1) The document summarizes key events from the American Revolution through the drafting and ratification of the US Constitution, including the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Constitutional Convention, and addition of the Bill of Rights. 2) It describes problems that arose under the Articles of Confederation, including a lack of national unity and federal power, which led to calls for a stronger central government. 3) At the Constitutional Convention, delegates debated issues of representation and the separation of powers, resulting in compromises like the Connecticut Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise.

1. American Revolution and Constitution Ch.4 S2-4 Ch.5 S1-4

2. Declaring Independence Loyalists Patriots Second Continental Congress (1775) Appointed Gge. Washington commander of the Continental Army Battle of Bunker Hill Deadliest of war Colonial loss

3. Declaring Independence Olive Branch Petition Common Sense Declaration of Independence (1776)

4. Declaring Independence Assignment: Sections 3 & 4 worksheet Page 107, interpret the reasons why each of the 6 people decided to support either the colonists or the British Due at end of class. Wilkins: Warren: Brant: Armistead: Inglis: Greene: Loyalists Patriots

5. Articles of Confederation and the Constitution Chapter 5

6. What do you need to know? Differing ideas of republicanism Issues debated by those making the Articles of Confederation Describe the problems faced by the Confederation

7. Experimenting No democracy! Republic and republicanism Republic: government in which citizens rule through elected officials Republicanism: governments should be based on the consent of the people

8. Experimenting Some believed: Government can only succeed if leaders put the good of the nation before personal interests. Others thought: If everyone pursues own interest, the whole nation will benefit.

9. Experimenting Continental Congress debates Understand how and why our govt works by understanding how a different one didn’t work Each colony, now state, began drawing up own constitution, each with different powers Example: New Jersey women who owned land could vote!

10. Experimenting Continental Congress debates Representation by population or state? Should each state elect the same number of reps? If based on population, how to account for big and small states? Decision : Each state gets one vote

11. Experimenting Continental Congress debates 2. Can we divide power among the states? Most assumed a govt cannot share power with states Decision : Make a confederation Articles of Confederation

12. Experimenting Continental Congress debates 2. Can we divide power among the states? All other powers Declare war Make peace Sign treaties Borrow money Set standards for coins, wghts Postal service Handle Native Amer. issues State govts. National govt.

13. Experimenting Continental Congress debates 2. Can we divide power among the states? National government had no power to enforce or interpret the laws of the Articles of Confederation

14. Experimenting Continental Congress debates 3. How to divide western lands? Small states, like Maryland, feared big states would take all the land Decision : All states give up land west of Appalachians Northwest Ordinance of 1787 : procedure for dividing western lands and becoming a state

15. Experimenting Assignment: On page 136, list the major political and economic problems with the confederation On page 137: #3-4 Due at end of class.

16. Drafting the Constitution Shays’ Rebellion : Farmer uprising draws attention to debt problems of America The government had no power to tax and was too weak

17. Drafting the Constitution Problems for the nation: Lacked national unity Every state must agree to make any changes Debt of the war No power to tax Trading rights and taxes between states

18. Drafting the Constitution Constitutional Convention Big vs. small states Madison: Virginia Plan Bicameral legislature based on population Paterson: New Jersey Plan Unicameral legislature; one state, one vote Sherman: Great Compromise Bicameral legislature Senate has equal representation House of Reps. is based on population

19. Drafting the Constitution Constitutional Convention How to count slaves in representation? South wanted to count slaves Three-fifths Compromise 3/5 of a states’ slaves would be counted as population Virginia: 14,000 total; 10,000 slaves 6,000 count as population 20,000 ppl. in Virginia count for representatives

20. Drafting the Constitution Constitutional Convention 3. Division and Separation of Powers Federalism : power divided btwn national and state governments Enumerated powers : those given to national govt. by the Constitution Reserved powers : those left to the states

21. Drafting the Constitution foreign affairs National defense Trade btwn states Coining money education marriage/divorce laws Trade within state tax Borrow money Pay debts Establish courts Enumerated Reserved Both

22. Drafting the Constitution Constitutional Convention 3. Division and Separation of Powers Three branches of government: Legislative branch: makes laws Executive branch: enforces laws Judicial branch: interprets laws Checks and balances : to prevent one branch from dominating the others (pg. 143)

23. Drafting the Constitution Constitutional Convention Electoral College Why do we have it? Many upper class ppl. feared the lower classes would not vote wisely Others felt that the lower classes would vote the upper class out of power Biggest reason: They felt that ppl. would vote for too many local candidates and no one would have a majority

24. Drafting the Constitution Constitutional Convention Electoral College Each state chooses a number of electors to cast ballots based on the way the majority of the people in their district vote

25. Ratification Who were Federalists and Antifederalists? What were their arguments? Explain the need for the Bill of Rights.

26. Ratification 9 of 13 states had to agree to the Constitution before it could take effect Federalists : liked the Constitution as it was the balance of power was enough to protect the people and the states Antifederalists : Did not like the Constitution National government has too much power There is no provision for the rights of the individual

27. Ratification Debates continued from 1788-1789 The Federalist : Essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison & John Jay defending the Constitution Letters from the Federal Farmer : Antifederalist publication that listed and discussed the individual rights they felt were left out of the Constitution

28. Ratification Bill of Rights Was added to get the support of Antifederalists Freedom of speech, press, religion Right to trial by jury Right to bear arms No quartering of troops WHY??

29. Ratification Some questions to consider: Why were Americans so afraid that the national government would have too much power? What is the benefit of adding the 9 th and 10 th amendments in the Bill of Rights? (pg. 149) Who was excluded from “the people” in the Bill of Rights? How might American history have changed if the Bill of Rights had forbidden discrimination of all kinds? What are the possibilities that could have happened if the Constitution had been accepted without a Bill of Rights?

30. Assignment: F/AF and Bill of Rights reading and worksheets Ratification