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Chapter 24 - Imperialism
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- 2. A Western DominatedWorld New Imperialism and Its Causes – Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. – Economic interests Raw materials/ natural resources(petroleum, rubber, manganese for steel, palm oil for machinery, dyes, cotton, hemp) Need market to sell factory goods
- 3. Political and militaryinterests – Rise of nationalism – “we’re SO better than YOU” – land = prestige Humanitarian Goals – Westerners feel concern for “little bros” beyond the seas – Missionaries, doctors, colonial officials, etc, obliged to spread blessings of Western civilization; including medicine, law, and Christian religion Social Darwinism – Racial superiority; European races are superior; imperial conquest and destruction of weaker races were nature’s way of improving the human species
- 4. Initially Europeans hadlimited interest in controlling regions (very expensive) Communication realities prevented centralized control (had to rely on local admin)
- 5. Dutch = Prototype Dutchpaid tribute to Mataram sultans – Dutch East India Company worked within the system Later backed Mataram sultans in intertribal conflicts – Every time the Dutch helped they demanded more land Dutch backing was needed due to their organization, weapons, etc By the 1750s they had given everything up
- 6. The Success ofWestern Imperialism During 1870-1914 Imperialists gained much more control over the world Reasons for Western Success – Weakness of Nonwestern States Ottoman, Mughal, and Qing empires were declining Slave trade was draining Africa – Western Advantages Strong economics, well organized gvts, pwrful armies and navies, improved medical knowledge, military technology
- 7. Resistance – Asians andAfricans often resisted domination and fought back Criticism at Home – Imperialism immoral? – Imperialism hypocritical? Democracy v. imposition of power
- 8. Forms of ImperialRule Colonies – France – use direct rule Sends officials and soldiers from France to administer Goal? Impose French culture on colonies and then into French provinces – Britain – use indirect rule Use sultans, chiefs/local rulers, etc Encourage children of Western rulers to get education in Britain (to groom a new Westernized generation of leaders)
- 9. Protectorates – Local rulerswere left in place, but were expected to follow the advice of European advisers (Puppet and satellite relationship) Spheres of Influence – Outside power claims exclusive investment/trading privileges with an area (US claims Latin Am.)
- 10. New Economic Patterns– Global Economy Money Economy – Barter system replaced by money economy Economic Dependency (depend on industrial nations products) – Could be considered economic subjugation Modernization – Modern banking system – Transportation and communication networks Railroads! Canals! Telegraph!
- 11. Cultural Impact Westernization –gvt, ideas, technology, and culture – Resented or embraced? Schools and Hospitals – – Built by missionaries – Taught literacy – Introduced vaccines and hygiene Religion – Missionaries and Christian faith Impact on Western Culture – New foods, art, architecture, sculptors, etc
- 12. Political Effects World Wars Early1900’s – Africa and Asia – Western educated elites begin organizing nationalist movements to end colonial rule Competition between industrial nations=extra tension
- 15. Your Task Region Foreign Resources Key figures/ Long term Nation key events effects India South Africa Congo New Zealand Hawaii
- 16. Scramble for Africa BerlinConference – 1884 – Called by Portugal – Organized by Bismark – Formalizes the “Scramble for Africa” US was invited but did not participate European powers recognize that – Congo=Leopold’s – Niger River and Congo River = open for ships to traverse – International prohibition of the slave trade is signed – Did not officially “carve up” Africa…but did determine what land was currently in the hands of Africans and was thus, fair game… – European powers only held a colony if They had treaties with local leaders Their flags flew there They established an admin there
- 17. India Nawabs – Mughalempire’s Muslim princes – regional rulers…often made independent agreements with the British, Dutch, and French Sepoys – hired and trained Indian troops 1763 – Seven Years War Ends 1818 – British Raj (reign) begins (hold the majority of India) Sepoy Rebellion – 1857 – Stage a mutiny, proclaim allegiance to the Mughals, elites and peasants join in… – British send in forces to “contain the trouble” – By 1858 – direct imperial rule is imposed
- 18. British Imperial Rulein India Madras, Bombay, Calcutta – Admin centers – Local leaders of princely states had to report to British admins Reasons for British takeover – Muslims/Hindus don’t unite under national identity – Some Indians liked fighting for British Received uniforms, weapons, pay, 5 to 1 Indians serving the British to the actual # of British soldiers India has lots of raw materials, large population Social Reforms
- 19. South Africa Dutch colony– halfway to India post 1652 Boers (farmers) started moving inland – Descendents of the Dutch speaking settlers – Subjugated local Khoikhoi peoples; miscegenation ensued creating a “colored” population British take over in the 1800s – Boers had not benefited from the Scientific, Industrial, or Urban revolutions – Had slaves Boers move even further inland…
- 20. Boer War Come intocontact with established Bantus – the Zulus and Xhosa British forced at times to come in on the side of the Boers Boers try to create the Boer Republics in the 1850s – Orange Free State and Transvaal – Diamonds were discovered in 1867. Uhoh. Cecil Rhodes moves in and founds De Beers Consolidated – Boers win first war in 1871 – Gold discovered in 1885 – Boer War from 1899-1902 – British win, but feel bad about treating Boers horribly, tend to allow then to rule themselves – 1910 – Union of South Africa is founded, generally led by Afrikaners
- 21. The Congo Heart ofDarkness King Leopold II
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- 23. Hawaii Claimed by Britishin 1843 US in 1898 Originally Discovered by Captain James Cook Population declines by half Turned to commercial crops American planters/naval base encourage the US to annex
- 24. Suez Canal –1869 Panama Canal – 1904-1914