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Plants
Are Plants Heterotrophic or Autotrophic?
 Plants are autotrophs
 Autotrophs- they create their own food
Aboveground parts of the plant and their
Function:
 Aboveground: Shoots
 Leaves stems: produce food by photosynthesis
 Flowers: reproduction
 Aboveground: steam and leaf
 Major stem
 Secondary stems branch off
 Terminal bud: shoot tip
 Auxiliary bud: location of secondary stem growth
 Petiole: stalk attaching leaf to stem
 Node :location on stem of left attachment
Belowground portions of the plant and
their functions
 Belowground: roots
 Absorb water and minerals
 Store food
Apical meristem
 located on the top of the plant and on the bottom of the root. It is where cell
division is taking place and the plant is growing vertically.
 Contain unspecialized cells
 Lengthen shoots and roots
 Located at the tip of the shoot and the bottom of the root
Lateral Meristem
 located around the plant. It is where cell division is taking place and the plant
is growing hora
 Increases girth of older roots and stem
 Cylindrical arrays of cells zontally.
Eudicots and Monocots
 Eudicots
 Have two cotyledons
 Vascular tissue is arranged n a ring
 Monocots
 Have one cotyledons
 Vascular tissue arranged in random
Vascular Tissue
 Vascular tissue: transport water and nutrients
 Xylem
 transports water
 Conducts water
 2 cells: vessel member and tracheid's
 dead at maturity
 Interconnected for vertical and lateral water movement
 Phloem
 Transport nutrition (food)
 Conducts sugar
 One cell: sieve member
 Alive at maturity
 Connect end to end
 Helper cell: companion cells
 Loads of surgar
Leaf Tissues
 Mesophy II
 Photosynthetic tissue between the epidermis
 2 rows, columnar shaped
 Contain 80% of chloroplasts
 Spongy: attached to lower epidermis
 Epiderams
 Single layer of cells
 Upper and lower epidermis secrete waves into the outer surface forming the caticle
 Helps conserve water and protects
Stomata and Guard cells
 Guard cells
 Regulate the gas exchange and water loss
 Control stomata opening and closing
 Contain chloroplast
 Expand and contract with water gain and loss
 Stomata
 Pores in the lower epidermis
 Allow water and gas diffusion
 Help cool the leaf
 Are simply the holes in the leaf where gas exchange and water loss take place
Root Structure
 Primary root: main root
 Tip is the apical meristem
 Contains the root cap
 Protects the root with slime
 Sense gravity
 Secondary roots (lateral): branch off from main root
 Root hair: small extensions
Flower Structure
 Receptacle: swelling at tip off peduncle
 Attachment for other flower parts
 Petals: inside of sepals
 Brightly colored to attract pollinators
 Collectively called the corolla
 Sepals: outermost flower part
 A small and green
 Protects
 Collectively called the calyx
Male Structure of the flower
 Stamen
 Located next to the petals
 2 parts
 Anther: sac at top
 Produces pollen
 Male gamete
 Filament
 Semi-rigid stalk
Female Structures of the Flowers
 Carpel: sprats
 Style: slender stalk
 Stigma: enlargement at top
 Gathers pollen during fertilization
 Ovary: swollen bases
 Holds ovules
 Female gamete
 Become seeds when fertilized
 Ovary becomes fruit
Pollination and fertilization
 Pollination: pollen grains released from an anther land on a stigma
 Pollination is the delivery of pollen to the female structure of the plant
 Fertilization: fusion of egg and sperm
 actual coming together of the sperm and the egg.
Adaptation of life of land
 Resistance to desiccation (drying Out)
 Caticle: waxy coating to keep water in
 Stomata: allow gases to pass in and out
 Division of labor: leaves, stems, roots
 Symbiotic relationship with fungi aid in nutrient acquisition
 Vascularization: transport water to tissues
 Changes in life cycle
 Pollen, seeds, flowers: eliminate need for water to transport sperm
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
 Gymnosperm
 have “naked seeds
 Seeds don’t form inside an ovary
 4groups
 Conifers
 Cycade
 Ginlrgas
 gnetophytes
 Angiosperms
 Flowering plant
 Ovules and(after fertilization) seeds are enclosed in an ovary
 3 major groups:
 Magnolids: 9,200 species, suchas pepper plants
 Eudicats: 170,000 species, including daisies
 Monocats- 20 species, including grass
Seed Dispersal
 Fruit structure is adapted seeds
 Wind currents
 Water current
 Wax coats or air sacs to float
 Animals
 Have hooks or are sticky
 Attach to fur and feathers
 Eat fruits and excrete seeds
 Explosions: self dispersal
Leaching and Erosin
 Leaching: removal of nutrients in soil by water percolating through it
 Erosin: washing away of soil by wind flowing water and ice
Purpose of Roots
 Anchor the aboveground plat parts
 Absorb nutrients and water
 Storage and reduce endrosin
Root structures
 Root cap: protects as it lengthens
 Region of cell division: apical meristem
 Region of Elongation: cells lengthen and widen
 Region of maturation:maturecells differentiate into different types
Cohesion-tension theory of water
 Water moves from high to low concentration due to osmosis
 Transportation occurs at all plant surface exposed to air
 Parts of xylem cells in tension
 Extends from leaves to steam to roots
Phototropism
 When plant adjust the rate and direction of growth in response to light
 Results in more efficient photosynthesis
Photoperiodiism
 A biological response to change in length of daylight relative to darkness
Thigmotroposm
 A shift in growth due to an object
 Guided by auxin and ethylene
  Plants

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Plants

  • 2. Are Plants Heterotrophic or Autotrophic?  Plants are autotrophs  Autotrophs- they create their own food
  • 3. Aboveground parts of the plant and their Function:  Aboveground: Shoots  Leaves stems: produce food by photosynthesis  Flowers: reproduction  Aboveground: steam and leaf  Major stem  Secondary stems branch off  Terminal bud: shoot tip  Auxiliary bud: location of secondary stem growth  Petiole: stalk attaching leaf to stem  Node :location on stem of left attachment
  • 4. Belowground portions of the plant and their functions  Belowground: roots  Absorb water and minerals  Store food
  • 5. Apical meristem  located on the top of the plant and on the bottom of the root. It is where cell division is taking place and the plant is growing vertically.  Contain unspecialized cells  Lengthen shoots and roots  Located at the tip of the shoot and the bottom of the root
  • 6. Lateral Meristem  located around the plant. It is where cell division is taking place and the plant is growing hora  Increases girth of older roots and stem  Cylindrical arrays of cells zontally.
