1. The document discusses weak and strong forms of common function words in English such as articles, pronouns, prepositions, auxiliary verbs. 2. It explains that words like "the", "a", "and" have weak forms that are pronounced differently than their strong forms, especially before consonants and vowels. 3. The document also notes that some words like prepositions can have weak forms internally in a sentence but may use strong forms at the end of a sentence, depending on factors like emphasis.

1. Most common weak forms
in English

2. 1.'the'
Weak forms: ð∂ (before consonants)
'shut the door' /ʃ˄t ð∂ 'dↄ:/.
ðI (before vowels)
'Wait for the end' /'weIt f∂ ði 'end/.

3. 2.'a', 'an'
Weak forms : ∂ (before consonants).
' Read a book' /'ri:d ∂ 'buk/
∂n (before vowels).
' Eat an apple' /'i:t ∂n 'æpḷ/.

4. 3. 'and'
Weak form: ∂n (sometimes ṇ after t, d, s, z,ʃ/
' come and see' /'k˄m ∂n 'si:/
' Fish and chips' /'fI ʃ ṇ 'ʧIps/.

5. 4. 'but'
Weak form: b∂t 'It's good but expensive'
/Its 'gud b∂t Iks'pensiv/.

6. 5. ' that'
( This word only has a weak form when used in
a relative clause; when used with a
demonstrative sense it is usually pronounced
in its strong form.)
Weak form: ð∂t ' The price is the thing that
annoys me '
/ ð∂ 'prais Iz ð∂ 'ƟIη ð∂t ∂'nↄIz mi/ .

7. 6. ' than'
Weak form: ð∂n 'Better than ever' /bet∂ ð∂n
'Σv∂.

8. 7. ' his'
Weak form: Iz , (hIz at the beginning of a
sentence)
'Take his name' /'teik Iz 'neim /
(Another sense of 'his' , as in 'it was his' has
always the strong form).

9. 8. 'her'
(When used with possessive sense, proceeding
a noun; as an object pronoun, this can also
occur at the end of a sentence ).
Weak forms : ∂ (before consonants).
'Take her home' /'teIk ∂ 'h∂um/.
∂r (before vowels)
' Take her out' / 'teIk ∂r 'aut/ .

10. 9. 'your'
Weak forms: j∂ (before consonants)
' Take your time' /teIk j∂ 'taIm/
j∂r (before vowels)
' On your own' /ↄn j∂r '∂Ʊn

11. 10. 'She', 'He', 'We', 'You':
 'she' ʃi
' why did she read it?' /wai dId ʃi ' ri:d It/.
' Who is she?' /'hu: 'Iz ʃI/
 'he' I (the weak form is usually pronounced without h except at
the beginning of a sentence).
' Which did he choose?' / 'wIʧ dId I ʧu:z/
' He was late, wasn't he?' /hi w∂z ' leIt ' wↄzṇt i/
 'we' wI
' How can we get there?' / haƱ k∂n we 'get ðΣ∂/
' we need that, don't we?' / wi 'ni:d ðæt 'd∂Ʊnt wi/
 'you' ju
' What do you think?' /'wↄt d∂ ju 'ƟIηk/
' You like it, do you?' /ju 'laik It 'du: ju/

12. 11. 'him'
Weak form: Im
' Leave him alone' /li:v Im ∂'l∂un/
' I've seen him' /aIv 'si:n Im/

13. 12. 'her'
Weak form : ∂ (h∂ when sentence –initial)
' Ask her to come' /a:sk ∂ t∂ 'k˄m/
' I have met her' /aIv ' mΣt ∂/

14. 13. 'them'
Weak form : ð∂m
' leave them here' /li:v ð∂m 'hI∂/
' eat them' /i:t ð∂m/

15. 14. 'us'
Weak form: ∂s
'Write us a letter' /'raIt ∂s ∂ 'let∂/
' They invited all of us' / ðeI In'vaItId ' 'ↄ:l ∂v
∂s/.

16. The next group of words (some prepositions
and other function words) occurs in their
strong form when they are final in a sentence.
This also depends on the intention of the
speaker, the situation, the pitch level of the
word; examples of this are given.

17. 15. 'at'
Weak form: ∂t
' I'll see you at lunch' /aIl 'si: ju ∂t 'l˄nʃ/
In the final position: æt
' What's he shooting at?' / 'wↄts I 'ʃu:tIη æt/

18. 16. ' for'
Weak form : f∂ (before consonants)
' Tea for two' / ' ti: f∂ 'tu:/
f∂r (before vowels).
' Thanks for asking' /'Ɵæηks f∂r 'a:skIη/
In the final position: fↄ:
' what's that for? ' /wↄts 'ðæt fↄ:/

19. 17. 'from'
Weak form: fr∂m
' I'm home from work' /aim 'h∂um fr∂m 'wЗ:k/
In the final position: frↄm
' Here's where it came from' /'hI∂z we∂r It 'keIm
frↄm

20. 18. ' of '
Weak form : ∂v
' Most of all' /'m∂ust ∂v ' Ɔ:l/
In the final position: Ɔv
' Someone I've heard of' /'s˄mw˄n aIv 'h З:d Ɔv/

21. 19. 'to'
Weak form : t∂ (before consonsnts)
' Try to stop' /' traI t∂ ' stƆp/
Tu (before vowels)
' Time to eat' /'taIm tu 'i:t/
In the final position: tu (It is not usual to use the
strong form tu:, and the pre-consonantal weak
form t∂ is never used).
' I don't want to' /aI 'd∂unt 'wƆnt tu/.

