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The Reconstruction AmendmentsAMENDMENT XIIIPassed by Congress .docxoreo10
The Reconstruction Amendments
AMENDMENT XIII
Passed by Congress January 31, 1865. Ratified December 6, 1865.
Note: A portion of Article IV, section 2, of the Constitution was superseded by the 13th amendment.
Section 1.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
AMENDMENT XIV
Passed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868.
Note: Article I, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of the 14th amendment.
Section 1.
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2.
Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,* and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3.
No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
Section 4.
The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebelli ...
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The Reconstruction AmendmentsAMENDMENT XIIIPassed by Congress .docxoreo10
The Reconstruction Amendments
AMENDMENT XIII
Passed by Congress January 31, 1865. Ratified December 6, 1865.
Note: A portion of Article IV, section 2, of the Constitution was superseded by the 13th amendment.
Section 1.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
AMENDMENT XIV
Passed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868.
Note: Article I, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of the 14th amendment.
Section 1.
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2.
Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,* and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3.
No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
Section 4.
The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebelli ...
PowerPoint on the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War. Topics addressed are President Lincoln, President Johnson, the Radical Republicans, the KKK, Black Codes, Jim Crow and more.
HIS 131The Crises of ReconstructionChapter 16I. The IssuSusanaFurman449
HIS 131
The Crises of Reconstruction
Chapter 16
I. The Issues of Reconstruction
The word “Reconstruction,” as Americans in the 1860’s used it, referred to the process by which states of the defeated Confederacy were to be brought back to their former places in the Union….Several possible ways of achieving reconstruction existed.
One possibility would be to grant easy terms…permitting the states to return promptly and with little internal change except for the elimination of slavery.
Another possibility would be to delay the readmission in such a way as to reduce the power of the rebel leaders.
A quick and easy restoration of the Union would be to the advantage of the former Confederates and the Democratic party of both the North and South….Ironically, the abolition of slavery would increase the power of the Southern states in national politics.
In the past, under the “three-fifths clause” of the Constitution, only three-fifths of the slaves had been counted in determining a state’s representation in Congress and its electoral votes in presidential elections.
In the future, all the former slaves would be counted, whether or not they themselves were given political rights.
----------------------
However, the Republicans saw this easy restoration of the Union as creating a potentially disastrous outcome for their party….This was because the Republicans had gained control of the government in 1860 only because of the split in the Democratic party over the slavery issue, and the subsequent secession of the Southern states which lost the Democrats roughly half of their representation.
Once the Southern states would be restored and the Democratic party would be reunited, the Republicans would have to face the fact that once again they would be in the minority.
The outlook on an easy restoration was also disturbing for Northern businessmen who during the war had obtained favors from the federal government and this preferential treatment might be ended if the Democrats were returned to power.
---------------------------
For the newly freed slaves, a quick and easy restoration would be catastrophic….The Southern white population, which had controlled the state governments in the South before the Civil War, would continue to do so….The newly freed slaves could then expect to be kept in a position that would be somewhere between slavery and freedom.
2
Therefore, the issues of Reconstruction were very similar to the Civil War itself.
So far as the Southerners were concerned, the war had been fought for the Independence of the South, and the preservation of the Southern way of life which included slavery…After the war the Southerners hoped to maintain a considerable degree of Southern independence through the assertion of states’ rights, and they also hoped to retain the essence of slavery by finding some substitute for it.
In the North, there was the memory of sacrifice, suffering, and personal loss…In the South there was the bittern ...
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Blacks and the meaning of Freedom
Blacks relished the opportunity to demonstrate their liberation from the regulations,
significant and trivial, associated with slavery
No longer required to obtain pass from their owners to travel
3. Families in Freedom
Black churches and school, and secret slave church, were strengthened, expanded, and
free from white supervision
Black women devote more time to their families
Men considered it a badge of honor to see their wives at home
4. Masters without slaves
South’s defeat was complete and demoralizing
Planter families face profound changes
Most planters defined black freedom in the narrowest manner
6. Emancipation
Who
Abraham Lincoln
What
Was an Executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln , as war measure during the
the Executive Branch Of United States
American Civil War, to all segments of
Where
Confederate States
Union States
When
January 1863
Impact
The Emancipation Proclamation Freed all slaves living in the states that had left the union
As a result most former slaves worked as laborers or joined the Union Military, which eased the Union’s Shortage of soldiers
7. Freedmen’s Bureau
Bureau was an experiment in government social policy that seems to belong more
comfortably to the New Deal of 1930s
Bureau was agents were supposed to establish schools, provide aid to the poor
The task of the Bureau—establishing schools, providing aid to the poor and aged, settling
disputes, etc.—was daunting, especially since it had fewer than 1,000 agents.
The Bureau’s achievements in some areas, notably education and health care, were
striking
The Bureau lasted from 1865 to 1870
8. Freedmen’s Bureau
What
Was established to help poor blacks and whites in the south
Where
South
When
!865 to 1870
Impact
The Freedmen’s Bureau established schools in the south
Was established to help poor blacks and whites in the south
9. Andrew Johnson
He identified himself as the champion of the “honest yeomen” and a foe of large planters
He believed that Africa-Americans had no role to play in reconstruction
Johnson lacked Lincoln’s political skills and keen sense of public opinion.
10. Sharecropping
Many African=Americans rented land for a share or percentage of the total crop
produced
Landowners divide their land and assigned each head of household a few acres, along
with seed and tools
11. Reconstruction
1865-1877
Period during which the U.S. began to rebuild after the Civil War and included the process
by which the federal government readmitted former Confederate states
Main idea
Radical republicans in Congress opposed Abraham Lincoln’s and Andrew Johnson’s plans for
Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the south after the civil war
12. Reconstruction
Failure
Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction offered pardons to the white southern elite
Johnson’s plan allowed the new state governments a free hand in managing local affairs.
End of Reconstruction
Reconstruction ended in 1877.
It would be nearly a century before the nation again tried to bring equal rights to the
descendants of slaves
13. Black Codes
Southern governments began passing new laws that restricted the freedom of blacks
These new laws violated free labor principles and called forth a vigorous response from
the Republican North
These laws granted blacks certain rights, such as legalized marriage, ownership of property
and limited access to the courts
Purpose:
Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.
Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations.
14. Wade-Davis Bill
Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance
(swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion). Senator
Required a state constitutional Congressman Benjamin convention before the election
Henry Wade W. Davis (R-OH) of state officials. (R-MD)
Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties
“Iron-Clad” Oath.
“State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner]
15. Wade-Davis Bill
Who
Congress man Henry Davis
Senator Benjamin Wade
What
Required 50% of the number of the 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance
Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials
When
1860
Impact
Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties
16. Thaddeus Stevens
1792-1868
Regarded the seceded states as “conquered provinces,” promoted much of the major
reconstruction legislation
The 14th amendment reconstruction, he said, “must revolutionize southern institutions
habits, and manners… the foundation of their institutions,,, must be broken up and relaid
or all our blood and treasure have been spend in vain.”
17. Thaddeus Stevens
Who
Part of a group in congress that was given the name “Radicals
What
Believed freedmen should be granted free land and guaranteed citizenship
Wanted the south to abide by strict rules before being readmitted to the union and we called for
punishment for the leaders of the confederacy
18. Homestead Act
Offered 160 acres of land in the west to any citizen who would settle and farm the land for
5 years
600,000 families took advantage of this government offer
Many homesteaders were southerners both white and African-American
19. Homestead Act
When
1862
What
Authorized congress to grant 160 acres of public land to a western settler, who had to live on the
land for five years to establish a title
20. 13th Amendment
Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime where of the
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
21. 13th Amendment
Who
Congress
What
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have
been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any places subject their jurisdiction
When
Ratified December 1865
Impact
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation
This amendment abolished slavery from the United States and its territories
22. 14th Amendment
It placed in the Constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in the United
States and empowered the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans
It did not grant blacks the right to vote
23. 14th Amendment
Who
Congress
What
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people
Insure against neo-confederate political power
Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the confederacy
Impact
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens
It placed in the Constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in the United States and
empowered the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans
It did not grant blacks the right to vote
Gave citizenship to former slaves and guaranteed no state could enforce a law that took away their
rights as citizens
When
Ratified in July, 1868
24. 15th Amendment
Ulysses S. Grant won the 1868 presidential election.
The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870
It prohibited federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote
because of race.
Didn’t extend suffrage to women
25. Hiram Revels
Born on September 27,`827 in North Carolina
Hiram was first a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1845
He was the first African American to be on the United States Senate
Until the 14th amendment was made Revels couldn’t be a part of the Senate
Hiram was Chaplin to black people in the army Hiram made to regiments in the army
26. Carpetbaggers
Carpetbaggers were northern-born white Republicans who made their homes in the South
after the war, with many holding political office.
Northerners who wanted to take advantage of political opportunity and traveled South to
win elections
Northerner republicans who moved to the south
27. Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an inner circle
Ku klux klan-violent terrorist organization devoted to white supremacy
Organized in 1867, in Polaski, Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest.
Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers
Disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could.
Opposed Republicans, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags and Freedmen.
28. KKK
Who
White southerners
What
KKK was a secret society opposed to African Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right to vote
Violent terrorist organization devoted to white supremacy
Where
Polaski, Tennessee
When
1867
Impact
Klan Members wore white robes and hoods to hide their identities
30. Civil Rights Act of 1875
Crime for any individual to deny full and equal use of public conveyances and public
places
Prohibited discrimination in jury selection
Guaranteed all people equal rights in public places-l ater declared unconstitutional
32. Rutherford B. Hayes
What
Campaign of 1876
Republicans Nominated Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio
Hayes had carried the disputed southern state and had been elected president
33. Radical Republicans
Radical Republicans called for the dissolution of Johnson’s state governments, the
establishment of new governments that did not have “rebels” in power, and the
guarantee of the right to vote for black men
The Radicals fully embraced the expanded powers of the federal government born of the
Civil War
Charles Summer
Thaddeus Stevens
34. Impeachment and Ulysses S. Grant
To demonstrate his dislike for the Tenure of Office Act, Johnson removed the secretary of
war from office in 1868.
Johnson was impeached and the Senate fell one vote short from removing him from
office.
35. Impeachment
Who
President Johnson
What
Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction
When
February, 1868
Where
Stanton
Impact
House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126-47
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2.3s vote)