The document provides an overview of the Tang and Song dynasties in China. The Tang dynasty unified China in the 600s and had a prosperous cultural golden age, but gradually declined. The Song dynasty then ruled China from 960-1279 and oversaw major economic developments through trade, industry, and agricultural innovations, but struggled militarily against neighboring empires. Neo-Confucianism became influential and emphasized social obligations and family roles.
The document provides an overview of Chinese history from the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties. It summarizes key events and developments during each dynasty, including the Sui unification of China, the Tang expansion and golden age, and the Song establishment of Neo-Confucianism and advances in agriculture, commerce, and urbanization.
The document summarizes the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties of ancient China. It describes how the Sui dynasty constructed the Grand Canal and established a professional army, though overtaxed the people. The Tang dynasty is described as a golden age with advances in agriculture, art, and poetry. The Song dynasty saw further agricultural innovations like new irrigation techniques and the dragon bone pump. It also introduced paper money. Key inventions during this time included paper, woodblock printing, gunpowder, and the magnetic compass, which greatly impacted society and trade.
During the Tang and Song dynasties, China experienced a golden age of prosperity, population growth, and technological innovation. The Tang Dynasty expanded the empire and established a civil service system, while the Song Dynasty restored order and saw advances in agriculture, trade, science, and the arts. This period marked China's peak as the most advanced and populated country in the world.
The Sui Dynasty was established in 581 CE after Yang Jian seized the throne from the Northern Zhou dynasty and unified China under his rule. During its peak, the Sui Dynasty achieved many accomplishments like constructing the Grand Canal and standardizing coinage and measurements. However, Emperor Yang Guang led a lavish lifestyle and launched costly wars that overtaxed peasants, causing famine and rebellion. By 618 CE, discontent was widespread and Li Yuan seized control, establishing the Tang Dynasty and ending the Sui Dynasty.
The document discusses the major Chinese dynasties from earliest to most recent. It begins with the Hsia Dynasty established around 2205 BCE by Emperor Yu, followed by the Shang Dynasty noted for its development of a lunar calendar and silk production. The longest ruling Chou or Zhou Dynasty is mentioned for establishing the civil service examination and feudal system. Later dynasties discussed include the Qin which first unified China under Shih Huang Ti, the Han known for establishing Confucianism, the Sui believed to have laid the foundations for China's golden age, and the Tang characterized as China's most powerful period. Later dynasties such as the Song, Yuan, and Ming are also summarized.
Ancient China developed in isolation due to its geography. The Xia Dynasty was the first to rule in 2200 BC, followed by the Shang Dynasty in the 1500s BC which established a monarchy. The Shang developed innovations like the first writing system with over 2000 symbols, oracle bones for divination, and bronze metallurgy. The Zhou overthrew the Shang in the 1100s BC based on the Mandate of Heaven, establishing a feudal system where the king granted lands to lords in exchange for loyalty and military support.
China has a variety of climates and landscapes that influenced its development. The north has harsh winters while the south is wetter and grows rice. Mountains like the Himalayas and deserts isolated China but also allowed it to develop a unique culture. Major rivers like the Yellow River fostered agriculture and trade. Early dynasties like the Shang and Zhou established Chinese civilization and philosophies like Confucianism and Daoism that emphasized harmony with nature. Successive dynasties expanded the empire through technology, infrastructure, and military power but also faced invasions and rebellions due to harsh policies.
The document provides a detailed overview of the geography, history, and culture of India. It describes the Indian subcontinent's diverse terrain, including the Himalayan mountains, the Ganges river valley, the Indus river valley, and coastal plains. It traces the development of early civilizations like the Indus Valley civilization as well as the later arrival and settlement of Indo-European peoples known as Aryans. The Aryans established Vedic religion and Sanskrit, and introduced social hierarchies like the caste system. Major empires that rose and fell in India are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of Chinese history from the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties. It summarizes key events and developments during each dynasty, including the Sui unification of China, the Tang expansion and golden age, and the Song establishment of Neo-Confucianism and advances in agriculture, commerce, and urbanization.
The document summarizes the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties of ancient China. It describes how the Sui dynasty constructed the Grand Canal and established a professional army, though overtaxed the people. The Tang dynasty is described as a golden age with advances in agriculture, art, and poetry. The Song dynasty saw further agricultural innovations like new irrigation techniques and the dragon bone pump. It also introduced paper money. Key inventions during this time included paper, woodblock printing, gunpowder, and the magnetic compass, which greatly impacted society and trade.
During the Tang and Song dynasties, China experienced a golden age of prosperity, population growth, and technological innovation. The Tang Dynasty expanded the empire and established a civil service system, while the Song Dynasty restored order and saw advances in agriculture, trade, science, and the arts. This period marked China's peak as the most advanced and populated country in the world.
The Sui Dynasty was established in 581 CE after Yang Jian seized the throne from the Northern Zhou dynasty and unified China under his rule. During its peak, the Sui Dynasty achieved many accomplishments like constructing the Grand Canal and standardizing coinage and measurements. However, Emperor Yang Guang led a lavish lifestyle and launched costly wars that overtaxed peasants, causing famine and rebellion. By 618 CE, discontent was widespread and Li Yuan seized control, establishing the Tang Dynasty and ending the Sui Dynasty.
