This chapter discusses the Constitution and the system of federalism it established in the United States. It describes how power is shared between the national and state governments, with some powers reserved for each. Over time, the division of power has evolved, moving from a stricter "dual federalism" to a more cooperative model where governments work together. The chapter outlines the key articles and powers laid out in the Constitution, as well as how federalism aims to balance national unity with local control and innovation across states.
The Founding leading to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Introduction to the Federalist Papers and their usefulness for ratification. Discuss the Bill of Rights.
Chapter 2
The Constitution and it’s framing.
Lesson Plans
1. History and philosophy leading up to the constitution.
2. The revolution
3. Articles of Confederation
4. Constitutional Convention
5. Key Figures
6. Compromises
7. Amendments
Enlightenment and the Country’s founding
The founding of the country was based in principles in the European enlightenment.
One of the Enlightenment’s goals was to base governance on rationality.
Prior to the Enlightenment, governance was justified through tradition rather than reason.
Locke v Hobbes
Hobbes argued that the rationality for government was to prevent the state of nature.
Hobbes argued that life without the state would be a war between all and nasty, brutish and short. He advocated for a dictator to prevent this.
Locke disagreed. Locke argued that people would rather deal with what he called the mischief of foxes and polecats than to be devoured by lions.
This means that conflicts between individuals are manageable, but a tyrannical state is impossible to avoid.
Locke’s justification for a state is the social contract which is an agreement that the state protects rights. However if a state abuses its people, then it loses its legitimacy.
Locke’s principles drove the American Revolution.
The Revolution
The colonies originally had more freedom to run their own land prior to the Seven Years War (war between France and England).
The colonists were prevented to settle past Appalachia.
To pay back the taxes that resulted from the Seven Years War, England levied taxes on the colonists.
Colonists demanded representation in Parliament.
Stamp Act, (Tax on Paper goods) Townsend Act (Tax on glass, Tea, Paint)
The Colonies boycotted British Manufacturing goods.
Britain sent troops to the colonies, leading to an altercation with the troops known as the Boston Massacre
Britain passed an act that granted a monopoly on the British East India Tea Company, which led to the “Boston Tea Party.”
The Revolution cont.
These acts led to the state of Massachusetts to revolt, followed by the rest of the colonies.
The Declaration of Independence laid out the principles that drove the colonies to revolt against England.
This listed out the ways that Britain abused its power regarding the Social Contract.
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed”
This quote has driven the ideals in which we govern ourselves.
Articles of Confederation
Immediately following the revolution, the new nation agreed on the Articles of confederation.
The articles of confederation is the governing body that ruled the nation between the end of the Revolution and the creation of the constitution.
A confede ...
The Founding leading to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Introduction to the Federalist Papers and their usefulness for ratification. Discuss the Bill of Rights.
Chapter 2
The Constitution and it’s framing.
Lesson Plans
1. History and philosophy leading up to the constitution.
2. The revolution
3. Articles of Confederation
4. Constitutional Convention
5. Key Figures
6. Compromises
7. Amendments
Enlightenment and the Country’s founding
The founding of the country was based in principles in the European enlightenment.
One of the Enlightenment’s goals was to base governance on rationality.
Prior to the Enlightenment, governance was justified through tradition rather than reason.
Locke v Hobbes
Hobbes argued that the rationality for government was to prevent the state of nature.
Hobbes argued that life without the state would be a war between all and nasty, brutish and short. He advocated for a dictator to prevent this.
Locke disagreed. Locke argued that people would rather deal with what he called the mischief of foxes and polecats than to be devoured by lions.
This means that conflicts between individuals are manageable, but a tyrannical state is impossible to avoid.
Locke’s justification for a state is the social contract which is an agreement that the state protects rights. However if a state abuses its people, then it loses its legitimacy.
Locke’s principles drove the American Revolution.
The Revolution
The colonies originally had more freedom to run their own land prior to the Seven Years War (war between France and England).
The colonists were prevented to settle past Appalachia.
To pay back the taxes that resulted from the Seven Years War, England levied taxes on the colonists.
Colonists demanded representation in Parliament.
Stamp Act, (Tax on Paper goods) Townsend Act (Tax on glass, Tea, Paint)
The Colonies boycotted British Manufacturing goods.
Britain sent troops to the colonies, leading to an altercation with the troops known as the Boston Massacre
Britain passed an act that granted a monopoly on the British East India Tea Company, which led to the “Boston Tea Party.”
The Revolution cont.
These acts led to the state of Massachusetts to revolt, followed by the rest of the colonies.
The Declaration of Independence laid out the principles that drove the colonies to revolt against England.
This listed out the ways that Britain abused its power regarding the Social Contract.
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed”
This quote has driven the ideals in which we govern ourselves.
Articles of Confederation
Immediately following the revolution, the new nation agreed on the Articles of confederation.
The articles of confederation is the governing body that ruled the nation between the end of the Revolution and the creation of the constitution.
A confede ...
Essay on Creating the Constitution
Essay on US Constitution
The British Constitution Essay example
US Constitution Essay
The U.S. Constitution Essay
Essay about The Constitution
Texas Constitution Essay
Essay about Constitutional Democracy
Accident Up Ahead!Listen to this text being read aloud by a hu.docxmehek4
Accident Up Ahead!
Listen to this text being read aloud by a human being by clicking on this link.
Answer questions #1 and #2 and then answer #3 or #4.
1. When an accident or disaster occurs, many people will panic or just stand there looking. Why do they react that way? (Answer using a short paragraph.)
2. What fears and doubts does Jody have to overcome as she works? What helps her to keep going? (Answer using two short paragraphs.)
3. Write a paragraph about an accident that you experienced as a victim, an observer, or the person who helped the victim.
or
4. As one of the Fortins or Jodouins, write a letter to Jody Stevens thanking her for what she did.
Accident Up Ahead!
