The document discusses the emergence of independent countries and nation-states in the 19th century. It defines key terms like state, nation, and nation-state. It also outlines some of the common characteristics of independent countries like having defined territory, population, economy, government and sovereignty. The document then discusses the rise of nationalism and population growth in Europe in the late 18th century. It also summarizes some of the major revolutionary movements and events that helped shape nation-states like the French Revolution, Congress of Vienna, revolutions of the 1820s-1830s, 1848, Italian and German unification in the late 19th century.

1. Chapter 23 –
State by State,
Nations Emerge
The age of –isms and -izations

2. Defining an Independent
Country
 While the terms country, state, and nation are
often used interchangeably, there is a
difference.A State (note the capital "S") is a
self-governing political entity. The term State
can be used interchangeably with country.
 A nation, however, is a tightly-knit group of
people which share a common culture. A
nation-state is a nation which has the same
borders as a State.

3. States and Independent
Countries
 Has space or territory which has internationally recognized boundaries (boundary
disputes are OK).
 Has people who live there on an ongoing basis.
 Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country regulates foreign and
domestic trade and issues money.
 Has the power of social engineering, such as education.
 Has a transportation system for moving goods and people.
 Has a government which provides public services and police power.
 Has sovereignty. No other State should have power over the country's territory.
 Has external recognition. A country has been "voted into the club" by other countries.
 Examples of entities that are not countries include: Hong Kong, Bermuda,
Greenland, Puerto Rico, and most notably the constituent parts of the United
Kingdom. (Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and England are not countries.)
 “state” spelled with lower case is an internal entity of a federal State (ex.- USA and
FL)

4. Nations and Nation-States
 Nations are culturally homogeneous groups of people,
larger than a single tribe or community, which share a
common language, institutions, religion, and historical
experience.
 When a nation of people have a State or country of their
own, it is called a nation-state. Places like France, Egypt,
Germany, Japan, and New Zealand are excellent
examples of nation-states. There are some States which
have two nations, such as Canada and Belgium. Even
with its multicultural society, the United States is also
referred to as a nation-state because of the shared
American "culture."
 There are nations without States. For example, the Kurds
are stateless people.

5. Population Revolution
 After 1730 – Western Europe’s population
mushroomed
 Britain and Prussia 100%, France 50%
 Border policing – reduced mvmt of disease
bearing animals
 POTATO! – reduced death rate!
 Results?
 More competition for gvt and church positions
 Rapid expansion of domestic manufacturing in W.
Europe and US

6.  Bastille, Austria,
France Prussia, and Britain,
Robespierre, etc.
 Napoleon Bonaparte –
1799
 Converts
revolutionary republic
to authoritarian
empire
 Napoleonic Code –
all men are equal and
have natural rights
 Public education,
centralized secondary
schools and
universities
 And, expansion

7.  1802 – Crowns himself Emperor
 1804 – begins Outward expansion
 Gains majority of Europe in the years leading up to 1812
 General Winter – Napoleon’s first failure
 1814 and 1815 Napoleon beaten back
 Battle of Waterloo – Napoleon returns from Elba and tries with
one last hurrah. Britain fights, Prussia arrives, Napoleon is
done.

8.  Napoleon replaced many of the
governments he overthrew with family or
friends
 France’s invasions had two effects in
Italy and Germany:
 Whetted appetites for greater national unity
as French invasion helped people realize
their loyalties to their own nations
 Local governments had been
disassembled…

9. Congress of Vienna - 1815
 Reestablished balance of power
 Tweaked borders to ensure that
stronger powers surrounded
France (gains for Prussia and Italy)
 Realignments facilitated national
unification
 100 years of Inter-European Peace
 But not domestic peace
 Restoration of monarchies

10. Nationalism
 Replaced older loyalties to church or
locality (Go Germany…NOT Go
Mecklenburg!)
 National Symbols
 France is the first to coin their national
anthem
 US flag during the Revolutionary War,
France’s flag, etc.

11.  Conservatives – defined themselves as
ones who opposed revolutionary goals
 Liberals – want to limit state interference
in individual life and urge representation
of propertied people in government
 Constitutional rule and protection for
freedoms of religion, press, assembly, etc.
 Radicals –accept liberal demands, also
want wider voting rights, even
democracy

12. Revolutions of 1820s and 1830s
 Greek Revolution – 1820s
 1830’s
 France – different king and more liberal monarchy
 Italy and Germany
 Belgian Revolution – liberal regime and newly
independent nation
 Britain – Reform Bill 1832 – parliamentary vote to most
middle class men
 US – universal male suffrage (except slaves)
 France, Britain, Belgium, and US
 Guarantee individual rights against arbitrary state action
 Religious freedom (Judaism included)
 Voting systems for all men

13. Revolutions of 1848
 Bad harvests 1846 and 1847
 Artisans want to restrain industrialization
 Peasants want to end manorialism
 Germanic and Italian regions –
nationalism demands
 Women want right to vote
 Spreads like wildfire through Europe
 Revolutions in France, Britain, Germany,
Italy, Austria and Hungary

14.  Fires extinguished quickly
 Artisans and factory workers’ needs are
disregarded
 Nationalist efforts fail for now
 France – Napoleon’s nephew replaces republic
with authoritarian empire until 1870
 ***Serfdom is fully abolished throughout
Western Europe***
 Many liberals and working-class leaders decide
revolutions are too risky, gradual methods are
better
 Improved transportation reduces food crises
from recurring

15. Industrialization
 Railroads
 Canals
 Urbanization
 Sanitation
 Louis Pasteur – 1880’s
 Birth rates and death rates
 Children are source of emotional
satisfaction and parental responsibility
 Rise of corporations

16. Italian Unification

17. German Unification – Otto von
Bismarck

18. Social Changes ~1900
 Civil Service Exam for Western Gvts
 Gvts extend control – inspect factory safety, monitor
health of prostitutes, hospital conditions,
papers/passports for travel, etc.
 Compulsory schooling
 Up to age 12
 US states beginning to require high school
 W. nations expand to public secondary schools
 Girls taught about the importance of women in the home
 Nationalism is emphasized – taught superiority of
nation’s language and history (often attacked immigrant
or minority cultures)
 Literacy Rates – by 1900 about 90-95% of all adults in W.
Europe and US are literate

19. Karl Marx
 Communist Manifesto – 1848
 Class struggle
 Human perfectibility – set up exemplary
communities where work and rewards
would be shared and the evils of
capitalism would end
 Socialism

20. Feminists Movements
 Britain, US, Australia and Scandinavia
 Middle class women – want to vote!

21. Mass Culture – 1900’s
 White-collar labor force growing
 Secretaries, clerks, salespeople
 Bicycle Fad
 First true product craze
 Middle-class families “have” to have it
 Influences women’s dress
 Mass leisure culture
 Sensationalist journalism
 Shock and entertainment
 Theatre
 Comedy routines
 Music halls
 Vaudeville
 Motion pictures
 Vacation trips and seaside resorts, (Coney Island in the
US)
 Team Sports
 Soccer, American football, basketball
 Olympic Games – 1896 (perfect for nationalist passions)

22. Science
 Charles Darwin – 1859
 The Origin of Species
 Albert Einstein – theory
of relativity
 e=mc2
 Sigmund Freud
 Id, ed, ego
 subconscious

23. Art and Literature
 Impressionism
 Pointillism
 Romanticism – intense
passions and emotions,
not rational thought
 Beauties of nature,
novelists want to move
readers to tears – not
evoke philosophical
debate
 By 1900 Art and
Literature becomes
increasingly abstract,
continues to violate
rules and expectations

25. George Seurat