The document discusses the major Chinese dynasties from earliest to most recent. It begins with the Hsia Dynasty established around 2205 BCE by Emperor Yu, followed by the Shang Dynasty noted for its development of a lunar calendar and silk production. The longest ruling Chou or Zhou Dynasty is mentioned for establishing the civil service examination and feudal system. Later dynasties discussed include the Qin which first unified China under Shih Huang Ti, the Han known for establishing Confucianism, the Sui believed to have laid the foundations for China's golden age, and the Tang characterized as China's most powerful period. Later dynasties such as the Song, Yuan, and Ming are also summarized.
Ancient China developed in isolation due to its geography. The Xia Dynasty was the first to rule in 2200 BC, followed by the Shang Dynasty in the 1500s BC which established a monarchy. The Shang developed innovations like the first writing system with over 2000 symbols, oracle bones for divination, and bronze metallurgy. The Zhou overthrew the Shang in the 1100s BC based on the Mandate of Heaven, establishing a feudal system where the king granted lands to lords in exchange for loyalty and military support.
China has a variety of climates and landscapes that influenced its development. The north has harsh winters while the south is wetter and grows rice. Mountains like the Himalayas and deserts isolated China but also allowed it to develop a unique culture. Major rivers like the Yellow River fostered agriculture and trade. Early dynasties like the Shang and Zhou established Chinese civilization and philosophies like Confucianism and Daoism that emphasized harmony with nature. Successive dynasties expanded the empire through technology, infrastructure, and military power but also faced invasions and rebellions due to harsh policies.
The document provides a detailed overview of the geography, history, and culture of India. It describes the Indian subcontinent's diverse terrain, including the Himalayan mountains, the Ganges river valley, the Indus river valley, and coastal plains. It traces the development of early civilizations like the Indus Valley civilization as well as the later arrival and settlement of Indo-European peoples known as Aryans. The Aryans established Vedic religion and Sanskrit, and introduced social hierarchies like the caste system. Major empires that rose and fell in India are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of major Chinese dynasties from Shang to Qing. It discusses the origins and developments of each dynasty, including the Shang establishing cities and writing, the Zhou establishing a feudal system, the Qin developing a centralized government, the Han introducing Confucianism and expanding trade through the Silk Road, the Tang reaching a cultural high point and inventing gunpowder, the Song establishing a large bureaucracy, the Yuan conquering China under Kublai Khan, the Ming trying to erase Mongol influence, and the Qing taking power from the Manchus but eventually being weakened by foreign intervention.
The ancient Chinese civilization has a history spanning nearly 4,000 years and was ruled by a succession of dynasties. Key dynasties included the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties. The Shang dynasty invented writing, while the Qin dynasty unified laws and built projects like the Great Wall. The long-lasting Han dynasty explored other regions, established the Silk Road for trade, and instituted merit-based government appointments. Chinese philosophy included Confucianism which emphasized social order, Daoism focusing on nature, and Buddhism teaching the path to non-existence through nirvana.
A brief history of the Chinese Dynasties. It was done on a short notice. I hope you enjoy and please feel free to correct any mistakes I made or comment. if you wish.
The Zhou Dynasty conquered the Shang Dynasty in 1027 BCE and ruled over China until 256 BCE. They justified their conquest by claiming the Shang had lost the Mandate of Heaven, the divine right to rule granted by the gods. During the long Zhou rule, Chinese culture and technology advanced significantly through ambitious public works and the introduction of iron, money, and early forms of writing. However, over time the Zhou kings lost control of the feudal lords, leading to a period of political unrest and war between states vying for more power and territory.
The Yuan Dynasty marked the rule of China by the Mongol Empire beginning in 1279, after the Song Dynasty was conquered. The Mongols were originally nomadic tribes from northern China led by the powerful khan Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. Genghis Khan and his armies went on to create the largest contiguous empire in world history through their highly disciplined forces and conquests across Asia and Eastern Europe. Following Genghis Khan's death, his sons and grandsons continued expanding the Mongol Empire, with his grandson Kublai Khan eventually proclaiming the Yuan Dynasty in China in 1279, establishing Mongol control over much of China.
Chinese civilization originated along the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys thousands of years ago. Major early Chinese dynasties included the Xia Dynasty around 2100-1600 BC, the Shang Dynasty around 1700-1046 BC noted for oracle bone writings, and the Zhou Dynasty 1046-256 BC when Chinese culture further developed. Dynasties alternated ruling all of China with periods of regional states and warlordism until the Qin Dynasty first unified China in 221 BC, establishing the imperial system that subsequent dynasties built upon. Chinese history involves cultural influences from surrounding regions and changing political structures.
Unit 6 lesson 2 ming dynasty power pointCRCourseDev
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644. A peasant rebellion overthrew the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, establishing the Ming Dynasty. The early Ming emperors ran an effective centralized bureaucracy and presided over a period of economic prosperity. However, weak later rulers, corruption, high taxes, and natural disasters led to widespread unrest and rebellion, culminating in the fall of Beijing and the end of the Ming Dynasty in 1644.
The document provides a summary of Chinese dynasties from 1500 BCE to 1911 CE. It focuses on details about the Shang Dynasty, which ruled from around 1500 BCE to 1027 BCE. Key points:
- The Shang Dynasty was the first dynasty to create a stable government in China, laying the foundations for future dynasties. They developed writing, calendar, arts, and bronze casting.