JANICE TYRWHITT
THE NORTHBOUND BUS had scarcely left North Bay, Ontario, when-at 1:30 a.m. on Saturday, October 11, 1975-it came to an abrupt halt. Peering out the bus window at Highway 11, Jody Stevens saw a line of taillights stretching into the night. "There must be an accident up ahead," she said to her seatmate. "I had better get out and help." Jody, a young nurse from Toronto, was on her way home to spend Thanksgiving (and celebrate her twenty-fourth birthday) with her family in Timmins. An October drizzle soaked her shoulders as she trudged past a quarter mile of stopped traffic to an eerie scene. In the flickering light of Coleman lamps and road flares, she saw the two-lane highway spattered with blood. An old school bus converted into a camper lay on its side in the ditch. A hunter's pickup truck was stalled in the left lane, the bodies of two moose lolling grotesquely from the back. Off the right shoulder was a silver Mercedes-Benz with a smashed hood. In the lane between them a silent ring of people had gathered round a fourth vehicle-a blue 1973 Ford, a crumpled wreck, with four people in it.
"I think they're all dead," a burly man told Jody.
She caught her breath and thought, Well, Stevens, what do you do now? Jody had packed a lot of experience into the two years since her graduation as a registered nurse, most recently at the Toronto East General Hospital. She threw off her corduroy coat and crawled into the back seat of the crushed car.
While Jody was riding north, twenty-six-year-old Charles Jodouin, his wife Jeanne, and her parents Omer and Lucie Fortin, were driving south from Timmins to visit Jeanne's sister in Kingston. Despite the late hour, traffic in both directions was fairly heavy. They were less than three miles out of North Bay when, suddenly, the left rear wheel spun off an oncoming converted school bus: it flew straight into the grill of a pickup truck moving south just ahead of the Jodouins. Then, out of control, the camperbus skidded across the centre line and sideswiped the Jodouins' blue Ford. A split second later a brand-new Mercedes, travelling behind the camper, also slammed into the Jodouins.
Scrambling into the wrecked blue Ford, Jody found herself in a welter of blood and splintered glass. Trapped in the driver's se.
Access the annual report provided in Course Materials to complete .docxmehek4
Access
the annual report provided in Course Materials to complete the Financial Reporting Problem, Part 1 assignment due in Week Six.
Analyze
the information contained in the company’s balance sheet and income statement to answer the following questions:
·
Are the assets included under the company’s current assets listed in the proper order? Explain your answer.
·
How are the company’s assets classified?
·
What are cash equivalents?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of its most recent annual reporting period?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of the previous annual reporting period?
·
Considering all the information you have gathered, why might this information be important to potential creditors, investors, and employees?
Create a table to summarize any dollar value answers. Then Summarize
the analysis in a 700- to 1,050-word paper in a Microsoft
®
Word document.
Format
your paper and presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Access the Internet to acquire a copy of the most recent annual re.docxmehek4
Access
the Internet to acquire a copy of the most recent annual report for the publicly traded company used to complete the Financial Reporting Problem, Part 1 assignment due in Week Six. (In week six, I wrote about Apple’s financial report)
Analyze
the information contained in the company’s balance sheet and income statement to answer the following questions:
·
Are the assets included under the company’s current assets listed in the proper order? Explain your answer.
·
How are the company’s assets classified?
·
What are cash equivalents?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of its most recent annual reporting period?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of the previous annual reporting period?
·
Considering all the information you have gathered, why might this information be important to potential creditors, investors, and employees?
Summarize
the analysis in a 700- to 1,050-word paper in a Microsoft® Word document.
Include
a copy of the company’s balance sheet and income statement.
Format
your paper and presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
.
More Related Content
Similar to The ConstitutionChapter 3CHAPTER 3 THE CONSTITUTION.docx
Essay on Creating the Constitution
Essay on US Constitution
The British Constitution Essay example
US Constitution Essay
The U.S. Constitution Essay
Essay about The Constitution
Texas Constitution Essay
Essay about Constitutional Democracy
Accident Up Ahead!Listen to this text being read aloud by a hu.docxmehek4
Accident Up Ahead!
Listen to this text being read aloud by a human being by clicking on this link.
Answer questions #1 and #2 and then answer #3 or #4.
1. When an accident or disaster occurs, many people will panic or just stand there looking. Why do they react that way? (Answer using a short paragraph.)
2. What fears and doubts does Jody have to overcome as she works? What helps her to keep going? (Answer using two short paragraphs.)
3. Write a paragraph about an accident that you experienced as a victim, an observer, or the person who helped the victim.
or
4. As one of the Fortins or Jodouins, write a letter to Jody Stevens thanking her for what she did.
Accident Up Ahead!
JANICE TYRWHITT
THE NORTHBOUND BUS had scarcely left North Bay, Ontario, when-at 1:30 a.m. on Saturday, October 11, 1975-it came to an abrupt halt. Peering out the bus window at Highway 11, Jody Stevens saw a line of taillights stretching into the night. "There must be an accident up ahead," she said to her seatmate. "I had better get out and help." Jody, a young nurse from Toronto, was on her way home to spend Thanksgiving (and celebrate her twenty-fourth birthday) with her family in Timmins. An October drizzle soaked her shoulders as she trudged past a quarter mile of stopped traffic to an eerie scene. In the flickering light of Coleman lamps and road flares, she saw the two-lane highway spattered with blood. An old school bus converted into a camper lay on its side in the ditch. A hunter's pickup truck was stalled in the left lane, the bodies of two moose lolling grotesquely from the back. Off the right shoulder was a silver Mercedes-Benz with a smashed hood. In the lane between them a silent ring of people had gathered round a fourth vehicle-a blue 1973 Ford, a crumpled wreck, with four people in it.
"I think they're all dead," a burly man told Jody.
She caught her breath and thought, Well, Stevens, what do you do now? Jody had packed a lot of experience into the two years since her graduation as a registered nurse, most recently at the Toronto East General Hospital. She threw off her corduroy coat and crawled into the back seat of the crushed car.
