The document discusses immigration patterns to the United States in the late 1800s and the challenges of urbanization. It describes how immigrants in the 1800s primarily came from northern and western Europe, while after 1890 they increasingly came from southern and eastern Europe. Upon arrival, immigrants faced difficult journeys and conditions at places like Ellis Island, and had to establish ethnic communities in cities. Rapid urbanization strained housing, transportation, water, sanitation, and caused other issues like crime and fires. Reforms attempted to address these problems through government intervention, settlement houses, and social welfare programs.

1. Immigrants and Urbanization Chapter 15

2. Participation Look at the photograph on pgs 458-459. Describe the scene in three words. From this photo, what looks good about city life in the late 1800s? What looks bad about city life? What would an immigrant need to survive in the United States in the late 1800s? What do you think is the meaning of the motto on the presidential seal “E pluribus unum,” or “out of many, one?”

3. Immigration Patterns Before 1890: Northern, western Europe France, England, Ireland After 1890: Southern, eastern Europe Italy, Germany, Russia

4. “ The Land of High Wages” Immigrants heard stories of America: High wages Opportunity Jobs, jobs, jobs “ American Dream”

5. The Experience One-week steamship journey Cargo holds, filthy

6. The Experience Arriving at Ellis Island Physical exam Government requirements http:// www.ellisisland.org/photoalbums/ellis_island_then.asp

7. In addition to physical exams, intelligence tests were given. Ellis Island Website Page 463

8. The Experience Angel Island West coast port of admission for Asian immigrants More harsh than East Coast

9. The Experience Fitting in… Ethnic communities : groups of people who shared cultural values, practiced same religion, and spoke same native language “ Little Italy” “ Chinatown” Manhattan

10. Anti-Immigration Nativism : favoring native-born Americans Chinese Exclusion Act : all Chinese immigrants banned except certain occupations Gentleman’s Agreement : Japan agreed to limit emigration to stop segregation of Japanese students in schools

11. Problems with Urbanization

12. Urbanization : growth of cities Can you keep up with the growth? Problems Housing Transportation Water Sanitation Crime Fire Problems with Urbanization

13. Housing Tenements: multi-family urban dwellings Cramped, unsanitary Disease spreads quickly Problems with Urbanization

14. Transportation Mass transit developed Street cars Electric subways Problems with Urbanization

15. Water No indoor plumbing Disease spread through water Filtration and chlorination introduced Problems with Urbanization

16. Sanitation (pg. 470) Human and animal waste in streets Throwing garbage out front door Smoke from factories Problems with Urbanization

17. 4. Sanitation Sewer lines installed City sanitation departments created Problems with Urbanization

18. Crime NYC developed first full-time police force Problems with Urbanization

19. Fire Not enough water Wooden structures Use of candles and oil lamps Great Chicago Fire (1871) Problems with Urbanization

20. Reform Socialism Government should take control of business to prevent corruption Why can’t government take control of society to prevent corruption?

21. Reform Social Gospel movement : You can be saved by serving the urban poor Settlement houses : assistive community centers in slums Jane Addams founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889