What is an Adverbial Phrase Types & Format with Examples.pdfChloe Cheney
What is an adverbial? Do you know how often we use adverbial phrases in our daily speech? Learn about its types, formats, and examples through our private English tutors and blogs.
Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4codybug134
This presentation was designed for a learning support class at a community college. It covers the basics like nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
1. Word formation - Affixation - Conversion - Compounding - Clipping - Port Manteau -
Onomatopoeia - Loan words- other minor devices.
2. Patterns of spelling.
3. Phrasal verbs and prepositional phrases.
4. Sentence connectors -Devices for cohesion and coherence
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
What is an Adverbial Phrase Types & Format with Examples.pdfChloe Cheney
What is an adverbial? Do you know how often we use adverbial phrases in our daily speech? Learn about its types, formats, and examples through our private English tutors and blogs.
Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4codybug134
This presentation was designed for a learning support class at a community college. It covers the basics like nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
1. Word formation - Affixation - Conversion - Compounding - Clipping - Port Manteau -
Onomatopoeia - Loan words- other minor devices.
2. Patterns of spelling.
3. Phrasal verbs and prepositional phrases.
4. Sentence connectors -Devices for cohesion and coherence
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Question about the reading
• What are clitics?
• They are not words.
– Evidence: they can’t be stressed
• They are not prefixes or suffixes.
– Evidence: they don’t cause certain changes in the
word that a prefix or suffix would cause.
– Evidence: any given prefix or suffix can attach to one
kind of word (for example, only nouns or only verbs).
Some clitics attach to whatever is nearby.
2. Example: Spanish clitic pronouns
(Data to be supplied by the class)
• Word stress in Spanish
– Stress the second to last or last syllable
– Examples:
• When you add a suffix like –able or –mente, the stress
goes on the new second to last syllable:
– Examples:
• Clitic pronoun:
– Example: I am reading it.
– When the clitic is added, the stress stays on the old second to
last syllable.
• Clitic pronoun:
– Example: I see him.
– Can it be stressed?
4. Categories of Words:
Parts of Speech
• Noun
• Verb
• Adjective
• Adverb
• Preposition
• Determiner (Article)
• Modal ?
5. Parts of Speech
This boy must seem incredibly stupid to that girl.
Det Noun Modal Verb Adverb Adjective Prep. Det Noun
6. Scientific method in linguistics
• Theories (hypotheses) must be testable
and falsifiable.
• Results must be reproducible.
7. Reproducible Results: Chomsky, 1957
The search for rigorous formulation in linguistics has a much more
serious motivation than mere concern for logical niceties or the
desire to purify well-established methods of linguistic analysis.
Precisely constructed models for linguistic structure can play an
important role, both negative and positive, in the process of
discovery itself. By pushing a precise but inadequate formulation to
an unacceptable conclusion, we can often expose the exact source
of the inadequacy and, consequently, gain a deeper understanding
of the linguistic data. More positively a formalized theory may
automatically provide solutions for many problems other than those
for which it was explicitly designed. Obscure and intuition-bound
notions can neither lead to absurd conclusions nor provide new and
correct ones, and hence they fail to be useful in two important
respects.
8. In language technologies, imprecise
definitions lead to poor intercoder
reliability, which leads to poor training, etc.
9. A traditional theory of parts of speech
• Verbs denote actions
• Nouns denote entities
• Adjectives denote states
• Adverbs denote manner
• Prepositions denote location
• Determiners specify
10. Counter-examples
• The same concept can function in several
parts of speech.
– Pinker, page 98
• Her interest in fungi (noun)
• Fungi are starting to interest her more and
more. (verb)
• She seems interested in fungi. (adjective)
• Interestingly, the fungi grew an inch in an
hour. (adverb)
11. The distributional theory of parts of
speech
• “A part of speech, then, is not a kind of
meaning; it is a kind of token that obeys
certain formal rules, like a chess piece or a
poker chip.”
– Pinker, page 98
• Testable and falsifiable
• Assumes discrete categories
12. The distributional theory of parts of
speech
• Distribution
– The contexts where the word can appear
• Morphology
– Prefixes, suffixes, and other changes to the
structure of the word.
13. Identifying parts of speech by their
Morphology
• Morphology: The form of words
• Affixes: Prefixes, suffixes, infixes
• Stem changes: swim/swam
14. Morphological properties of English
nouns
• Count nouns
– Cup/cups
– Book/books
• Mass nouns
– Attention/?attentions
– Sand/?sands
– Water/?waters
– Coffee/?coffees
15. Morphological Properties of English
adjectives
• Monosyllabic (one syllable) adjectives
– Tall/taller/tallest
– Fast/faster/fastest
• Multi-syllabic adjectives
– Intelligent/more intelligent/most intelligent
• Except for adjectives that have non-
gradable meanings:
– Alphabetical, unique, pregnant
16. Invariant words: no prefixes or suffixes
in English
• Prepositions (in, on, at, about, across,
beyond, etc.)
