the presentation is about the encoding, capacity, retention duration, forgetting and retrieval of information in long term memory. it also introduce several studies done
the presentation is about the encoding, capacity, retention duration, forgetting and retrieval of information in long term memory. it also introduce several studies done
7MemoryRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of N.docxsodhi3
7
Memory
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Studying memory
Building memories: Encoding
Memory storage
Retrieval: Getting information out
Forgetting
Memory construction errors
Improving memory
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Information-processing model
Compares human memory to a computer’s operation
4
Stages in Information-Processing Model
Encoding
Getting information into the memory system
Storage
Retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
Getting information out of memory storage
Information-Processing Model: Stages in Forming Memories
Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
Processing information into short-term memory, where it is encoded through rehearsal
Moving information into long-term memory for later retrieval
Sensory memory: Immediate and very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-term memory: Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
6
Modified Three-Stage Processing Model of Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic three-step model helps us to think about how memories are processed, but today’s researchers recognize other ways long-term memories form.
For example, some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it (automatic processing).
And so much active processing occurs in the short-term memory stage that many now prefer to call that stage working memory.
7
Working Memory
Newer understanding of short-term memory
Includes the conscious and active processing of:
Incoming information
Information retrieved from long-term memory
Working memory is more efficient when individuals focus on one task at a time, without distractions.
8
Want to try to see how good your working memory is?
In Class Demonstration
Two-Track Memory System
Implicit (nondeclarative) memory
Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness
Formed via automatic processing
Explicit (declarative) memory
Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved
Formed via effortful processing
Building Memories
Automatic processing and implicit memories
Implicit memories include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.
Effortful processing and explicit memories
Explicit memories become automatic with experience and practice.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
Your two-track mind processes information efficiently via parallel processing, which involves processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time.
This method is the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
13
Sensory.
7MemoryRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of N.docxblondellchancy
7
Memory
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Studying memory
Building memories: Encoding
Memory storage
Retrieval: Getting information out
Forgetting
Memory construction errors
Improving memory
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Information-processing model
Compares human memory to a computer’s operation
4
Stages in Information-Processing Model
Encoding
Getting information into the memory system
Storage
Retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
Getting information out of memory storage
Information-Processing Model: Stages in Forming Memories
Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
Processing information into short-term memory, where it is encoded through rehearsal
Moving information into long-term memory for later retrieval
Sensory memory: Immediate and very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-term memory: Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
6
Modified Three-Stage Processing Model of Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic three-step model helps us to think about how memories are processed, but today’s researchers recognize other ways long-term memories form.
For example, some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it (automatic processing).
And so much active processing occurs in the short-term memory stage that many now prefer to call that stage working memory.
7
Working Memory
Newer understanding of short-term memory
Includes the conscious and active processing of:
Incoming information
Information retrieved from long-term memory
Working memory is more efficient when individuals focus on one task at a time, without distractions.
8
Want to try to see how good your working memory is?
In Class Demonstration
Two-Track Memory System
Implicit (nondeclarative) memory
Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness
Formed via automatic processing
Explicit (declarative) memory
Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved
Formed via effortful processing
Building Memories
Automatic processing and implicit memories
Implicit memories include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.
Effortful processing and explicit memories
Explicit memories become automatic with experience and practice.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
Your two-track mind processes information efficiently via parallel processing, which involves processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time.
This method is the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
13
Sensory ...
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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3.
The place where data is stored for a Long
time.
Long term memory is very large!
It is robust.
Information can be encoded, stored, and
retrieved.
6.
Semantic : words, concepts, information that can be
described and applied.
Episodic : personal experiences and events.
Emotional : learned emotional responses to various
stimuli (e.g., fear response when seeing spiders etc.).
7. Anterograde amnesia: the inability to form new
explicit long-term memories for events following
brain trauma or surgery. Explicit memories formed
before are left intact. Cause possibly is damage to
hippocampus
Retrograde amnesia: the disruption of memory for
the past, especially espisodic memory. After brain
trauma or surgery, there often is retrograde amnesia
for events occurring just before.