  • 7. Eudicots and Monocots  Eudicots  Have two cotyledons  Vascular tissue is arranged n a ring  Monocots  Have one cotyledons  Vascular tissue arranged in random
  • 8. Vascular Tissue  Vascular tissue: transport water and nutrients  Xylem  transports water  Conducts water  2 cells: vessel member and tracheid's  dead at maturity  Interconnected for vertical and lateral water movement  Phloem  Transport nutrition (food)  Conducts sugar  One cell: sieve member  Alive at maturity  Connect end to end  Helper cell: companion cells  Loads of surgar
  • 9. Leaf Tissues  Mesophy II  Photosynthetic tissue between the epidermis  2 rows, columnar shaped  Contain 80% of chloroplasts  Spongy: attached to lower epidermis  Epiderams  Single layer of cells  Upper and lower epidermis secrete waves into the outer surface forming the caticle  Helps conserve water and protects
  • 10. Stomata and Guard cells  Guard cells  Regulate the gas exchange and water loss  Control stomata opening and closing  Contain chloroplast  Expand and contract with water gain and loss  Stomata  Pores in the lower epidermis  Allow water and gas diffusion  Help cool the leaf  Are simply the holes in the leaf where gas exchange and water loss take place
  • 11. Root Structure  Primary root: main root  Tip is the apical meristem  Contains the root cap  Protects the root with slime  Sense gravity  Secondary roots (lateral): branch off from main root  Root hair: small extensions
  • 12. Flower Structure  Receptacle: swelling at tip off peduncle  Attachment for other flower parts  Petals: inside of sepals  Brightly colored to attract pollinators  Collectively called the corolla  Sepals: outermost flower part  A small and green  Protects  Collectively called the calyx
  • 13. Male Structure of the flower  Stamen  Located next to the petals  2 parts  Anther: sac at top  Produces pollen  Male gamete  Filament  Semi-rigid stalk
  • 14. Female Structures of the Flowers  Carpel: sprats  Style: slender stalk  Stigma: enlargement at top  Gathers pollen during fertilization  Ovary: swollen bases  Holds ovules  Female gamete  Become seeds when fertilized  Ovary becomes fruit
  • 15. Pollination and fertilization  Pollination: pollen grains released from an anther land on a stigma  Pollination is the delivery of pollen to the female structure of the plant  Fertilization: fusion of egg and sperm  actual coming together of the sperm and the egg.
  • 16. Adaptation of life of land  Resistance to desiccation (drying Out)  Caticle: waxy coating to keep water in  Stomata: allow gases to pass in and out  Division of labor: leaves, stems, roots  Symbiotic relationship with fungi aid in nutrient acquisition  Vascularization: transport water to tissues  Changes in life cycle  Pollen, seeds, flowers: eliminate need for water to transport sperm
  • 17. Angiosperms and Gymnosperms  Gymnosperm  have “naked seeds  Seeds don’t form inside an ovary  4groups  Conifers  Cycade  Ginlrgas  gnetophytes  Angiosperms  Flowering plant  Ovules and(after fertilization) seeds are enclosed in an ovary  3 major groups:  Magnolids: 9,200 species, suchas pepper plants  Eudicats: 170,000 species, including daisies  Monocats- 20 species, including grass
  • 18. Seed Dispersal  Fruit structure is adapted seeds  Wind currents  Water current  Wax coats or air sacs to float  Animals  Have hooks or are sticky  Attach to fur and feathers  Eat fruits and excrete seeds  Explosions: self dispersal
  • 19. Leaching and Erosin  Leaching: removal of nutrients in soil by water percolating through it  Erosin: washing away of soil by wind flowing water and ice
  • 20. Purpose of Roots  Anchor the aboveground plat parts  Absorb nutrients and water  Storage and reduce endrosin
  • 21. Root structures  Root cap: protects as it lengthens  Region of cell division: apical meristem  Region of Elongation: cells lengthen and widen  Region of maturation:maturecells differentiate into different types
  • 22. Cohesion-tension theory of water  Water moves from high to low concentration due to osmosis  Transportation occurs at all plant surface exposed to air  Parts of xylem cells in tension  Extends from leaves to steam to roots
  • 23. Phototropism  When plant adjust the rate and direction of growth in response to light  Results in more efficient photosynthesis
  • 24. Photoperiodiism  A biological response to change in length of daylight relative to darkness
  • 25. Thigmotroposm  A shift in growth due to an object  Guided by auxin and ethylene