• Modals (may, might, can, could, must,
shall, should, etc.)
17. Morphological Properties of English
Verbs
Base Participle Past Present Gerund
mow mown mowed mows mowing
prove proven proved proves proving
go gone went goes going
meet met met meets meeting
cut cut cut cuts cutting
Past Participle Present Participle
Third person singular subject
Infinitive
18. What are participles?
• Verb forms that act like adjectives or
nouns:
– Mown grass
• Participle in an adjective position
– Mowing is fun
• Participle in a noun position
19. Other uses of English Participles
• The grass was mown.
– Passive verb
• I was mowing the grass.
– Present progressive verb
21. Template 1: adjectives
• Great ideas spread quickly.
• Interesting ideas spread quickly.
• Stupid ideas spread quickly.
• Colorless ideas spread quickly.
• Words of the same category have the
same distribution. For example, adjectives
can come before nouns.
22. Template 2: adjectives
• They are very adjective.
• They are very nice/gentlemanly/ladylike.
• *They are very gentlemen/ladies/faxes.
• *They are very starve/die.
• *They are very to/at/on.
• They are very in.
• They are very off.
23. Template 3: adjectives and adverbs
• Very adverb or adjective
• Very slow
• Very slowly
• Very badly
• Very happy
24. Template 4: adverb
• He treats her adverb.
• He treats her well.
• He treats her arrogantly.
• He treats her nicely.
• He treats her nice.
• He treats her good.
25. Template 5: nouns
• noun can be a pain in the neck.
• Television can be a pain in the neck.
• Linguistics can be a pain in the neck.
• This can be a pain in the neck.
• *Happy can be a pain in the neck.
• *From can be a pain in the neck.
• *The can be a pain in the neck.
• *Breathe can be a pain in the neck.
26. Template 6: verbs
• They/it can verb.
• They/it can stay/leave/die/cry.
• *They/it can gorgeous/cute/trendy.
• *They/it can from/to/in/off/on.
• *They/it can door/bible/gold/camera.
27. Template 7: Modals
• Modal I be frank?
• Can I be frank?
• Must I be frank?
• Should I be frank?
• Need I be frank?
28. Template 8: determiner
• He wrote determiner other works.
• He wrote the/all/these/no/few/many other
works.
• *He wrote despair/be/have other works.
• *He wrote student other works.
• ?He wrote successful other works.
29. Template 9: prepositions
• Right preposition.
– Right is an intensifier.
• Right up/down/in/on/across the street
• Right down the stairs
• Right in the drawer
• Right from school
• Right across the street
• *He right despaired.
• *She chose right this one.
30. Problems
• Problems with Radford’s templates
• Problems for the assumption of discrete
categories
– Words that evade categorization
31. Template 1 problem
• Templates need to be more exact:
– Great ideas spread quickly.
– The ideas spread quickly.
• Do great and the have the same part of
speech?
32. Template 5: need subcategories
• Cat can be a pain in the neck.
• The template only works for
– Plural nouns (e.g., cats)
– Mass nouns (e.g., water)
– Pronouns (e.g., he)
– Proper nouns (e.g., Sam)
• Cat is a singular count noun.
33. Count and mass nouns
• Singular count nouns must occur with a determiner:
– The cat was a pain in the neck.
– A cat can be a pain in the neck.
– *Cat was a pain in the neck.
• Plural nouns and mass nouns can occur without a
determiner.
– Cats can be a pain in the neck.
– Water can be a pain in the neck.
• Singular mass nouns change their meaning when they
occur with “a”
– a water
– a coffee
– ?An information
34. Other things to take into account
• He can be a pain in the neck.
• *Him can be a pain in the neck.
• This music rocks.
• These CDs rock.
35. Template 6: Need subcategories
• *They can handle.
• *They can accommodate.
• *They can harbor.
• The template only works for intransitive verbs.
• These verbs need another noun after them.
– They can handle boredom.
– They can accommodate changes.
– They can harbor criminals.
36. Template 9: prepositions
• She looked at him right strangely. (dialect)
• She is right pretty. (dialect)
• You look a right clown. (Oxford English
Dictionary)
• The government made a right mess of it.
(Oxford English Dictionary)
37. Words can have more than one
part of speech
• He needs to see a doctor. (verb)
• Need I be frank? (modal)
• I feel a need to explore my roots. (noun)
38. Importance to you
• The distributional theory of parts of speech
is problematic, but it is your best bet for
your grammar writing project.
• When you are building a lexicon, you will
decide on parts of speech for words by
using template tests and morphological
tests.
39. In-class exercise
• Goals:
– Interpret the results of distributional tests for
parts of speech.
– Discover that some words are problematic for
the distributional theory of parts of speech.
– Reminder:
• When you know a language, you know a complex
body of unconscious knowledge.
40. Words that evade classification
• More tests for prepositions and adjectives
– Cambridge Grammar of the English
Language, Chapter 7, Section 2.2
• Attempt to categorize like, worth, near,
opposite, due, close, far
41. Predicative and non-predicative
adjuncts
• Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, page 604
• Adjectives: predicative modifiers
– Tired of the ship, the captain saw an island on which
to land.