Infantile/child amnesia: the inability as adults to
remember events that occurred in our lives before
about 3 years of age. Due possibly to fact that
hippocampus is not fully developed.
8. Recall: Direct retrieval of facts or information
Serial Position Effect:
• Hardest to recall items in the middle of a list
• Primacy effect: easier to remember items first in a list than
items in the middle, because first items are studied the most
• Recency effect: easier to remember items last in a list
than items in the middle, because the last items were last
studied
9.
10. Sensory
Short Term
1. Large capacity
1. Limited capacity
2. Contains sensory
2. Acoustically
information
encoded
3. Very brief
3. Brief storage (up
retention (1/2 sec
to 30 seconds w/o
for visual; 2 secs for
rehearsal)
auditory)
4. Conscious
processing of
information
Long Term
1.Unlimited
capacity
2.Semantically
encoded
3.Storage
presumed
permanent
4.Information highly
organized
11.
12. • Recall: a measure of long-term memory retrieval that
requires the reproduction of the information with essentially no
retrieval cues.
• Recognition: a measure of long-term memory retrieval that
only requires the identification of the information in the
presence of retrieval cues.
• Relearning: the savings method of measuring long-term
memory retrieval, in which the measure is the amount of time
saved when learning information for the second time.
13. Encoding failure theory: a theory that proposes that
forgetting is due to the failure to encode the information into
long-term memory
14. Storage decay theory: a theory that proposes that forgetting
is due to the decay of physical traces of the information in the
brain; periodically using the information helps to maintain it in
the brain
The “Use it or lose it” theory!
15. Interference theory: a theory that proposes that forgetting is
due to other information in memory interfering
Proactive interference: old information interferes with the
retrieval of newly-stored information
Retroactive Interference: newly-stored information interferes
with the retrieval of previously-stored information
16. Cue-dependent theory: a theory that proposes that
forgetting is due to the unavailability of the retrieval cues
necessary to locate the information in long-term memory.
This is one explanation for why we do not seem to have
many memories from early childhood (ages 3 to 6 or so)
19. The more we process information, the better it is
remembered.
The longer we are exposed to information, the
better we remember it.
The more we rehearse a piece of information, the
higher its probability of being remembered
20. Mnemonics: a memory aid
Method of loci: a mnemonic in which sequential
pieces of information are encoded by
associating them with sequential locations in a
very familiar room or location.
Peg-word system: a mnemonic in which the
items in a list to be remembered are associated
with the sequential items in a memorized jingle
(“Every good boy does fine”)
Spacing (distributed study) effect: long-term
memory is better when spaced study is used
than when massed study (cramming) is used
21.
Changes in the structure of
neurons due to increased use.
Causes both the pre and postsynaptic neuron to become more
efficient.
22.
23. Knowledge of Results: Feedback allowing you to check your
progress
Recitation: Summarizing aloud while you are learning
Rehearsal: Reviewing information mentally (silently)
Selection: Selecting most important concepts to memorize
Organization: Organizing difficult items into chunks; a type of
reordering
24. Whole Learning: Studying an entire package of
information at once, like a poem
Part Learning: Studying subparts of a larger body of
information (like text chapters)
Progressive Part Learning: Breaking learning task into a
series of short sections
Serial Position Effect: Making most errors while
remembering the middle of the list
Overlearning: Studying is continued beyond bare mastery
25. Spaced Practice: Alternating study sessions with brief rest
periods
Massed Practice: Studying for long periods without rest
periods
• Lack of sleep decreases retention; sleep aids consolidation
• Hunger decreases retention
26. Mnemonics: Memory “tricks”; any kind of memory system
or aid
- Using mental pictures
- Making things meaningful
- Making information familiar
- Forming bizarre, unusual or exaggerated mental
associations
