of animals, including man,
who are not able to synthesize, or to synthesize
building adequate quantity, and are effective in small
amounts, are not used as building for the structure
of organisms, do not furnish energy but are useful
units transformation of energy and for regulation of
metabolism.

7. Classification
 They are classified on the basis of solubility
 (a) Fat-soluble vitamins : e g. Vitamins A, D, E,K.
 (b) Water soluble vitamins : e. g. Vitamin C and B-
group vitamins.

8. Fat soluble Vitamins
 Fat soluble vitamins which
 1. are obtained from beta ionone ring : e. g. vitamin A
 2. are obtained from steroids/sterols : c, g. vitamin
D.
 3. contain chromane ring eg ; vitamin E
 4. contain naphthaquinone ring ; eg. vitamin K.

9. Water soluble Vitamins
 Water soluble vitamins are the derivatives of
endogenous polar substances like sugars, amino
acids, purines, pyrimidines etc. Among this type,
 Vitamins which contain nitrogen
 Vitamins derived from sugars

10. VITAMIN A
 It was the first fat soluble vitamin identified by Mc
Collum and Davis.
 It is called as growth vitamin as its deficiency causes
ceasation of growth in rats.
 It is also called as antixerophthalmic factor as its
deficiency causes xerophthalmia.
 It is also called as retinol as it is essential for the
formation of rhodopsin (the part of visual pigment
within rods of retina) and contain hydroxy group.

11.  Vitamin A1 (retinol) is cyclic polyene alcohol.
 The carotenes, the yellow pigment of plant, are
provitamin A1.
 beta -carotene gives two molecules of vitamin A1.
 Sources : Liver oils of fishes like halibut, cod, shark.
Other sources are milk, egg, carrot, mangoes, tomato
etc.

12.  Properties : It is isolated as pale yellow crystalline
compound. it is practically insoluble in water but
freely soluble in alcohol and in fixed oils. When
vitamin A ester is warmed, it gives homogeneous
yellow oil.
 Stability and Storage : It is destroyed on exposure
to air and u. v. light. Hence it is stored in,
hermetically sealed containers, in an atmosphere
of nitrogen or other Inert gas, in a cool place and
protected from light.

13.  Uses :
 it is used 1. to prevent and cure xerophthalmia.
 2. to maintain integrity and normal functions of
epithelial cells
 3. to treat deficiency symptoms like night blindness.
 4. essential for growth of young animals

14.  Dosage forms : 1. Concentrated vitamin A solution. 2.
Concentrated vitamin A and vitamin D solution. 3.
Halibut liver oil capsules. 4. Shark liver oil with
vitamin D. 5. Vitamin A and D capsules. 6. Vitamin A
capsules.
 Brand names : Arovit, Sharkoferol, Nutrimalt.

15. Vitamin D
 It is 'antirachitic' vitamin as it is used to treat
deficiency disease.
 It Is also called calciferol as it promotes the
calcification of bony structures and contain
hydroxy group.
 Vitamin D2 Is called Ergocalciferol as it is obtained
from ergosterol.
 Vitamin D3 is called cholecalciferol as it is
obtained from 7-dehydrocholesterol.
 Vitamin D3 is also called as sunshine vitamin as It
is obtained by action of sun's ultraviolet rays on the
sterols present In the skin

16.  Sources : Cod liver oil, Halibut liver oil, Yeast,
butter, milk.
 Properties Vitamin D2 and D3 are white crystalline
powders, tasteless and Odourless. They are soluble in
alcohol and Insoluble in water.
 Stability and storage : As under Vitamin A

17.  Uses
 it is used 1. to treat rickets In young and
osteomalacia
 In adults. 2. it Is essential for absorption of calcium
and phosphorus from intestine.
 3. it also helps in development of normal teeth.
 Dosage forms : 1. Concentrate vitamin D solution
2. Calciferol solution 3. Calciferoi injection 4.
Vitamin A and D capsules 5. Vitamin A and D
solutions.
 Brand names : Sharkoferol. Nutrimalt.

18. Vitamin E
 It is a group of closely related compounds which are
derivatives of tocol and tocotrienol.
 They are called tocopherols
 The well-known tocopherols are alpha, beta, gamma
and delta-tocopherols.
 It is necessary in the reproduction of rats, Hence it is
called as antisterillty factor for rats

19.  Source : Soya bean, cotton seed, embryo of wheat
and rice, maize and green leaves.
 Properties : It clear. slightly greenish-yellow, viscous
oily odourless liquid, It Is practically Insoluble in
water and soluble In alcohol, and in fixed oils. When
alcoholic solution Is heated with nitric add, its yellow
colour changes to brick-red.

20.  Stability and storage
 It is oxidised by air or oxygen and is affected by light.
Hence It is stored in tightly-dosed light-resistant
containers
 Uses : 1. It is mainly used as antioxidant in fats and
oils. 2. It is essential to maintain structure and
functions of smooth muscles and skeletal muscles.

21.  Uses : 3. It is also effective in prevention of abortion,
in certain menstrual disorders, and in improvement
of lactation. 4. It is also used to prevent haemolytic
anaemia in premature infants.
 Dosage forms : Vitamin E tablets. Vitamin E
capsules, Vitamin E ointment.
 Brand names : Keokarpin massage oil, Vita-E.

22. Vitamin K
 Vitamin K is called as antihaemorrhagic factor as it
takes part in coagulation of blood.
 Vitamin K1 is called as phytomenadione as it is a
derivative of menadione and contains phytyl group.
 Vitamin K2 is also called as farnoquinone. It is also 1,
4-naphthoquinone derivative.
 Vitamin K1 Is isolated from alfalfa leaves and
vitamin K2 from putrefied fish meat.

23.  Properties : Vitamin K1 is clear deep yellow oil and is
almost odourless. It is practically insoluble in water
but soluble in chloroform and in fixed oils.
 When it is treated with methanolic KOH, it gives
green colour which changes to purple and then
reddish brown on standing.
 Storage and stability : It is oxidised by air and is
affected by light and hence it is stored In tightly
closed light-resistant containers

24.  Uses : It is used to treat haemorrhage (or threatened
haemorrhage due to excessive dosing with
anticoagulants) 2. to prevent and cure of neonatal
haemorrhage. 3. to treat vitamin K deficiency. 4, as
radiosensitiser to treat cancer.
 Pharmaceutical formulations 1. Phytomenadione
injection 2. Phytomenadione tablets
 Brand names : Soyal, Gynoseden

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