While Jody was riding north, twenty-six-year-old Charles Jodouin, his wife Jeanne, and her parents Omer and Lucie Fortin, were driving south from Timmins to visit Jeanne's sister in Kingston. Despite the late hour, traffic in both directions was fairly heavy. They were less than three miles out of North Bay when, suddenly, the left rear wheel spun off an oncoming converted school bus: it flew straight into the grill of a pickup truck moving south just ahead of the Jodouins. Then, out of control, the camperbus skidded across the centre line and sideswiped the Jodouins' blue Ford. A split second later a brand-new Mercedes, travelling behind the camper, also slammed into the Jodouins.
Scrambling into the wrecked blue Ford, Jody found herself in a welter of blood and splintered glass. Trapped in the driver's se.
Access the annual report provided in Course Materials to complete .docxmehek4
Access
the annual report provided in Course Materials to complete the Financial Reporting Problem, Part 1 assignment due in Week Six.
Analyze
the information contained in the company’s balance sheet and income statement to answer the following questions:
·
Are the assets included under the company’s current assets listed in the proper order? Explain your answer.
·
How are the company’s assets classified?
·
What are cash equivalents?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of its most recent annual reporting period?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of the previous annual reporting period?
·
Considering all the information you have gathered, why might this information be important to potential creditors, investors, and employees?
Create a table to summarize any dollar value answers. Then Summarize
the analysis in a 700- to 1,050-word paper in a Microsoft
®
Word document.
Format
your paper and presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Access the Internet to acquire a copy of the most recent annual re.docxmehek4
Access
the Internet to acquire a copy of the most recent annual report for the publicly traded company used to complete the Financial Reporting Problem, Part 1 assignment due in Week Six. (In week six, I wrote about Apple’s financial report)
Analyze
the information contained in the company’s balance sheet and income statement to answer the following questions:
·
Are the assets included under the company’s current assets listed in the proper order? Explain your answer.
·
How are the company’s assets classified?
·
What are cash equivalents?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of its most recent annual reporting period?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of the previous annual reporting period?
·
Considering all the information you have gathered, why might this information be important to potential creditors, investors, and employees?
Summarize
the analysis in a 700- to 1,050-word paper in a Microsoft® Word document.
Include
a copy of the company’s balance sheet and income statement.
Format
your paper and presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Acc 290 Final Exam MCQs) Which financial statement is used to de.docxmehek4
Acc 290 Final Exam MCQs
) Which financial statement is used to determine cash generated from operations?
A. Income statement
B. Statement of operations
C. Statement of cash flows
D. Retained earnings statement
2) In terms of sequence, in what order must the four basic financial statements be prepared?
A. Balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and capital statement
B. Income statement, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and balance sheet
C. Balance sheet, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and income statement
D. Income statement, capital statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows
3. In classifying transactions, which of the following is true in regard to assets?
A. Normal balances and increases are debits
B. Normal balances and decreases are credits
C. Normal balances can either be debits or credits for assets
D. Normal balances are debits and increases can be debits or credits
4. An increase in an expense account must be
A. debited
B. credited
C. either debited or credited, depending on the circumstances
D. capitalized
5. ABC Corporation issues 100 shares of $1 par common stock at $5 per share, which of the following is the correct journal entry?
C. Correct ANSWER (Go with this Option)
6. In the first month of operations, the total of the debit entries to the cash account amounted to $1,400 and the total of the credit entries to the cash account amounted to $600. The cash account has a
A. $600 credit balance
B. $1,400 debit balance
C. $800 debit balance
D. $800 credit balance
7. Which ledger contains control accounts?
A. Accounts receivable subsidiary ledger
B. General ledger
C. Accounts payable subsidiary ledger
D. General revenue and expense ledger
8. Smith is a customer of ABC Corporation. Smith typically purchases merchandise from ABC on account. Which ledger would ABC use to keep track of the details of Smith’s account?
A. Accounts receivable subsidiary ledger
B. Accounts receivable control ledger
C. General ledger
D. Accounts payable subsidiary ledger
9. Under the cash basis of accounting
A. revenue is recognized when services are performed
B. expenses are matched with the revenue that is produced
C. cash must be received before revenue is recognized
D. a promise to pay is sufficient to recognize revenue
10. Under the accrual basis of accounting
A. cash must be received before revenue is recognized
B. net income is calculated by matching cash outflows against cash inflows
C. events that change a company’s financial statements are recognized in the period they occur rather than in the period in which the cash is paid or received
D. the ledger accounts must be adjusted to reflect a cash basis of accounting before financial statements are prepared under generally accepted accounting principles
11. The Vintage Laundry Company purchased $6,500 worth of laundry supplies on June 2 and.
AC2760
Week 2 Assignment
Read the following scenario, and complete the form on the following worksheet:
On March 1, 2012, Mitch Quade established Mitch Realty, which completed the following transactions during the month:
(a)
Mitch Quade transferred cash from a personal bank account to an account to be used for the business in exchange for capital stock, $18,000.
(b)
Purchase supplies on account, $1,200.
(c)
Earned sales commission, receiving cash, $14,000.
(d)
Paid rent on office and equipment for the month, $2,800.
(e)
Paid creditor on account, $750.
(f)
Paid office salaries, $3,000.
Instructions:
1
Journalize entries for transactions (a) through (f).
Omit the journal entry explanations. Please use the drop-down list (right of the cell) to enter the account description box on the worksheet.
2
Post the journal entries the T accounts, placing the appropriate letter to the left of each amount to identify the transactions.
Determine the account balance after all posting is complete.
Accounts containing only a single entry do not need a balance.
3
Prepare and unadjusted trial balance as of March 31, 2012.
1.
Journal - Mitch Realty
Description
Debit
Credit
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
2.
Ledger - Mitch Realty
Cash
Capital Stock
(a)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(e)
(f)
Sales Commission
Bal.
(c)
Supplies
Office Salaries Expense
(b)
(f)
Accounts Payable
Rent Expense
(e)
(b)
(d)
Bal.
3.
MITCH REALTY
Unadjusted Trial Balance
March 31, 2012
Debit
Credit
Cash
Supplies
Accounts Payable
Capital Stock
Sales Commissions
Rent Expense
Office Salaries Expense
-
-
.
AC1220 Lab 5.1IntroductionJake determines that owning the .docxmehek4
AC1220 Lab 5.1
Introduction
Jake determines that owning the building where Jake’s Computer Sales and Repair operates makes more sense than leasing the facility. On June 1, 20x1, Jake exchanges a $180,000 note payable for the following fixed assets:
·
Land
·
Land improvements, including fencing, paving, lighting, and signage
·
Building
Jake hires an independent appraiser who assigns the following market values to the assets:
Asset
Fair Market Value
Land
$23,500
Land improvements
$8,000
Building
$164,500
Requirement 1
Jake must allocate the $195,000 among three asset classes: land, land improvements, and building.
a. Compute the total fair market value (FMV) of the lump-sum purchase of assets.
Asset
Fair Market Value
Land
$23,500
Land improvements
8,000
Building
164,000
Total
b. Express land improvements and building as a percentage of the total FMV and allocate the purchase price of $180,000 to land improvements and building—the computation is completed for land.
Asset
Fair Market Value
% of Total Fair Market Value
Purchase Price
Cost of Asset
Land
$23,500
12%
$180,000
$21,600
Land improvements
180,000
Building
180,000
Total
c. Journalize the purchase of the assets, using the allocated costs computed in Requirement 1b.
Date
Account and Explanation
Debit
Credit
6/1/x1
To record purchase of land, land improvements, and building
Requirement 2
a. Classify each of the following spending items as either a capital expenditure or an expense. Indicate the correct choice with an “x”:
Spending
Capital Expenditure
Expense
Routine repairs to fencing, $120 (cash)
Renovation of building, including addition to warehouse, $15,000 (on account)
Resurfaced paving, extending the remaining useful life of the paving from 3 to 5 years, $1,000 (cash)
b. Journalize the expenditures described in Requirement 2a.
Date
Account and Explanation
Debit
Credit
6/1/x1
To record repairs to fencing
6/1/x1
To record renovation of building
6/1/x1
To record extraordinary repair
Requirement 3
a. Using the straight-line depreciation method, compute the depreciation expense and the accumulated depreciation that would be recorded at December 20x1. Completing the shaded cells in the following table:
Date
Asset Cost
Depreciable Cost
Straight-line Depreciation Rate
Depreciation Expense
Accumulated Depreciation
Book Value
Jun 1, 20x1
1/5 x 6/12
b. Using the double-declining balance method, compute the depreciation expense and the accumulated depreciation that would be recorded at December 20x1. Complete the shaded cells in the following table:
Date
Asset Cost
Depreciable Cost
Double-Declining Depreciation Rate
Depreciation Expense
Accumulated Depreciation
Book Value
Jun 1, 20x1
c. Assume that a truck is expected to be driven 7,000 miles through December 31, 20x1, and that each mile driven represents one production unit. Usi.
Abstract(Provide the main generalizable statement resulting .docxmehek4
Abstract
(
Provide the main generalizable
statement
resulting from the paper briefly)
Introduction
(Explain what the assignment is about to the reader briefly)
Anthropology definition
: according to Schaefer (2010) is “……………………………………………..” (p.5).
Interpretation: In your own words
Example: from your experiences
How does the discipline interface with sociology? Connect anthropology with sociology
Psychology definition
:
Interpretation:
Example:
How does it interface with sociology?
Political Science definition
:
Interpretation:
Example:
How does discipline interface with sociology?
Economics definition
:
Interpretation:
Example:
How does discipline interface with sociology?
Sociology definition
:
Interpretation:
Example:
How does discipline interface with sociology?
.
Abusive relationships are at the core of the Coetzee novel, whether .docxmehek4
Abusive relationships are at the core of the Coetzee novel, whether men and their abuse of women, individuals and their abuse of animals, and men and their abuse of other men. What does Coatzee want to convey to the reader about the nature of abuse and violence in relationships? How does he see both as emblematic of South Africa?
5 page paper on this topic above and include quotes or textual examples from the book.
.
Abraham, J., Sick, B., Anderson, J., Berg, A., Dehmer, C., & Tufano, A. (2011).
Selecting a provider: What factors influence patients' decision making?
Journal of Healthcare Management
,
56
(2), 99–114.
Chullen, C. L., Dunford, B. B., Angermeier, I., Boss, R. W., & Boss, A. D. (2011).
Minimizing deviant behavior in healthcare organizations: The effects of supportive leadership and job design
.
Journal of Healthcare Management
,
55
(6), 381–397.
Compare the two studies by analyzing their samples. Use the following questions to guide you.
What sampling design is used?
Is the sample size adequate?
How does the sample affect the validity of the conclusions of the study?
.
Abraham, J., Sick, B., Anderson, J., Berg, A., Dehmer, C., & Tufano, A. (2011).
Selecting a provider: What factors influence patients' decision making?
Journal of Healthcare Management
,
56
(2), 99–114.
·
Chullen, C. L., Dunford, B. B., Angermeier, I., Boss, R. W., & Boss, A. D. (2011).
Minimizing deviant behavior in healthcare organizations: The effects of supportive leadership and job design
.
Journal of Healthcare Management
,
55
(6), 381–397.
Compare the two studies by analyzing their samples. Use the following questions to guide you.
1.
What sampling design is used?
2.
Is the sample size adequate?
.
A.Da la correcta conjugación para cada oración.(Give the corre.docxmehek4
A.
Da la correcta conjugación para cada oración.
(Give the correct verb conjugation in F
ormal Commandfor each sentence)
.
Top of Form
1.
_______________
Ud. la cama. (hacer)
2.
______________ Uds. la mesa. (poner)
3.
______________
Ud. a tiempo. (salir)
4.
_____________
Uds. a la fiesta. (venir)
5.
_____________ Ud. la verdad. (decir)
6.
______________ Uds. a la fiesta. (ir)
7.
______________Ud. bueno. (ser)
8.
______________ Uds. la información. (saber)
9.
______________ Ud. en la clase a tiempo.
(estar)
10.
______________ Uds. respecto a sus profesores.
(dar)
11.
______________ Ud. a clase. (ir)
12.
______________ Uds. buenos. (ser)
13.
______________
Ud. el libro en la mochila. (poner)
14.
______________ Uds. de la casa a las ocho.
(salir)
15.
______________
Ud. a mi casa. (venir)
Bottom of Form
.
Abraham Lincoln is considered by many historians to be the greatest .docxmehek4
Abraham Lincoln is considered by many historians to be the greatest American President. His drive to end slavery and to unify the nation was at great personal cost. For this assignment, you will access two important primary sources authored by Abraham Lincoln.
Using the Internet, review the following primary source document:
[Lincoln, A.?]. [ca. 1863].
The Emancipation Proclamation
. Archived document, U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Retrieved from
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/
emancipation_proclamation/transcript.html
In addition, research the Internet for
The Gettysburg Address.
The
Webliography
for this module contains a link to this resource.
Based on your analysis of all the readings for this module, respond to the following:
What is Lincoln’s perception of liberty and equality?
Why did he place so much importance on the destruction of slavery and the continuation of one nation?
What examples from both documents demonstrate both civil liberties and rights?
Support your statements with appropriate scholarly references.
Write your initial response in a minimum of 300 words. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
.
About half of the paid lobbyists in Washington are former government.docxmehek4
About half of the paid lobbyists in Washington are former government staff members or former members of Congress. Why would interest groups employ such people? Why might some reformers want to limit the ability of interest groups to employ them? On what basis might an interest group argue that such limits are unconstitutional?
.
ABC sells 400 shares of its $23 par common stock for $27. The entry .docxmehek4
ABC sells 400 shares of its $23 par common stock for $27. The entry would entail credit(s. to __________.
A. Cash for $9,200
B. Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par-Common for $800; Common Stock for $10,800
C. Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par-Common for $1,600; Common Stock for $9,200
D. Common Stock for $10,800
.
ABC company is increasing its equity by selling additional shares to.docxmehek4
ABC company is increasing its equity by selling additional shares to the public and also by converting its retained earnings. The total amount to be raised is $1,000. Given that the size of retained earnings is $300, how much should be raised externally (by issuing new shares)?
a) $700 b) $705 c) $1,000 d) $1,005 e) $300
.
A.The unification of previously fractious and divided Arab tribes.docxmehek4
A.
The unification of previously fractious and divided Arab tribes
B.
The capitulation of Jewish and Christian leaders
C.
Direct military assistance from the Sasanid state
D.
The exhaustion of the Byzantine Empire after Pyrrhic victories over the Ostrogoths and Vandals
.
A.Escribe la forma correcta del verbo en españolNosotros siem.docxmehek4
A. Escribe la forma correcta del verbo en español
Nosotros siempre_____________coca cola con la pizza. (drink)
Tú ________________________________ en Buenos Aires. (live)
Ellos ______________________________el pastel. (divide)
Yo _________________________la comida mexicana. (eat)
Paco ________________________el dinero en la caja. (hides)
Vosotros __________________________estudiar. (should)
Ramón y Carlos _______________________en el parque. (run)
La maestra __________________________ la puerta. (opens)
Yo _______________________el cuatro de Pedro. (describe)
Él _________________________el carro. (sells)
Tú ___________________un regalo para tu cumpleaños. (receive)
Los estudiantes______________________el libro. (read)
Vosotros ________________________a la clase de arte. (attend)
Ella ___________________________hacer la tarea. (promises)
Alejandra y yo ___________________a hablar español. (learn)
El hombre ____________________descubre el tesoro. (discovers)
Uds. ________________________las escaleras. (go up, climb)
Ud. ________________________el examen. (cover)
El niño _________________________la ventana. (breaks)
Las mujeres_________________________en Dios. (believe)
Escribe en español
We drink milk. _________________________________________
He breaks the window.____________________________________
They open the door.______________________________________
You (pl. Spain) promise to write.____________________________
I learn to speak Spanish.___________________________________
Contesta las preguntas
¿Dónde vives?____________________________________________
¿Lees muchos libros?______________________________________
¿Comes mucha comida mexicana?____________________________
¿Debes estudiar todos los días?_______________________________
¿Recibes buenas notas en todas tus clases?______________________
.
A.Both countries fought for independence from Great Britain, b.docxmehek4
A
.
Both countries fought for independence from Great Britain, but the United States won, and China did not.
B
.
Both countries were colonized, but the United States went on to become a major imperial power, and China did not.
C
.
Both countries established colonies in India, but the United States established commercial control, and China did not.
D
.
Both countries established colonies in the Caribbean, but the United States’ colonies rebelled, and China’s did not.
.
a.A patent purchased from J. Miller on January 1, 2010, for a ca.docxmehek4
a.
A patent purchased from J. Miller on January 1, 2010, for a cash cost of $5,640. When purchased, the patent had an estimated life of fifteen years.
b.
A trademark was registered with the federal government for $10,000. Management estimated that the trademark could be worth as much as $200,000 because it has an indefinite life.
c.
Computer licensing rights were purchased on January 1, 2010, for $60,000. The rights are expected to have a four-year useful life to the company.
Compute the acquisition cost of each intangible asset.
patent
trademark
licensing rights
.
A.) Imagine that astronomers have discovered intelligent life in a n.docxmehek4
A.) Imagine that astronomers have discovered intelligent life in a nearby star system. Imagine you are part of a group submitting a proposal for who on Earth should speak for the planet and what 50-word message should be conveyed. Be sure to answer all three questions below, if you choose this option.
(A) Who should speak for Earth and why?
(B) What should this person say in 50 words?
(C) Why is this message the most important compared to other things that could be said?
Instructions: should be at least 200 words.
B.) Observing Jupiter’s Moons
Big Idea: Sky objects have properties, locations, and predictable patterns of movements that can be observed and described.
Goal: Students will conduct a series of inquiries about the position and motion of Jupiter’s moons using prescribed Internet simulations.
Computer Setup:
Access http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/ and
a) Select THE MOON in the “Show me _______ “ drop down menu
b) Select THE SUN in the “as seen from _______ “ drop down menu
c) Select the radio button “I want a field of view of ____ degrees” and set the drop down menu to 0.5
d) Select the check box for EXTRA BRIGHTNESS and then Select “Run Simulator”
Phase I: Exploration
1) The resulting image shows what one would see looking through a special telescope. In this picture, where is the observer with the special telescope located?
2) How does the image change if you INCREASE the field of view?
3) What is the exact date of the image?
4) Astronomers typically mark images based on the time it currently is in Greenwich, England, called UTC. What is the precise time of the image?
5) Using a ruler to measure the distance on the screen between the middle of Earth and the middle of the Moon, what is the measured distance? You do NOT need to know the exact number of kilometers, but simply a ruler-measurement you can compare other measurements you make later. Alternately, you can use the edge of a blank piece of paper held in the landscape orientation and mark the positions of Earth and Moon or the Squidgit ruler found on the last page.
6) Use the browser’s BACK button to return to the Solar System Simulator homepage. Now, advance the time by 1 hour and determine the new distance between the Earth and Moon.
7) Use the browser’s BACK button to return to the Solar System Simulator homepage. Now, advance the time by one day from when you started and determine the new distance between the Earth and Moon.
8) Use the browser’s BACK button to return to the Solar System Simulator homepage. Now, advance the time by three days from when you started and determine the new distance between the Earth and Moon.
9) Use the browser’s BACK button to return to the Solar System Simulator homepage. Now, advance the time by five days from when you started and determine the new distance between the Earth and Moon.
10) Use the browser’s BACK button to return to the Solar System Simulator homepage. Now, advance the time by 10 days from when you s.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The ConstitutionChapter 3CHAPTER 3 THE CONSTITUTION.docx
1. The Constitution
Chapter 3
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
In this chapter you will:
Discover the roots of the Constitution in colonial and
revolutionary America.
See why Americans declared independence from England and
learn about their first constitution, the Articles of
Confederation.
Follow the arguments that shaped the Constitution and get an
overview of the final document.
Read about the great national debate over whether to adopt it.
Learn how Americans have changed the Constitution—and how
the Constitution has changed America.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Colonial Roots of the Constitution
Colonies three thousand miles away from the king and his army,
able to ignore orders:
Salutary neglect
Colonies developed political institutions
Every colony had its own legislature.
Plentiful land created opportunities.
2. CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
More Colonial Roots
Some colonies began with mutual agreements between the
settlers
Compacts or covenants
New World was somewhere to practice religion in peace
Different religions flourished
Border areas were violent and insecure
Native American wars
French (North and West)
Spanish (South and West)
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
War Brings Changes
French and Indian War
British army defeated French in 1763
Two changes:
Ten thousand English troops remained in the colonies
England could enforce its policies
Days of neglect over
England ran up debt during war
Colonists required to pay debt
Americans’ reaction explosive
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Colonial Complaint
Representation
Americans used to making their own decisions
3. When England violated the American idea of self-rule it created
an unusual revolution
Americans fought to preserve rights that they had been
exercising while neglected
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Colonial Complaint
Mercantilism
British began enforcing trade policies.
American ships had to bypass traditional partners:
Do business only with English colonies
Higher prices, lower profits
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
The Declaration of Independence
Second Continental Congress wrote and Congress adopted
Two Parts
Statement of Principles
List of Grievances
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Declaration of Independence
Principles
All people are equal
Endowed with rights that cannot be taken away
Include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
4. Governments formed to protect rights
Governments derive power from the consent of the governed
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Declaration of Independence
Grievances
Violations of the right of representation
Maintenance of a standing army not under civilian control
Loss of an independent court
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
10
Articles of Confederation
An Alliance of Independent States
State governments
Reflect popular desires
Annual elections
Extended right to vote
Public legislative deliberations
National government
Continental Congress approved Articles
Weak and dependent on states
No executive or central authority
No central power to tax or muster an army
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
5. Articles of Confederation
Success
Power close to the people
Defeated British military
Population grew rapidly
Economy expanded
Stopped squabbling over western land
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Articles of Confederation
Some Problems
Congress could not raise taxes and had no money of its own.
Unanimity required to amend made it difficult to amend.
State governments were dominated by their legislatures.
Weak national government had a difficult time standing up to
foreign powers.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Problems Come to the Surface
Shays’ Rebellion
Western Massachusetts
August 1786
Protested high taxes and interest rates
Shut down courthouses to stop foreclosures
Strategy then changed from rebellion to politics
Won seats in the legislature
Changed laws
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Constitutional Convention
6. Balancing Two Political Dangers
Powerful central government could strip people of their rights.
Weak government could fail to protect their rights.
Six themes (which follow) dominated attention to form new
government.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
1. How Much Power to the People?
The delegates developed a view of representation that Madison
called filtration, or indirect elections.
The public would vote for men (and later women) who would, in
turn, vote for public officials—Electoral College.
Over time citizens would win more control
over electing presidents
voting directly for senators (with the Seventeenth Amendment
in 1913)
women won the right to vote with the Nineteenth Amendment in
1920
African Americans won the right to vote with the Fifteenth
Amendment, ratified in 1870 and finally guaranteed by the
Voting Rights Act in 1965
18 year olds won the right to vote in 1971
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
7. 2. National Government
Versus State Government
Delegates compromised on a system that included both national
and state power.
The federal government took over many functions of
government—but far fewer than Madison had originally
proposed.
The states kept many other duties—but far fewer than the state
advocates would have liked.
This mixed system, with a stronger national government that
nevertheless leaves considerable power with the state
governments, is called federalism.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
3. Big States Versus Small States
The most intense debate at the Constitutional Convention
revolved around a division we rarely think about today: the
large states (led by Virginia and Pennsylvania) versus the small
states (led by New Jersey and Delaware).
Large states argued that representation in the national
government should be based on population.
8. Small states wanted each state to have an equal voice.
That debate led to two different plans put forward by Virginia
(a big state) and New Jersey (on behalf of the small states).
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
4. The President
Committee or individual? Many delegates worried that a single
executive would grow powerful and become, as Governor
Randolph put it, “the foetus of monarchy.”
After much back and forth, they settled on a 4-year term and
permitted reelections.
Electoral College: Each state would select individuals known as
electors—the delegates hoped that the electors would be well-
known individuals with sound judgment; the electors would then
elect the president.
How many electors per state? Another compromise: Each state
would have the same electors as it had members of Congress.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
5. Separation of Powers
9. Checks and balances: Each power the Constitution gives to
Congress is balanced by a power it gives to the president.
President over Congress:
Congress passes legislation but needs the president to sign the
law.
The president can veto (reject) the bill (checking Congress).
Congress over president:
The president is commander in chief, but the Constitution gives
Congress the power to declare war and set the military’s budget.
Congress can override the veto by two-thirds vote of both
chambers (balancing the president).
The president negotiates treaties, but the Senate must ratify
them by two-thirds vote.
The president appoints ministers and Supreme Court justices,
but Congress must approve (or confirm).
Congress has the ultimate power over all federal officers. The
House can impeach (or formally accuse) the president.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
5. Separation of Powers
Court over Congress and president:
The authority to strike down acts of Congress or the president
for violating the Constitution
The French political philosopher Montesquieu wrote an
influential treatise, The Spirit of the Laws (published in 1748),
10. which argued that to avoid tyranny, the executive, legislative,
and judicial functions of government must be separated from
one another.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
6. “A Principle of Which
We Were Ashamed”
The men and women in bondage were a source of wealth and
power—especially for Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia.
The Philadelphia convention faced a stark choice—protect
slavery or form a union without these states.
In the end, the delegates wanted a strong union more than they
hated slavery.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
An Overview of the Constitution:
Preamble
The Constitution begins with a preamble, the most elegant
sentence in the entire document:
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility,
provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare,
and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our
11. posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the
United States of America.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Article 1: Congress
Article 1 is the longest in the Constitution and describes what
Congress may or may not do.
Section 8 is the most important passage in article 1. Its 17 short
paragraphs tell Congress what it may do, including the “power
to lay and collect taxes,” declare war, regulate interstate
commerce, coin money, and raise an army. The final paragraph
is known as the necessary and proper clause.
Section 9 lists the things Congress may not do.
Habeas corpus means that government cannot hold prisoners
without formally charging them with a crime.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Article 2: The President
The president must be a natural-born American at least 35 years
old who is chosen by electors for a 4-year term.
Each state decides who elects the electors—today the people
make the choice in every state.
Section 4 allows for removing a president “on impeachment for,
and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and
misdemeanors.”
Three presidents have faced formal impeachment proceedings,
although only one, Richard Nixon, was forced to resign his
office.
12. CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Article 3: The Courts
Article 3 creates the Supreme Court and authorizes Congress to
organize additional courts.
Alexander Hamilton later called the Supreme Court “the least
dangerous” branch of government.
The justices are selected by the president, approved by the
Senate, and have tenure for life.
Chief Justice John Marshall, in deciding a case called Marbury
v. Madison, ruled that the Court could strike down an act of
Congress.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Article 4: Relations between the States
Article 4 defines the relationship between the states and
describes the process for adding new states.
Article 5: Amendments
Two-thirds of both House and Senate must approve any
13. amendments.
Article 6: The Law of the Land
Article 6 makes the Constitution the supreme law of the land.
Article 7: Ratification
Three-fourths of the states must ratify—either through the state
legislature or through state conventions.
It also specifies that there must be no religious test for holding
any federal office.
Some states, however, had religious tests for holding office and
even voting until the 1830s.
Article 7 announced that the Constitution would go into effect
after nine states had ratified—a controversial move because the
United States was still operating under the Articles of
14. Confederation, which could be amended only by all thirteen
states.
The Constitution Today
Americans disagree about how to read the Constitution. One
view, called originalism, or strict construction, insists that
Americans are bound to the literal meaning of the Constitution
and its amendments, as the people who wrote and ratified
understood them.
The other view, of an evolving Constitution, is known as
pragmatism. We cannot help but bring our own background,
ideas, and judgments to bear as we think about the meaning of
the document.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
Conclusion:
Does the Constitution Still Work?
Does the world’s oldest constitution still work? Almost all
politicians—and most Americans—would surely say yes.
But some disagree; Robert Dahl, a leading political scientist,
argues that the Constitution is not democratic enough.
15. The checks and balances are sometimes too cumbersome,
making it too difficult to pass needed laws.
Regardless of whether you’re an originalist, a pragmatist, or
someone in between, you should check to see what the
Constitution says every time you study another feature of
American politics.
CHAPTER 3: THE CONSTITUTION
.Two assignments
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the results that you
received from your completion of the Golden Personality Sort.
Summarize your MBTI results
And assignment 2 is discussion board post
QUESTIONS BELOW
MBTI Discussion
Discussion Topic
Take this time to reflect on the results of your MBTI.
What was your reported type? Was it different from your
prediction of what you thought your type would be? If yes,
which in your opinion is more accurate?
Using the four letter summary of your type, reflect on the
strengths and weaknesses your type brings to professional
relationships. Give an example of how you might adapt your
type to improve communication in a current professional
relationship.