22. 20. 'as'
Weak form: ∂z
' As much as possible' /∂z 'm˄ʧ /∂z pƆsIbḷ/
In final position : æz
' That's what it was sold as' /'ðæts 'wƆt It w∂z
's∂Ʊld æz/

23. 21. 'some'
This word is used in two different ways:
In one sense (typically, when it occurs before a
countable noun, meaning "an unknown individual") it
has strong form:/s˄m/
' I think some animal broke it' /ai ' ƟIηk s˄m 'ænImḷ '
br∂Ʊk It/
If it comes before uncountable nouns (meaning "an
unspecified amount of"), in such uses it has the weak
form: s∂m.
' Have some more tea' / 'hæv s∂m 'mƆ: 'ti:/
In final position: s˄m
' I've got some' /aIv 'gƆt s˄m/

24. 22. 'there'
This word has a demonstrative function; it always occurs in its
strong form : ðe∂ (ðe∂r before example), e.g.
'There it is' / ðe∂r It Iz /
' Put it here ' /pƱt It ðe∂/
Weak forms: ð∂ (before consonants)
'There should be a rule' /ð∂ 'ʃƱd bi ∂ 'ru:l/
ð∂r (before vowels)
' There is' / ð∂r 'Iz/
In the final position the pronunciation may be ð∂ or ðe∂.
' There isn't any, is there? ' / ð∂r 'Izṇt eni 'Iz ð∂/ or
/ ð∂r ' Izṇt eni 'Iz ðe∂/.

25. 23. 'can', 'could'
Weak forms: k∂n, k∂d
'They can wait' / ðeI K∂n 'weIt/
'He could do it' /hi: k∂d 'du: It/
In final position: kæn, kƱd
' I think we can' /aI 'ƟIηk wi kæn/
' Most of them could' /'m∂Ʊst ∂v ðem kƱd/

26. 24. 'have', 'has', 'had'
Weak forms: ∂v, ∂z, c (with initial h in initial position)
' Which have you seen?' /'wIʧ ∂v ju 'si:n/
' which has been best?' /' wIʧ ∂z 'bi:n 'best/
' Most had gone home' /m∂Ʊst ∂Ʊ 'gƆn 'h∂Ʊm/
In final position: hæv, hæz, hæd
' Yes, we have' /'jes we ' hæv/
' I think she has' /aI ' ƟIηk ʃi ' hæz/
' I thought we had' / aI 'Ɵↄ:t wI ' hæd/

27. 25. 'shall' 'should'
Weak forms : ʃ∂l or ʃḷ ; ʃ∂d
'we shall need to hurry' /wi ʃḷ 'ni:d t∂ 'h˄ri/
' I should forget it' / aI ʃ∂d f∂'get It/
In final position: ʃæl , ʃƱd
' I think we shall' /aI ' ƟIηk wI 'ʃæl /
' So you should' /s∂Ʊ ju ' ʃƱd/

28. 26. 'must'
This word is sometimes used with the sense of forming a
conclusion or deduction, e.g 'she left at 8 o'clock, so
she must have arrived by now'; when 'must' is used in
this way, it is rather less likely to occur in its weak form
than when it is being used in its more familiar sense of'
obligation'
Weak form: m∂s (before consonants
'You must try harder' /ju m∂s'trai 'ha:d∂/ m∂st (before
vowels)
' He must eat more' /hi 'm∂st 'i:t 'mↄ:
In final position: m˄st
' she certainly must ' /ʃi 'sЗ:tṇli 'm˄st/

29. 27. 'do', 'does'
Weak forms:
'Do' d∂ (before consonants)
'Why do they like it? ' /'waI d∂ ðeI 'laIk It/
Du (before vowels)
' why do all the cars stop? ' /'waI du ↄ:l ð∂ 'ka:z 'st ↄp/
'Does' d∂z
' When does it arrive? ' /wen d∂z It ∂'raIv/
In final position: du: , d˄z
' we don't smoke, but some people do'
/wi: d∂Ʊnt 'sm∂Ʊk b∂t 's˄m 'pi:pḷ 'du:/
' I think John does' /aI ' ƟIηk 'ʤ ↄn d˄z/

30. 28. 'am', 'are', 'was', 'were'
Weak forms: ∂m
'Why am I here?' /waI ∂m aI 'hi∂
∂ ( before consonants)
' Here are the plates' /hI∂r ∂ ð∂ 'pleIts/
∂r (before vowels)
' The coats are in here' / ð∂ 'k∂Ʊts ∂r In ðe∂/
w∂z
'He was there a minute ago' /hI w∂z 'hI∂r ∂ 'mInit ∂'g∂u/
w∂ (before consonants)
' The papers were late' / ð∂ 'peIp∂z w∂ 'leIt/
w∂r (before vowels)
'The questions were easy' / ð∂ 'kwesʧ∂nz w∂r 'i:zi/
In final positions: æm, a:, wↄz, wЗ:
' She's not as old as I am' / ʃiz 'nↄt ∂z 'aI æm/
' I know the smiths are' /aI n∂Ʊ ð∂ 'smIƟss a:
' The last record was' / ð∂ la:st 'rekↄd wↄz/
' They weren't as cold as we are' / ðeI ' wЗ:nt ∂z 'k∂Ʊld ∂z
'wi: wЗ:/.