This document discusses the rise of nationalism in Africa and other parts of the world in the 20th century in response to colonial rule. It describes how Europeans discriminated against and exploited Africans, forcing them off their best lands. It also discusses various forms of resistance that emerged, including labor unions, protests, and nationalist leaders and movements in countries like Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, and Latin America. New constitutions, laws, and policies were enacted in many of these countries to reduce foreign influence and assert greater independence and self-governance.

1. 20th Century Nationalism

2. Onto Africa…

3. Resistance to Colonial Rule
• Discrimination – white settlers forced
Africans off the best land in Kenya and
Rhodesia
– Restrict who can grow most lucrative crops
(coffee and sisal)
• Africans forced to carry ID cards, pay
special taxes and travel was limited

4. Resistance Takes Many Forms
• Those who lost lands to Europeans
sometimes squatted or settled illegally
• Workers started forming labor unions
• Socialism gains popularity
• Protests become common

5. Examples
• Kenya and the Kikuyu
• Protested loss of land,
forced labor, heavy taxes,
and ID cards
• Jailed the Kikuyu leaders
• Nigeria
• “Women’s War” –
reaction to British policies
that restricted women’s
positions in the markets
– Machetes and sticks

6. Racial Segregation and
Nationalism in South Africa
• 1910-1940 – whites imposed a system of racial
segregation
– Ensured white economic and political power, and
social supremacy
• Laws restrict better-paying jobs in mines to
whites only
– Blacks pushed into low-paid, less-skilled work
• Evicted from the best land
– Forced to live on crowded reserves in infertile areas
• Abolish the right to vote in 1936

7. Apartheid in South Africa
• Post 1948, restrictive segregation laws
become official, permanent laws

8. Pan-African Congress
• Led by African American scholar – WEB
DuBois
• First met in Paris in 1919
• Delegates from African colonies, the West
Indies, and the US called on Paris
peacemakers to approve a charter of
rights for Africans
– Demands are ignored, but cooperation among
African and African American leaders is
established

9. Egypt
• During WW I Egyptians were forced to provide food and
workers to help Britain
• Resistance simmered
• When the war ended Western-educated officials,
peasants, landowners, Christians, and Muslims united
behind the WAFD party, launching strikes and revolts
• British finally agreed to declare Egypt independent
– But British stayed to guard the Suez and remained
the indirect power behind the king
• 1930s the Muslim Brotherhood develops – fosters a
broad Islamic nationalism that reject western culture and
denounces widespread corruption in the Egyptian gov’t

10. Bye Bye Ottomans
• Collapsed officially in 1918
• Arab lands divided up between British and
French, but the Turks resist and build
Turkey
• Mustafa Kemal
– leads Turkish nat’lists to overthrow the sultan
– Defeats western occupation forces
– Declares Turkey a republic
– Nicknamed “Ataturk” – “father of the Turks”

11. Westernization
– Replaces Islamic law with European models
– Discards Muslim calendar for the Christian
one
– Replaces Arabic with the Latin alphabet
– Dress code – western
– Closed religious schools, opens thousands of
state schools
– No more veil
– Polygamy is outlawed
– Women begin working outside the home
– Industrial expansion

12. Turkey inspires…
• Iran
• Greatly resent the British and Russians
• 1925 Reza Khan overthrows the shah and
creates his own dynasty
– Modernizes, makes Iran independent
– Industrializes
– Western clothing
– Creates modern, secular schools
– Secular law replaces the sharia
– British still own the oil industry

13. Pan-Arabism
• Arabs had helped the Euro Allies fight the Ottomans and
Central Powers in WWI (with promise of independence)
• Instead…Allies carve up the Ottoman lands “mandates”
– Britain – Palestine and Iraq, Later Trans-Jordan
– France – Syria and Lebanon
• Can we say betrayal?
– 1920s and 30s – anger erupted in frequent protests
and revolts against the West
– A particularly sensitive area?
• Palestine – Arab nationalists versus European
Zionists (Jewish Nationalists)

14. • Russian Revolution
• Fascism

15. Struggle for Change in Latin
America

16. Mexican Revolution
• Porfirio Diaz, rules
Mexico, 35 yrs by 1910
• Landowners, businesses,
and foreign investors are
happy
• Majority (peasants living
in poverty) are not
– No land or education = no
hope

17. The Battle Begins
• Francisco Madero –
liberal reformer who
demands free elections
• Diaz imprisons him
• Madero encourages
revolts, Diaz resigns
• Madero becomes prez of
Mexico
• Madero is murdered
within two years

18. Power Struggle
• Francisco “Pancho”
Villa
– Rebel from the north
– Personal power
– Wins loyalty from
followers
• Emiliano Zapata
– Indian tenant farmer
– Leads peasant revolt
– Followers=Zapatistas

19. • Fighting goes on for
years
• Around 1,000,000 are
killed
• Peasants, small farmers,
ranchers, and urban
workers are all involved
• Soldaderas (women
soldiers) cook, treat
wounded, and fight with
the men

21. Venustiano Carranza
• Elected 1917
• Constitution of 1917
– Land, religion, and labor
• Break up estates
• Restrict foreigners from
owning land
• Allowed Nationalization
– Govt takeover of natural
resources
– Sets minimum wage
– Protects strike rights

22. The PRI
• Institutional Revolutionary Party
– Created in 1929
– Accommodated all groups in Mexican society
including busineses, military leaders,
peasants, and workers
– Back reform
– Suppressed oppression

23. Rising Tide of Nationalism
• Reclaiming oil fields from foreign investors
renews sense of nationalism
– Especially with United States
• Economic Nationalism – determined to
develop their own economies and
independence from foreign economic
control
• Cultural Nationalism – revival of mural
paintings

24. Jose Clemente Orozco

25. David Alfaro Siqueiros

26. Good Neighbor Policy
• During Mexican Revolution the United States supported
leaders who it thought would best protect US interests
• 1914, attack Vera Cruz (imprisoning US sailors)
• 1916, US invades b/c Pancho Villa killed over 12
Americans in Mexico
• Result? Anti-American sentiments
• 1920s Nicaragua, Augusto Cesar Sandino led guerrilla
movement against US occupied forces (Sandino Latin
Am hero)
• 1930s FDR creates the good neighbor policy:
– US withdrew troops in Haiti and Nicaragua, lifts legislature that
limited Cuban independence