• Tired is predicated of the captain.
– *Tired of the ship, there was a small island.
• Prepositions: non-predicative modifiers
– Ahead of the ship, the captain saw an island on which
to land.
– Ahead of the ship, there was an island on which to
land.
42. Become, Feel, Seem, Look
• Adjectives
– He became/seemed/felt/looked happy
• Prepositions
– *He became/seemed/felt/looked in the park.
– Exceptions
• He became/seemed/felt/looked under the weather
• He became/seemed/felt/looked out of his mind
43. Degree modification
• Adjectives
– Very smart
– Smarter
– Smart enough
– *very much smart
• Prepositions
– *very in the room
– ?very much in the room
– *more on the table
• ?This book is more on the table than that one.
– ?This book is enough on the table not to fall.
– ?This book is on the table enough not to fall.
– This book is very much on the table.
– ?This book is more about linguistics than that one.
44. Followed by bare NP or PP
• Adjectives: Cannot be followed by bare NP
– Fond of Sam
– *Fond Sam
– Happy about the promotion
– *Happy the promotion
• Prepositions: Can be followed by bare NP
– In the room
– About linguistics
45. Right and Straight
• Adjectives:
– *right red
– *right conspicuous
– ?right smart
• Prepositions
– Straight into the room
– Right on the table
46. Coming with a question word when it moves
(Pied Piping, from a story where kids and rats followed a piper)
• Relative clause
– I saw a man
– The man who I saw ___
• Embedded question
– I know that you saw someone.
– I don’t know who you saw ___.
• Prepositions
– She cut the bread with a knife
– The knife with which she cut it ___
– The knife she cut it with
– I know that you are referring to someone.
– I don’t know to whom you are referring ___
– I don’t know who you are referring to.
• Adjectives
– She is fond of Sam.
– ?The boy fond of whom she is ___
– The boy of whom she is fond __
– The boy who she is fond of ___
– *I don’t know fond of whom she is.
– *I don’t know of whom she is fond ___.
– I don’t know who she is fond of ___.
47. Worth
• Predication:
– Worth over a million dollars, the jewels were
kept under surveillance.
– *Worth over a million dollars, there will be
ample opportunity for a lavish lifestyle.
• Become
– What might have been a $200 first edition
suddenly became worth perhaps ten times
that much.
48. Worth
• Degree modification
– *It was very worth the effort.
– It was very much worth the effort.
– ?It was enough worth the effort.
– ?It was worth the effort enough.
• Followed by a bare NP
– yes
49. Worth
• Right and straight
– *The land is right worth $100K.
• Comes with a question word?
– She thought the land was worth $100K.
– This was far less than the amount which she
thought the land was worth ___.
– *This was far less than the amount worth
which she thought the land was ___.
52. Part of Speech Tagging
• Input: string of words
• Output: string of words with a part of speech
associated with each word.
• Example:
– This:det boy:N likes:V that:det girl:N
• Use statistical or rule-based knowledge about
distribution.
• Usually use a long list of parts of speech, e.g.,
around 40.
53. Part of speech tags used in the
Penn Treebank
• Coordinating conjunction
• Cardinal number
• Determiner
• Existential-there
• Foreign word
• Preposition/subordinating conjunction
• Adjective
• Comparative adjective
• Superlative adjective
• List item marker
• Modal
54. Part of speech tags used in the
Penn Treebank
• Singular noun or mass noun
• Plural noun
• Singular proper noun
• Plural proper noun
• Predeterminer
• Possessive ending
• Personal pronoun
• Possessive pronoun
• Adverb
• Comparative adverb
• Superlative adverb
• Particle
55. Part of speech tags used in the
Penn Treebank
• Symbol
• To
• Interjection
• Base form verb
• Past tense verb
• Gerund or present participle verb
• Past participle verb
• Verb not 3rd person singular present
• Verb 3rd singular present
• Wh-determiner
• Wh-pronoun
• Possessive wh-pronoun
• Wh-adverb
57. Theory of Propositional Acts and
Parts of Speech
(William Croft, Radical Construction Grammar, Chapter 2)
• Refer
• Modify
• Predicate
• Nouns are words that refer without additional
marking.
• Adjectives and adverbs modify without additional
marking.
• Verbs predicate without additional marking.
58. Additional Marking
• Predication > reference
– Destroy > destruction
– The destruction of the city
• Predication > modification
– Destroy > that destroyed
– The hurricane that destroyed New Orleans
• Modification > predication
– Red > is red
– The book is red
• Modification > reference
– red > the red one
– The red one is on the shelf
• Reference > predication
– Teacher > is a teacher
– He is a teacher
59. Problems with propositional acts
and additional marking
• Modification > reference without additional
marking
– Robin Hood stole from the rich and gave to
the poor.
• Reference > modification without marking
– Toy house