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Chapter 7 Thinking, intelligenc, and Language
This document provides an overview of cognition, intelligence, and language. It discusses key topics like cognition, thinking, concepts, reasoning, intelligence testing, theories of intelligence, and more. The main takeaways are that cognition involves how information is processed and manipulated in the brain, intelligence testing aims to reliably and validly measure intelligence, and there are various theories about the nature of intelligence, such as Sternberg's triarchic theory and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
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Chapter 7 Thinking, intelligenc, and Language
- 1. Chapter 7: Thinking, Intelligence,and Language JSRCC PSY 1200
- 2. The Cognitive Revolutionin Psychology Cognition Way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering thinking and knowing Way thing are process The senses bring information about the external world into the brain The brain and spinal cord process sensory information Reflexes allow for rapid responding to stimuli Cognitive system allow for extended processing of stimuli Artificial Intelligence Scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people
- 3. Thinking Thinking Use of knowledgeto accomplish a goal Concepts Are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics Concepts-Mental categories containing related bits of knowledge Emphasizes that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concepts, they compare the item with the most typical item in that category and look for a “familiar resemblance” with that item’s properties Problem solving Used to perceive, think about, and deal with word Prototype Model Stored in verbal or propositional form Organized around meaning of information Means finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available Subgoals Involves setting intermediate goals or defining intermediate problems that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution
- 4. Reasoning Reasoning Reasoning is involvedin problem solving and decision making. It is also a skill closely tied to critical thinking Inductive Reasoning is the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions Involves reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations Deductive Reasoning Is reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific
- 5. Potential Problems indecision making/reasoning Confirmation Bias Hindsight Bias Our tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicited an outcome Availability Heuristic The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them Judging the likelihood or probability of events based on how readily available are other instances in our mind Base Rate Fallacy Tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information
- 6. Critical Thinking Critical thinking Mindfulness Thinkingmeans thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence Means being alert and mentally present for one’s everyday activities Open-mindedness Means being receptive to other way sof looking at things
- 7. Intelligence Intelligence Standardization All purpose abilityto do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience Involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test Measuring intelligence Reliability The extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance Reliability- gives the same results over and over again Consistency of measurement Assessed using test-retest Validity Extent to which a test is, measures what is intended to measure Refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure Assessed what the test actually measures Validity-testing whether or not a test measures what it is intended to measure
- 8. Binet’s test French boardof education ask him to make a intelligence test This test is use to identify students that will benefit from a traditional education 1912- William Stern created concept of intelligence quotient (IQ): refers to a person’s mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 Binet test has been revised many times. Called the Stanford-Binet tests (revisions were made at Stanford University)
- 9. Mental age An individual’slevel of mental development relative to that of others Childs current ability compared to other children of different ages A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet Chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance Child who does as well as the average 8-year old is said to have a mental age of 8
- 10. Terman’s Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Firstintelligence test use in America and the first person to come up with the IQ numbers The Stanford - Binet test The Sanford Binet-Intelligence Scale, originally the Binet-Simon Test, was designed to identify students with cognitive disabilities Stanford-Binet The widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test Revused by Terman Stanford University
- 11. Stern’s Intelligence Quotient Stern’sIntelligence Quotient Normal Distribution A number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one’s mental age by one’s chronological age and then multiplying that quotient by 100 is a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range. Cultural Bias in Testing Culture-fair tests Intelligence tests that are intended not to be culturally biased People with more education still score higher thena those with less education because test reflect what the dominant culture thing is important
- 12. Genetic and EnvironmentalInfluences on Intelligence (Nature/Nurture Debate) Heritability is the proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members Heritability: fraction of the variance within a population that is attributed to genetics Attempts to tease apart the effects of heredity and environment in a population Heritability index is computed using correlational techniques Environmental Factors Most experts today agree that the environment also plays an important role in intelligence (Campbell, 2007; Sternberg, Kaufman, & Grigorenko, 2008). For most people, modifications in environment can change their IQ scores considerably. Among the environmental factors that influence intelligence are socioeconomic status, parental communication with and support of children, quality of neighborhoods, and quality of schools. The rapid increase in IQ scores around the world suggests the effects of education rather than heredity.
- 13. The Flynn Effects Statesthat the environment matters That IQ can improve over a period of time In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27 points. This phenomenon is known as the Flynn effect Flynn effect-IQ tends to rise 3 points every decade
- 14. Range of Intelligence Giftedness IQof 130 or above or an usually talent in a specific area Gifted- the 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above Terman’s research Terman conducted a longitudinal study that demonstrated that gifted children grow up to be successful adults for the most part Terman’s study has been criticized for a lack of objectivity because he became too involved in the lives of his participants, even to the point of interfering on their behalf. Intellectual Disability Condition of limited mental; ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional test
- 15. Level MR Verbal: Theability to think in words and use language to express meaning. Occupations: author, journalist, speaker. Mathematical: The ability to carry out mathematical operations. Occupations: scientist, engineer, accountant. Spatial: The ability to think three-dimensionally. Occupations: architect, artist, sailor. Bodily-kinesthetic: The ability to manipulate objects and to be physically adept. Occupations: surgeon, craftsperson, dancer, athlete. Musical: The ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone. Occupations: composer, musician. Interpersonal: The ability to understand and interact effectively with others. Occupations: teacher, mental health professional. Intrapersonal: The ability to understand oneself. Occupations: theologian, psychologist. Naturalist: The ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems. Occupations: farmer, botanist, ecologist, landscaper. Existentialist: The ability to grapple with the big questions of human existence, such as the meaning of life and death, with special sensitivity to issues of spirituality. Gardner has not identified an occupation for existential intelligence, but one career path would likely be philosopher. Causes ` Organic or cultural-familar
- 16. Theories of MultipleIntelligences Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory: Sternberg’s theory that intelligence comes in three forms” analytical, creative, and practical Triarchic theory of intelligence- Sternberg’s theory that there are three kinds of intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical analytical, creative, and practical intelligences Analytical intelligence- nthe ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving Creative intelligence- the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems Practical intelligence- the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind Gardner’s Theory Multiple intelligences- ranging from verbal. Linguistic, and mathematical to interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence v. Spearman’s g factor G Factor- the ability to reason and solve, problems, or general intelligence S factor- the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence