The document provides an overview of the American Revolution and early republic. It discusses the various acts passed by the British that angered the colonists and led to protests. Key events included the Boston Tea Party, Battles of Lexington and Concord, and the Declaration of Independence in 1776. After the Revolutionary War ended in 1783, the new nation struggled under the Articles of Confederation, leading to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. The first presidents Washington and Adams then helped establish the new federal government.

1. The American Revolution

2. Road to Revolution England tightens control on the colonies after the French and Indian War Taxes, laws, reduced rights felt that colonies should pay their share of French and Indian War

3. Issued at end of French & Indian War Banned new settlement west of Appalachian Mountains Infuriated colonials, ignored The Proclamation of 1763

4. 1765 - Stamp Act Stamp Act Congress protested Stamp Tax tax on all printed materials 1 st direct tax on the colonies Decided to boycott English goods sent a letter of protest tax repealed

5. Samuel Adams Father of the American Revolution Organizes “Sons of Liberty” Led resistance to British regulations “ Committees of Correspondence” Maintain communications between colonies

6. 1770-Boston Massacre British soldiers fire on a mob killing 5

7. 1773-Boston Tea Party Sons of Liberty protest tea policy Leads to Intolerable Acts closes Port of Boston

8. 1775 - 1 st Continental Congress Protest the Intolerable Acts Boycott British Goods and send a letter of Protest (Stamp Tax Congress) British reply with tougher policies

9. Patrick Henry “ Give me Liberty or give me death”

10. 1775-Lexington/Concord first battles of the Revolution

11. Retreat to Boston

12. Battle of Bunker Hill

13. Battle of Bunker Hill

14. 1776-Second Continental Congress 1 st National Government

15. George Washington appointed Commander in Chief of Colonial Army

16. adopts The Declaration of Independence written mainly by Thomas Jefferson

17. Committee of Five With help from Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, John Adams and Roger Sherman

18. Unidentified Helper “ Dang it Thomas , i before e except …” “ Let’s see what you’ve got so far .”

19. Declaration of Independence Has three parts Natural Rights : purpose of government is to protect inalienable rights rights that all people have List of wrongs : by the British that led to the Colonies to break away Independence : announces that colonies are a free and independent nation, The United States of America

20. Celebrating the signing

21. Thomas Paine writes “Common Sense” lists reasons to rebel

22. Colonial Advantages Disadvantages Knew the Land Allies Great military leaders Cause: INDEPENDENCE Inexperienced military Poorly trained Militias Poor central government No money Little support

23. British Advantages Disadvantages Powerful Military Mercenaries hired to fight for the British Loyal Colonists (Tories) Distance between England and the Colonies Did not know the land Poor leadership Some in British Government sympathized with Colonies

24. 1776-Battle of Trenton first colonial victory crosses Delaware River at night (cheated)

25. 1777-Battle of Saratoga turning point of War French Join Colonies

26. 1777-Valley Forge winter encampment

27. 1781-Battle of Yorktown last battle – Lord Cornwallis surrenders

28. 1783-Treaty of Paris Granted independence Ended the War Set boundaries of new nation

29. Received land between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River Known as The Northwest Territory Fishing Rights in The Grand Banks

31. THE EARLY REPUBLIC 1781-1801

32. Colonists came to America with concepts of : limited government not all powerful, not Absolute Representative government Ordered government no government official is above the law

33. Rights of Englishmen Magna Carta-1215 King cannot tax or declare war without permission of the Nobles cannot imprison without a jury trial/due process The Petition of Right-1628 protection of civil liberties no taxation without consent of Parliament The Habeas Corpus Act-1679 prevent arbitrary arrest and imprisonment English Bill of Rights-1689 prevents abuse by monarchs and guarantees citizens rights

34. The idea of guaranteeing individual rights developed over time, 1215 – 1689 Not just with the Bill of Rights

35. Articles of Confederation Ran 1781-88 First constitution of the United States Provided for a weak central government Could tax but could not enforce Could declare War States held most power 13 separate governments Mainly a defensive pact Articles of Confederation

36. 1783-1789 known as “The Critical Period” Nation nearly failed New constitution was needed

37. Shay’s Rebellion Daniel Shays led a rebellion by farmers against unfair economic conditions and laws.

38. Showed that the Government was ineffective US political leadership realized something had to be done

39. Constitutional Convention-1787 Philadelphia 12/13 States attend (Rhode Island did not)

40. Convened to Strengthen The Articles of Confederation Realized early that a new system of government was needed Decided to meet in secret sessions George Washington-President of the convention

41. “ Father of the Constitution” James Madison considered best prepared delegate, led many discussions made many proposals Made daily notes

42. 3 Key conflicts to resolve led to concepts of: Separation of powers Created 3 branches of government Legislative, Executive, Judicial Branch each Branch has its own power and responsibility Checks and Balances Maintains the separation of powers Each Branch has some control over other two No Branch in total control President can veto laws, Congress can over-ride veto #1 - Strong Central Government vs. Weak Central Government

43. #2 - How to decide representation Large States vs. Small States New Jersey Plan each State represented equally, unicameral congress Virginia Plan Representation by population, bicameral congress Resulted in the Great Compromise bicameral congress/lower house based on population/upper house equal representation Both houses had to agree before something is done.

44. #3 - North vs. South The 3/5’s Compromise three out of five slaves would be counted for representation and taxation Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise congress could regulate trade slave trade to be outlawed in 20 years (1808)

45. Ratification Process Acceptance needed for new constitution to be enforced Approval by 9 of 13 States needed 1 st political parties formed Federalist – For Anti-Federalist – Opposed, wanted rights guaranteed 1791 – Bill Of rights Added, protection of individual rights

46. Federalist Papers Series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, John Jay Reasons why Constitution should be approved Collected and published in book form in New York to convince people of New York to support new constitution

47. Signing the Constitution

48. The Constitution The Supreme Law of the Land establish legitimacy, right to rule Establishes “Popular Sovereignty” the people have the final authority in government

49. Structure Preamble introduction/purpose of Constitution Articles (7) rules/powers Amendments - 27 1-10 are the Bill of Rights 13-15 are the Civil War Amendments 16-27 are the 20th century amendments

50. protects our individual rights Added to appease the Anti-Federalists

51. Launching the New Nation George elected first President, 1789-1796 New York City first capital city Built the Executive Branch C reated the first cabinet Assist, advise the President

52. served two terms (8 years) and stepped down every President after followed his example Farewell Address: advises U.S. to stay out foreign affairs, stay neutral.

53. John Adams elected 2nd President, 1797-1800 very blunt, impatient not very popular Fought a Quasi (partial) naval war with France lasted two years

54. Alien-Sedition Acts, 1798 allowed President to deport or jail any alien considered to be undesirable or expressing “false, scandalous, malicious statements against the Government Resulted in two States nullifying the Act as unconstitutional