16. Cited reference MBTI use 1962
Federalism and Nationalism
Chapter 4
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
In this chapter you will:
Learn what federalism is.
Explore the strengths of federal and state governments.
Examine how federalism works—and how it has evolved.
Review the contemporary conflicts that surround federalism.
Explore American nationalism, the force that binds and shapes
our federalist polity.
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Types of Government
Unitary government
The national government—the king and Parliament in England,
for example—made policy for the nation. Local governments
simply carried out their decrees. To this day, almost all nations
are organized this way.
Confederation
All power flows from the local to the national level. Examples
are Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.
17. Federalism
Power is divided and shared between national and state
governments. Examples are the United States and India.
Some states grant local governments broad powers, known as
home rule.
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Federalism in the United States
Power divided and shared between national and state
governments
Constitution reserves some decisions for the national
government and some for the state
National: Declare war or coining money
State: Schools
Some decisions are made at both levels
Taxing and spending
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Advantages of State-Level Policy
States are more responsive to citizens
States offer more protection for individual rights
Political innovation can occur when different states can
experiment with different programs
People have more choices
People who do not like a particular state can move
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
18. Advantages of National Policy
Policies often more fair
Policies can equalize resources across the nation
Policies can standardize best practices across the nation
National government can more easily coordinate among
agencies
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
The Constitution Sets
the Ground Rules
Granted powers—Article 1, section 8, lists 19 powers of the
federal government: Congress has the power to pay debts, raise
an army, punish pirates, establish a post office, handle US
foreign policy.
express or enumerated powers
The Constitution authorizes Congress to make all laws
necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated powers—
or any other power the Constitution vests in the national
government. This necessary and proper clause is also known as
the elastic clause.
The elastic clause has expanded national authority to include
what are called inherent powers—powers that are implied by,
but not specifically named in, the Constitution’s text.
The supremacy clause declares that the national government’s
laws and treaties are the “supreme law of the land” and are
superior to state laws whenever the two clash.
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
19. Reserved Powers
States retain government authority not explicitly granted to the
national government
Education
Public health
In-state commerce
State elections
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Concurrent Powers
Many powers and duties are shared jointly by state and national
governments.
Both national and state governments have the power to raise
taxes, build roads, construct bridges, build railways, update
telecommunications networks, borrow money, and regulate
business.
The Constitution directs each state to give full faith and credit
to the actions of other states.
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Full Faith and Credit
Each state is required by the Constitution to recognize and
uphold laws passed by other states.
Can be difficult when laws of neighboring states vary
considerably
Example: gun laws—okay to openly carry in one state but in
bordering state guns heavily restricted. Which law is supreme?
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
20. Dual Federalism
Dual federalism gave state and national governments relatively
clearly demarcated responsibilities.
American historians with an eye for metaphor describe this
arrangement as “layer cake.”
This left the national government in charge of three major
areas:
international relations
internal improvements
relations and commerce between the states
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Cooperative Federalism
Cooperative federalism: The period after the Great Depression
was characterized by blurred lines of authority and a much more
active national government.
A new bakery metaphor emerged: a marble cake with its various
ingredients—the different government functions—all swirled
together.
Officials in Washington provided federal funds through grants-
in-aid—national funds accompanied by specific instructions to
state and local officials about how the money could be spent.
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
21. New Federalism
Ronald Reagan’s presidency (1981–1989) ushered in another
significant change in American federalism, enthusiastically
termed New Federalism.
The Reagan administration relied more heavily on block grants.
Block grants still channel federal dollars to a specific policy
area.
Federal, state, and local authorities all compete for influence
over programs—a multiflavored marble cake.
One pillar of the New Federalism movement was devolution, or
transferring responsibility for government programs to state and
local authorities.
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Federalism Today
One pillar of the New Federalism movement is devolution.
States’ rights advocates sometimes find that devolving policies
to the local level does not guarantee a less active government
response.
When responsibility is passed to state or local officials, there
must be national resources to match, or else Washington will
saddle the state or locality with an
unfunded mandate: a law or regulation that imposes a duty that
must be paid for primarily by state or local officials.
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Federalism and the Parties
Dual, cooperative, and new: these successive descriptions of
federalism point to ongoing negotiations about government
22. power and accountability.
Republicans continue to urge state and local control on most
issues, while Democrats are more likely to seek Washington-
based solutions.
The political art of credit claiming also influences federalism.
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Federalism in the Courts
In a series of landmark decisions, the Supreme Court—led by
Chief Justice John Marshall—protected national government
powers from state incursions.
The first such case was McCulloch v. Maryland, decided in
1819.
In recent years—beginning under Chief Justice Rehnquist in the
mid-1990s, and gaining strength with a consistently
conservative majority under Chief Justice Roberts since 2005—
the Supreme Court has emphasized local and state power.
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Nationalism, American Style
Constitution
Elastic Clause
Tenth Amendment
23. Institution evolution
Federalism
Cooperative Federalism
Layer Cake vs. Marble Cake
National vs. State
Seek equity
“Drown in the bathtub”
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Nationalism
Kept federal experiment together despite
Civil War
Economic strains in every era
Partisan conflict
Different cultures and attitudes
New England towns
Southern Bible Belt
Midwestern Plains
Liberal “Left Coast”
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
National Identity
Maintain federal balance
Instill loyalty to nation, state, and locality
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
24. Nationalism
“Nationalism is membership in an ‘imagined community,’ a
sense of connectedness across millions of people who will, for
the most part, never see or meet one another.
“A nation exists because people believe that it does.”
Benedict Anderson
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Conclusion:
Who Are We?
Federalism reflects an intense philosophical debate, carved into
institutional stone.
The debate—about power and democracy, fairness and liberty—
runs through American history.
Successive eras allocated power differently.
Federalism is the mark of a weak national government.
However, the paradox of American politics is that weak
government is balanced by a powerful nation with a robust,
patriotic sense of national identity.
CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM