The document provides information on several key civil rights and social justice organizations that emerged during the 1960s as well as some of the major events and policies of that transformative decade. It discusses groups like the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) that fought for racial integration and equality through nonviolent protest. Major events covered include the Freedom Rides of 1961, the March on Washington in 1963 where MLK delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech, and the 1965 Selma campaign and subsequent passage of the Voting Rights Act. The document also outlines the rise of more militant groups like the Black Panther Party and key Supreme Court cases like Loving

1. Chapter 25: Sixties
1960-1968
JSRCC
HIS 122 01PR

2. Student Non-Violent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC)
• Founded in 1960 to coordinate civil rights sit-ins and other forms
of grassroots protest

3. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
• is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role for
African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. Founded in
1942, CORE was one of the "Big Four" civil rights
organizations, along with the SCLC, the SNCC, and the NAACP.

4. Freedom Rides
• Bus journeys challenging radical segregation in the south in 1961
• Goal was to end segregation on facilities serving interstate bus
passengers
• May 1961-white mob torched a bus in Alabama
• Attorney General Bobby Kennedy’s personal representative was
beaten unconscious
• Federal marshals were sent to protect the freedom Riders

5. “ Letters From Birmingham Jail”
• “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (1963) A letter that Martin Luther
King, Jr., addressed to his fellow clergymen while he was in jail in
Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963, after a nonviolent protest against
racial segregation (see also sit-ins).

6. March on Washington
• On August 28, 1963, 250,000 black and white Americans
converged on the nation’s capital for the March on
Washington, often considered the high point of the nonviolent
civil rights movement.
• :I have a Dream Speech”
• CR Leaders planned the March to get support for Kennedy’s Bill

7. Alliance for Progress
• Offered economic and technical assistance to Latin American
countries- a Marshall Plan for Latin American

8. John F. Kennedy
• Youngest cabinet
– Robert ”Bobby” Kennedy as Attorney General
– Reform the FBI: focus more on organized crime and civil rights violation instead
of all on internal security
– Sec of Defense-Robert S. McNamara
• “New Frontier”- domestic policy
• Peace crops-bring American skills to underdeveloped countries
• Nov 22, 1963-JFK was assassinated in Dallas
– Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested then shot
– Jack Ruby assassinated Oswald

9. Cuban Missile Crisis
• Caused when the United States discovered Soviet offensive missile sites
in Cuba in October 1962; the U.S.-Soviet confrontation was the Cold
War’s closest brush with
• October 1962- U-s spy plane discovered that the soviets were installing
nuclear tipped missiles in Cuba
• October 22_ JFK ordered a naval; “quarantine” of Cuba and
demanded immediate removal of the weapons
– Warned USSR that an attack on the U.S> would lead to an attack on the USSR
– Soviet ships approached the patrol line
• October 28- Khrushchev agreed to a partially compromise and
agreed to remove the missiles
– U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba and would remove U.S. missiles in Turkey
aimed at the USSR

10. Fidel Castro
• Jan 1,1959- Fidel Castro sized power in Cuba

11. Bay of Pigs
• Hoping to inspire a revolt against Fidel Castro, the CIA sent 1,500
Cuban exiles to invade their homeland on April 17, 1961, but the
mission was a spectacular failure.

12. Lyndon B. Johnson
• Lyndon B. Johnson became president
– Followed most of JFK’s policies
• LBJ treatment
– Not content unless he could wholly dominate friend as well as foe, Lyndon
Johnson used his body as well as his vice to bend others to his will and
gain his objective
• LBJ’s Domestic Policies
– LNJ was successful in passing JFK’s tax bill with added proposals for his
“war on Poverty”
– Converned avout Appalachia

13. Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and
employment
• Prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national
origin, and gender
• Gave all citizens the right to enter
libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters, and all public
places
• Gave government more power to desegregate and created the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

14. Barry Goldwater
• Election 1964
– Republican nominated Barry Goldwater of Arizona
– Conservative
– Attacked social; security and TVA
– Suggested use of nuclear weapons in Vietnam and Cuba

15. Selma
– Selma Campaign
– 1965 SNCC organized a voting campaign in Selma,Alabama
– 2m00 African-Americans had been arrested
– March 7, 1965, 600 protestors began the march from Selma to Montgomery,AL
– Police swung whips, clubs and used tearpgas
– On March 21, 3,00 members led by MLK with Federal Protection marched
– The numbers grew to 25,000 marchers

16. Voting Rights Act
• Passed in the wake of Martin Luther King Jr’s, Selma to
Montgomery March, it authorized federal protection of the right
to vote and permitted federal enforcement of minority voting
rights in individual counties, mostly in the South.
• 1965
• That summer LBJ signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965
• The act eliminated literacy test allowed federal officials to
register voters
• Thee 24th Amendment to the constitution eliminated pool taxes

17. Great Society
• Term coined by President Lyndon B. Johnson in his 1965 State of
the Union address, in which he proposed legislation to address
problems of voting
rights, poverty, diseases, education, immigration, and the
environment.
• Set of New dealish economic and welfare measure aimed at
transofming American Life
• Michael Harrington’s The Other America (1962)
– 20% of population in poverty
– 40% of blacks in poverty

18. Malcom X
• Nation of Islam
• Black Separatism
• Malcolm Little joined the Nations of Islam when he was in prison
and changed his name to Malcolm X
• Malcolm X returned and preached an extremely moderate
message, found a new tolerant Muslim organization and
proposed working with Dr. MLK
• On Feb 21,1965 Malcolm X Was assassinated by members of the
Nation of Islam

19. Watts
• On Aug. 11, 1965 the worst riot erupted in Watts, Los Angeles
• Watts-34- deaths, $200 million in damages

20. Black Panther Party
• Black Panther Party was a progressive political organization that
stood in the vanguard of the most powerful movement for social
change in America since the Revolution of 1776 and the Civil
War: that dynamic episode generally referred to as The Sixties

21. Student for a Democratic Society
(SDS)
• Students for a Democratic Society, once against war, later
spawned an underground terrorist group called the weathermen
• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a student activist
movement in the United States that was one of the main
representations of the New Left. The organization developed
and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its
last convention in 1969

22. National Organization for Women
(NOW)
• A major feminist organization, founded in the middle 1960s, when
the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission failed to enforce
a clause in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibiting discrimination
on the basis of gender. One of its founders was Betty Friedan.

23. National Indian Youth Council
(NIYC)
• was founded in 1961 in Gallup, New Mexico, it is the second
oldest national Indian organization and is Indian
• The National Indian Youth Council or "NIYC" is considered the
nation's second oldest American Indian organization and
currently has a membership of more than 15,000 nationwide

24. Loving V. Virginia
• was a landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme
Court which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage
• decided on June 12, 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously
struck down Virginia's law prohibiting interracial marriages as a
violation of the Fourteenth Amendment
• case came after nearly 300 years of legislation in Virginia
regulating interracial marriage and carefully defining which
citizens could legally claim to be white.

25. 1968 Democratic Convention
• 1968 Democratic National Convention. The 1968 Democratic
National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party was held at
the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois, from August
26 to August 29, 1968