- Kings ruled as absolute monarchs. Society was divided into classes like nobles, artisans, farmers and slaves. Religion involved ancestor worship and divination rituals using oracle bones.
- The Qin Dynasty unified China's warring states in 221 BCE. The First Emperor standardized laws, currency and measurements. Not
The document summarizes ancient Chinese history from 1750 BCE to 170 CE. It describes the geography of ancient China and the origins of Chinese civilization along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. The earliest dynasties, the Xia and Shang dynasties, ruled in this region. The Shang Dynasty established the first capital at Anyang and ruled through a system of aristocratic families until being overthrown by the Zhou Dynasty in 1122 BCE. The Zhou Dynasty introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify changes in ruling dynasty and established feudalism. It was eventually weakened by warring states and internal conflict. The Qin Dynasty then unified China under a centralized legalist government and established many institutions that lasted
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 and controlled territory from Korea to Southeast Asia. It rose after the decline of the Yuan Dynasty due to civil war, natural disasters, and peasant rebellions. The Ming was China's last dynasty and one of its most prosperous eras, with a strong central government. Key figures included Hongwu, who founded the dynasty and maintained a strong military, and Zheng He, who led naval expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, and East Africa between 1405 and 1433. The Ming pursued isolationist foreign policies and saw the arrival of the first Europeans in 1514.
The Sui and Tang dynasties ruled China from 618-907 CE. This period saw the unification and political power of China, as well as a cosmopolitan culture with foreign contacts. Buddhism flourished, and painting, calligraphy, and sculpture developed significantly. The Longmen Grottoes contained numerous Buddhist carvings and sculptures from this time period. Important tombs like the Qianling Mausoleum and the tombs of Prince Yide and Princess Yongtai featured murals, sculptures, and artifacts that provide insight into Tang culture, politics, and daily life. Painting genres like figure painting and landscapes in the blue-green style became prominent. Calligraphy also developed as an art
- Ancient Chinese civilizations first developed along major rivers like the Yellow River and Yangtze River, which deposited rich soil for agriculture. The Shang Dynasty ruled from around 1600 BC to 1100 BC and was the first Chinese dynasty to be confirmed by historical records. Religion influenced Shang culture through rituals for ancestors, oracle bones connected to early writing, and bronzework. The Zhou Dynasty overthrew the Shang around 1100 BC and introduced new concepts like the Mandate of Heaven to justify dynastic changes. Population and agriculture grew under the Zhou while new philosophies like Confucianism and Daoism emerged during the later Zhou period.
The document provides an overview of Chinese history from 2100 BC to the present day. It discusses the early dynasties including the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. It then covers the imperial periods including the Qin dynasty which first unified China, and the Han dynasty which saw the first golden age. Subsequent sections summarize the periods of disunity like the Three Kingdoms period, as well as important dynasties like the Sui and Tang dynasties when China was again united and culturally prosperous. The document touches on many influential figures, political and philosophical developments, and cultural achievements over Chinese civilization.
7 SS -- Ancient Chinese Civilizations (Chapter 4.1)Anthony_Maiorano
Ancient Chinese civilization extended back nearly 4,000 years and was ruled by a succession of dynasties. Key dynasties included the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties. The Han Dynasty ruled for 400 years and made important contributions such as developing the Silk Road, expanding trade, and establishing a strong central government. Chinese philosophy and religion also developed, with Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism influencing Chinese thought and culture.
The document provides an overview of Chinese culture, including:
1. China has over 1.4 billion people from 56 ethnic groups, with the largest being the Han people who live in eastern China.
2. The three main religions in China are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, which have influenced Chinese philosophy and way of life.
3. Traditional Chinese arts include calligraphy, painting, pottery, silk, and architecture. Paintings often feature nature and calligraphy commenting on the artwork.
Ancient China spanned from around 1600 BC to 221 BC, beginning with early dynasties like the Shang and Zhou which established bronze age cultures along the Yellow River. This was followed by the imperial era from 221 BC to 1912 AD, consisting of successive dynasties including the Qin which first unified China, the Han which established China's political and cultural influence, and the Tang and Song which were economic and technological golden ages. China then experienced foreign rule under the Yuan and Qing dynasties before the establishment of modern Communist China in 1949.
1) China has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations dating back to around 1500 BC along the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys.
2) Early dynasties included the Shang Dynasty which established the first Chinese civilization, and the Zhou Dynasty which expanded Chinese rule and developed the concept of the Mandate of Heaven.
3) The Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century BC was the first to unify China under an emperor, standardizing laws, currency, and language.
4) The long-lasting Han Dynasty expanded China territorially and economically along the Silk Road, though it eventually collapsed due to corruption and loss of control.
The document outlines several important dynasties in Chinese history. It begins with the Xia Dynasty around 2000 BC, considered the first Chinese dynasty, followed by the Shang Dynasty from 1532-1027 BC which left behind early written records. The Zhou Dynasty then overthrew the Shang in 1027 BC and expanded Chinese civilization. Subsequent dynasties included the Sui from 589-618 AD which connected major rivers, the Tang from 618-907 AD which saw imperial expansion, and the Song from 960-1279 AD which was eventually pushed south by northern invaders.
Mongol Empire " highlighting best strategic patterns in war"Emie Marie Navarro
this presentation depicts a brief exploration about mongol empire. it will give you enlightenment on Mongols contribution during the period of the Muslim world domination.
The document provides an overview of Chinese history from ancient dynasties to modern times. It discusses the geography of China and key developments under dynasties like the Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, including their systems of power, science/technology advances, and cultural aspects. The dynastic cycle of rise and fall is also summarized.
Ancient China was one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the history of the world. The history of Ancient China can be traced back over 4,000 years. Located on the eastern part of the continent of Asia, today China is the most populous country in the world.
The document provides an overview of major Chinese dynasties from Shang to Qing. It discusses the origins and developments of each dynasty, including the Shang establishing cities and writing, the Zhou establishing a feudal system, the Qin developing a centralized government, the Han introducing Confucianism and expanding trade through the Silk Road, the Tang reaching a cultural high point and inventing gunpowder, the Song establishing a large bureaucracy, the Yuan conquering China under Kublai Khan, the Ming trying to erase Mongol influence, and the Qing taking power from the Manchus but eventually being weakened by foreign intervention.
The ancient Chinese civilization has a history spanning nearly 4,000 years and was ruled by a succession of dynasties. Key dynasties included the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties. The Shang dynasty invented writing, while the Qin dynasty unified laws and built projects like the Great Wall. The long-lasting Han dynasty explored other regions, established the Silk Road for trade, and instituted merit-based government appointments. Chinese philosophy included Confucianism which emphasized social order, Daoism focusing on nature, and Buddhism teaching the path to non-existence through nirvana.
A brief history of the Chinese Dynasties. It was done on a short notice. I hope you enjoy and please feel free to correct any mistakes I made or comment. if you wish.
The Zhou Dynasty conquered the Shang Dynasty in 1027 BCE and ruled over China until 256 BCE. They justified their conquest by claiming the Shang had lost the Mandate of Heaven, the divine right to rule granted by the gods. During the long Zhou rule, Chinese culture and technology advanced significantly through ambitious public works and the introduction of iron, money, and early forms of writing. However, over time the Zhou kings lost control of the feudal lords, leading to a period of political unrest and war between states vying for more power and territory.
The Yuan Dynasty marked the rule of China by the Mongol Empire beginning in 1279, after the Song Dynasty was conquered. The Mongols were originally nomadic tribes from northern China led by the powerful khan Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. Genghis Khan and his armies went on to create the largest contiguous empire in world history through their highly disciplined forces and conquests across Asia and Eastern Europe. Following Genghis Khan's death, his sons and grandsons continued expanding the Mongol Empire, with his grandson Kublai Khan eventually proclaiming the Yuan Dynasty in China in 1279, establishing Mongol control over much of China.
Chinese civilization originated along the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys thousands of years ago. Major early Chinese dynasties included the Xia Dynasty around 2100-1600 BC, the Shang Dynasty around 1700-1046 BC noted for oracle bone writings, and the Zhou Dynasty 1046-256 BC when Chinese culture further developed. Dynasties alternated ruling all of China with periods of regional states and warlordism until the Qin Dynasty first unified China in 221 BC, establishing the imperial system that subsequent dynasties built upon. Chinese history involves cultural influences from surrounding regions and changing political structures.
Unit 6 lesson 2 ming dynasty power pointCRCourseDev
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644. A peasant rebellion overthrew the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, establishing the Ming Dynasty. The early Ming emperors ran an effective centralized bureaucracy and presided over a period of economic prosperity. However, weak later rulers, corruption, high taxes, and natural disasters led to widespread unrest and rebellion, culminating in the fall of Beijing and the end of the Ming Dynasty in 1644.
The document provides a summary of Chinese dynasties from 1500 BCE to 1911 CE. It focuses on details about the Shang Dynasty, which ruled from around 1500 BCE to 1027 BCE. Key points:
- The Shang Dynasty was the first dynasty to create a stable government in China, laying the foundations for future dynasties. They developed writing, calendar, arts, and bronze casting.
- Kings ruled as absolute monarchs. Society was divided into classes like nobles, artisans, farmers and slaves. Religion involved ancestor worship and divination rituals using oracle bones.
- The Qin Dynasty unified China's warring states in 221 BCE. The First Emperor standardized laws, currency and measurements. Not
The document summarizes ancient Chinese history from 1750 BCE to 170 CE. It describes the geography of ancient China and the origins of Chinese civilization along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. The earliest dynasties, the Xia and Shang dynasties, ruled in this region. The Shang Dynasty established the first capital at Anyang and ruled through a system of aristocratic families until being overthrown by the Zhou Dynasty in 1122 BCE. The Zhou Dynasty introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify changes in ruling dynasty and established feudalism. It was eventually weakened by warring states and internal conflict. The Qin Dynasty then unified China under a centralized legalist government and established many institutions that lasted
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 and controlled territory from Korea to Southeast Asia. It rose after the decline of the Yuan Dynasty due to civil war, natural disasters, and peasant rebellions. The Ming was China's last dynasty and one of its most prosperous eras, with a strong central government. Key figures included Hongwu, who founded the dynasty and maintained a strong military, and Zheng He, who led naval expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, and East Africa between 1405 and 1433. The Ming pursued isolationist foreign policies and saw the arrival of the first Europeans in 1514.
The Sui and Tang dynasties ruled China from 618-907 CE. This period saw the unification and political power of China, as well as a cosmopolitan culture with foreign contacts. Buddhism flourished, and painting, calligraphy, and sculpture developed significantly. The Longmen Grottoes contained numerous Buddhist carvings and sculptures from this time period. Important tombs like the Qianling Mausoleum and the tombs of Prince Yide and Princess Yongtai featured murals, sculptures, and artifacts that provide insight into Tang culture, politics, and daily life. Painting genres like figure painting and landscapes in the blue-green style became prominent. Calligraphy also developed as an art
- Ancient Chinese civilizations first developed along major rivers like the Yellow River and Yangtze River, which deposited rich soil for agriculture. The Shang Dynasty ruled from around 1600 BC to 1100 BC and was the first Chinese dynasty to be confirmed by historical records. Religion influenced Shang culture through rituals for ancestors, oracle bones connected to early writing, and bronzework. The Zhou Dynasty overthrew the Shang around 1100 BC and introduced new concepts like the Mandate of Heaven to justify dynastic changes. Population and agriculture grew under the Zhou while new philosophies like Confucianism and Daoism emerged during the later Zhou period.
The document provides an overview of Chinese history from 2100 BC to the present day. It discusses the early dynasties including the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. It then covers the imperial periods including the Qin dynasty which first unified China, and the Han dynasty which saw the first golden age. Subsequent sections summarize the periods of disunity like the Three Kingdoms period, as well as important dynasties like the Sui and Tang dynasties when China was again united and culturally prosperous. The document touches on many influential figures, political and philosophical developments, and cultural achievements over Chinese civilization.
7 SS -- Ancient Chinese Civilizations (Chapter 4.1)Anthony_Maiorano
Ancient Chinese civilization extended back nearly 4,000 years and was ruled by a succession of dynasties. Key dynasties included the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties. The Han Dynasty ruled for 400 years and made important contributions such as developing the Silk Road, expanding trade, and establishing a strong central government. Chinese philosophy and religion also developed, with Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism influencing Chinese thought and culture.
The document provides an overview of Chinese culture, including:
1. China has over 1.4 billion people from 56 ethnic groups, with the largest being the Han people who live in eastern China.
2. The three main religions in China are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, which have influenced Chinese philosophy and way of life.
3. Traditional Chinese arts include calligraphy, painting, pottery, silk, and architecture. Paintings often feature nature and calligraphy commenting on the artwork.
Ancient China spanned from around 1600 BC to 221 BC, beginning with early dynasties like the Shang and Zhou which established bronze age cultures along the Yellow River. This was followed by the imperial era from 221 BC to 1912 AD, consisting of successive dynasties including the Qin which first unified China, the Han which established China's political and cultural influence, and the Tang and Song which were economic and technological golden ages. China then experienced foreign rule under the Yuan and Qing dynasties before the establishment of modern Communist China in 1949.
1) China has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations dating back to around 1500 BC along the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys.
2) Early dynasties included the Shang Dynasty which established the first Chinese civilization, and the Zhou Dynasty which expanded Chinese rule and developed the concept of the Mandate of Heaven.
3) The Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century BC was the first to unify China under an emperor, standardizing laws, currency, and language.
4) The long-lasting Han Dynasty expanded China territorially and economically along the Silk Road, though it eventually collapsed due to corruption and loss of control.
The document outlines several important dynasties in Chinese history. It begins with the Xia Dynasty around 2000 BC, considered the first Chinese dynasty, followed by the Shang Dynasty from 1532-1027 BC which left behind early written records. The Zhou Dynasty then overthrew the Shang in 1027 BC and expanded Chinese civilization. Subsequent dynasties included the Sui from 589-618 AD which connected major rivers, the Tang from 618-907 AD which saw imperial expansion, and the Song from 960-1279 AD which was eventually pushed south by northern invaders.
Mongol Empire " highlighting best strategic patterns in war"Emie Marie Navarro
this presentation depicts a brief exploration about mongol empire. it will give you enlightenment on Mongols contribution during the period of the Muslim world domination.
The document provides an overview of Chinese history from ancient dynasties to modern times. It discusses the geography of China and key developments under dynasties like the Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, including their systems of power, science/technology advances, and cultural aspects. The dynastic cycle of rise and fall is also summarized.
Ancient China was one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the history of the world. The history of Ancient China can be traced back over 4,000 years. Located on the eastern part of the continent of Asia, today China is the most populous country in the world.
Between 400-1280 CE, China was ruled by the Sui, Tang, Song, and Yuan dynasties. The Sui reunified China after years of war and built the Grand Canal for transportation. The Tang expanded the empire and saw economic growth through trade. The Song led a prosperous period but faced invaders from the north. In 1279, Kublai Khan and the Mongols conquered China and established the Yuan Dynasty, ruling from Beijing until 1368 when the Ming Dynasty took over. Confucianism was the dominant ideology while Buddhism and Daoism also grew in popularity. The economy advanced, especially in cities, through agriculture, manufacturing, and trade. Printing and gunpowder were invented during
The document provides an overview of ancient Chinese history from 1750 BCE to 170 CE. It summarizes the major dynasties including the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties. The Shang dynasty ruled from 1750 BCE to 1122 BCE and was known for its mastery of bronze casting. The Zhou dynasty overthrew the Shang in 1027 BCE and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify changes in ruling dynasties. The Qin dynasty in 221 BCE was the first to unify China under an imperial system, while the long-lasting Han dynasty from 202 BCE to 220 CE expanded the empire and saw major technological advances such as the invention of paper.
Embark on a captivating journey through the realms of Chinese and Japanese literature, where centuries of storytelling traditions await discovery. From the evocative verses of ancient Chinese poets like Li Bai and Du Fu to the mesmerizing narratives of Japanese classics such as "The Tale of Genji" and "The Pillow Book," this anthology offers a glimpse into the cultural and literary landscapes of East Asia. Delve into the profound wisdom of Confucianism and Taoism, as well as the delicate aesthetics of Japanese aesthetics like wabi-sabi and mono no aware. "Whispers of the East" invites readers to immerse themselves in the beauty and complexity of these timeless tales, exploring themes of love, honor, nature, and the human condition that resonate across generations and continents.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Chinese history, including important dynasties like the Qin, Han, Tang, and Song. It discusses the Chinese social hierarchy, family structures, the teachings of Confucius, geography, economy, trade routes like the Silk Road, important inventions and technologies, the writing system, architecture, and daily life. The dynasties established centralized governments and brought periods of stability and prosperity to China, while the teachings of Confucius emphasized family and social harmony.
The document summarizes the history and geography of early China, including key dynasties and developments. It describes the Xia Dynasty as the first to develop a ruling structure with civilian government and law codes. The Shang Dynasty practiced agriculture and bronze making, with the capital eventually established at Anyang. The Zhou Dynasty lasted nearly 900 years and introduced concepts like the Mandate of Heaven to justify dynastic rule. Significant advances occurred during the Warring States period, including in warfare, irrigation, farming and trade (especially silk). The Qin Dynasty unified China for the first time under Qin Shihuangdi, who standardized currency, writing and built roads and the Great Wall. The Han Dynasty adopted Confucianism and a merit-
1) Early Chinese civilizations developed along the fertile Huang He river valley, with the Yangshao and Longshan cultures practicing agriculture and establishing irrigation systems.
2) The Shang Dynasty conquered surrounding tribes in the 2nd millennium BCE, establishing the first Chinese kingdom centered in Anyang. Shang society was stratified with an aristocratic class ruling over peasants.
3) The Zhou Dynasty overthrew the Shang in the 12th century BCE, instituting a feudal system of vassals. Declining Zhou control led to warring states by the 7th century BCE, accompanied by a philosophical reaction that produced great Chinese thinkers.
China viewed itself as the Middle Kingdom isolated at the center of the world. The Shang Dynasty established the first Chinese civilization along the Yellow River from 1600-1046 BCE. The Zhou Dynasty overthrew the Shang and introduced a feudal system from 1046-256 BCE. Confucius established a philosophy that emphasized social harmony, family, and strong central government. The Qin Dynasty unified China under Shi Huangdi and built the Great Wall from 221-206 BCE. The Han Dynasty ruled from 206 BCE - 220 CE and expanded China's territory and trade along the Silk Road.
The Ming and Qing dynasties ruled China from 1368-1911. The Ming dynasty pursued a policy of isolationism after the voyages of Zheng He, withdrawing from exploration and trade with other nations. This isolation weakened China over time. The Qing dynasty was ruled by the Manchu people, who maintained control over China for centuries but saw decline in the 1800s due to mismanagement, corruption, and rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion. By 1911 China had grown weak and the Qing dynasty was overthrown.
The document provides a summary of East Asian history from early settlements in China to the late imperial period in Korea. It discusses the major dynasties in China like the Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties. It also summarizes the history of Japan from the Yamato clan to the Tokugawa shogunate. Southeast Asia and the influences of India and China are briefly outlined. Korea's history from the Three Kingdoms period to Chosun dynasty under Chinese influence is summarized.
The document summarizes Chinese history between 500-1650 CE. It describes the political fragmentation after the Han dynasty and reunification under the Tang dynasty in 618 CE. The Tang expanded China's influence and saw economic/cultural prosperity but declined due to overtaxation and rebellions. The Song dynasty restored order and saw advances in technology, including gunpowder, printing, and paper money, but lost land to northern groups. The Mongol Yuan dynasty conquered China in 1279 under Kublai Khan, striving to balance Mongol and Chinese rule.
The Han Dynasty ruled China from 206 BCE to 220 CE, being divided into the Western Han and Eastern Han periods. It followed the Qin Dynasty and was a time of Chinese cultural and economic prosperity. The Han Dynasty expanded China's territory through military campaigns. Emperor Wudi expanded the empire to approximately today's borders. The Han established a bureaucracy based on merit and administered civil service exams in Confucian thought. Agriculture, trade along the Silk Road, and inventions like paper and the wheelbarrow flourished. However, problems with land inheritance laws caused wealth to concentrate among the elite, weakening the dynasty over time. Wang Mang briefly overthrew the Han from 9-23 CE before order was restored.
The document provides information about Ancient China from 220 BCE to 1912 CE, focusing on a comparison of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) and Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE). It discusses the geography, politics, religions, innovations, economies, and societies of both dynasties. The Qin Dynasty established a highly centralized government but was short-lived, while the Han Dynasty embraced philosophies like Confucianism and lasted longer, expanding China's territory and establishing many cultural and technological advancements.
The Tang and Song dynasties saw periods of political unification and cultural and economic achievements in China, but also decline. The Tang expanded the Chinese empire through military campaigns and trade along the Silk Road but weakened due to internal corruption and external invasions. The Song modernized bureaucracy, developed new farming techniques, and pioneered printing paper money, but faced invasion from nomadic groups and the Mongols, culminating in the start of the Yuan dynasty in 1279. Neo-Confucianism became the new governing philosophy and footbinding emerged as a female tradition during this time period.
China was isolated from other regions by physical barriers like mountain ranges and oceans. The Chinese referred to their land as "Middle Kingdom" and believed they were the center of civilization. Two important rivers, the Yellow River and Yangzi River, flowed through fertile regions in the heartland where most Chinese lived and farmed. The geography contributed to early Chinese cultures developing with little outside influence.
The document provides an overview of East Asian civilizations from 200-1400 CE. It discusses the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties in China and how they brought periods of stability between chaos. The Mongols successfully invaded China in 1279 and established the Yuan dynasty. Chinese society advanced economically during this time period through developments like the Grand Canal and paper currency. Buddhism spread throughout East Asia and split into the Theravada and Mahayana schools. Life in early Japan centered around agriculture, trade, and religious practices like Shintoism. Geographic isolation influenced Japan's unique cultural development. Southeast Asian states varied between agricultural and trading societies, with women generally having greater rights than in China and India.
The document provides information on China and Korea during the Tang and Song dynasties in China. It summarizes that during this era, China was one of the most advanced civilizations in the world under the Tang dynasty which ruled for almost 300 years. It then discusses the Chinese bureaucracy and civil service examination system. In Korea, three kingdoms emerged during this period: Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. The Silla kingdom eventually defeated the other two and unified Korea. The document then shifts to discussing the Song dynasty in China, noting its prosperity, advancements, and changes to society including the rise of a new upper class called the gentry. Trade and foreign relations expanded significantly under the Song. The Mong
The document discusses the geography of ancient China and how it influenced the locations and development of early Chinese civilizations. It explains that civilizations tended to form along major rivers like the Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Xi River, as they provided water and served as transportation routes for trade. The rugged terrain and arid climate of the Gobi Desert made it unsuitable for supporting civilizations. The document also briefly outlines several important early Chinese dynasties and how geography impacted where they were centered.
The document discusses the geography of ancient China and how it influenced the locations and development of early Chinese civilizations. It explains that civilizations tended to form along major rivers like the Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Xi River, as they provided water and served as transportation routes for trade. The rugged terrain and arid climate of the Gobi Desert made it unsuitable for supporting civilizations. Major early dynasties like the Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui and others were all located near rivers due to the advantages the geography provided.
The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era - AP European HistoryHals
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to widespread financial problems, poor harvests raising food prices, and resentment of the privileged estates. The Third Estate demanded political representation, leading them to form the National Assembly and take the Tennis Court Oath. In July 1789, the storming of the Bastille marked the start of the Revolution. The National Assembly abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy, though unrest continued. The monarchy was overthrown and Louis XVI was executed in 1793, ushering in the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre. Napoleon later crowned himself emperor and established reforms but was eventually defeated at Waterloo in 1815. The Congress of Vienna redrew the map of Europe
FCSS 2013 Presentation - Integrating Digital Concept-Mapping Apps in the Soci...Hals
This presentation was given at the 2013 FCSS Conference in Daytona, FL. This provides a number of examples of ways digital concept-maps can be integrated into the classroom, reasons why concept-maps are a powerful tool to enhance and deepen student learning, and what to consider when choosing which apps to use.
The document summarizes the history of revolution in China from the 1800s to the present. It discusses major events like the Opium Wars, establishment of the Republic of China, civil war between the Nationalists and Communists leading to Mao's rise to power in 1949, his economic reforms like the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and Tiananmen Square protests in 1989. It also covers China's relationship with foreign powers like the UK governing Hong Kong until 1997.
Between the 1920s and 1930s, fascist regimes led by Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany consolidated power. Mussolini formed the fascist party in Italy in 1919 and became prime minister in 1922, suppressing opposition and rigging elections. In Germany, the Nazi party led by Hitler gained support due to promises of restoring national pride and economic stability after World War I and the depression. Both regimes established totalitarian rule with a single party dictatorship and state control of the economy and media to indoctrinate citizens.
The document summarizes the history of China and East Asia since 1945. It describes how Mao Zedong's communist forces defeated Chiang Kai-shek's nationalists in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China. It then outlines major events in China including the Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution, and Tiananmen Square protests. It also discusses the economic rise of Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, and Hong Kong in the later 20th century.
The Yalta Conference in 1945 established plans for postwar Europe, but Stalin demanded Soviet control over Eastern Europe. Germany surrendered in 1945, and the Potsdam Conference established the occupation of Germany and an ultimatum for Japan's surrender. Eastern Europe became communist states under Soviet control forming the Eastern Bloc against the capitalist West. Japan surrendered after atomic bombs destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.
Nationalist Movements in Latin Am, ME, and AfricaHals
This document discusses the rise of nationalism in Africa and other parts of the world in the 20th century in response to colonial rule. It describes how Europeans discriminated against and exploited Africans, forcing them off their best lands. It also discusses various forms of resistance that emerged, including labor unions, protests, and nationalist leaders and movements in countries like Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, and Latin America. New constitutions, laws, and policies were enacted in many of these countries to reduce foreign influence and assert greater independence and self-governance.
The document summarizes Japan and China's relationship from the late 1800s through World War 2. It describes the First and Second Sino-Japanese Wars in which Japan gained control of Taiwan and parts of Manchuria. It also discusses Japan's occupation of Korea from 1910-1945 and the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. The document outlines the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists and Communists and Japan's increasing invasion and occupation of Manchuria and other parts of China from the 1930s through World War 2.
World War 1 began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and escalated due to rising tensions between powerful alliances. Germany launched attacks through Belgium but was stopped by Allied forces. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German submarine attacks. An armistice in 1918 ended the war, leading to the harsh Treaty of Versailles that imposed penalties on Germany and contributed to renewed tensions.
Imperialism between 1800-1914 saw Western European powers dominate much of Africa, Asia, and other regions through colonialism. Key motivations for imperial expansion included economic interests in raw materials and new markets, as well as political and military ambitions to increase national prestige. Western nations established colonies, protectorates, and spheres of influence globally. This resulted in new patterns of global trade and economic dependency, as well as profound cultural impacts as Western ideals spread. Resistance occurred but Western military superiority prevailed. Decolonization movements in the early 1900s sought independence.
The document discusses the emergence of independent countries and nation-states in the 19th century. It defines key terms like state, nation, and nation-state. It also outlines some of the common characteristics of independent countries like having defined territory, population, economy, government and sovereignty. The document then discusses the rise of nationalism and population growth in Europe in the late 18th century. It also summarizes some of the major revolutionary movements and events that helped shape nation-states like the French Revolution, Congress of Vienna, revolutions of the 1820s-1830s, 1848, Italian and German unification in the late 19th century.
The document summarizes the history of several East Asian dynasties and societies from the 14th-19th centuries. It discusses the Ming Dynasty in China, the naval explorations of Zheng He, the decline of the Ming and rise of the Qing Dynasty, Japan's isolationist Tokugawa Shogunate, and the initial impacts of European contact in Asia.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of several empires and kingdoms in Western Africa between the 11th-16th centuries, as well as the development of the Atlantic slave trade. It describes the Kingdom of Ghana and its capital Kumbi Saleh, the influence of Islam, and Ghana's decline giving way to the Mali Empire under Sundiata and Mansa Musa. It then discusses the Songhai Empire that replaced Mali, and its rulers Sonni Ali and Askia Muhammad. The document concludes by outlining the Portuguese role in establishing the Atlantic slave trade along the West African coast in the 15th century.
The French Revolution began in 1789 as the oppressed Third Estate revolted against the feudal system and absolute monarchy of Louis XVI. They declared the National Assembly and stormed the Bastille, beginning the Revolution. The Revolution established France as a constitutional monarchy but growing radicalism led to the establishment of a republic and Reign of Terror under Robespierre. Napoleon later seized power and established an empire, conquering much of Europe, before his defeat at Waterloo. The Congress of Vienna established a balance of power and conservative order in post-Napoleonic Europe.
The document discusses factors that contributed to decline in civilizations in Chapter 19, including disease, inferior technology, civil unrest, superstition, and belief in doomsday. It then provides details on the Spanish conquests of the Aztec empire in Mexico led by Hernan Cortes in 1519 and the Inca empire in Peru led by Francisco Pizarro in 1532, noting how alliances and capturing leaders helped the Spanish conquer these civilizations. The Spanish then established control over the newly claimed lands in both Mexico and Peru.
The document summarizes the colonization of the Americas by European powers beginning in the 15th century. It describes how Spain conquered vast territories from Mexico to South America through the expeditions of Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, aided by superior technology and diseases that weakened native populations. It also discusses how the Spanish colonial system exploited native groups and imported African slaves to extract wealth in the forms of gold, silver, and agricultural goods. Finally, it outlines how other European powers like France and England later established their own colonial holdings in North America.
The document provides an overview of the transformation of Western Europe between 1450-1750. It discusses key developments including the Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance, Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther, and the growing power of monarchs like Louis XIV of France. The Renaissance challenged medieval values and emphasized humanism. The Printing Press helped spread new ideas. The Reformation led to religious wars and the establishment of new Protestant faiths. Absolute monarchies consolidated power while Parliament gained strength in England.
1) New sailing ships, compasses, and gunpowder weapons gave European explorers technological advantages over other regions and allowed them to explore and colonize much of the world.
2) Portugal was an early leader in exploration, sending Henry the Navigator, Bartolomeu Dias, and Vasco da Gama to sail around Africa and reach India. Spain also explored and conquered lands, with figures like Columbus, Vespucci, Magellan, Cortes, and Pizarro.
3) Many European powers established colonies in the Americas and traded goods, slaves, and precious metals, fueling economic growth and the rise of mercantilism.
The document discusses the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his successors. It describes how Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and established an empire that stretched from China to Eastern Europe. The empire was later divided into four khanates that were largely successful in their military conquests due to factors like their superior horsemanship and mobile warfare tactics. The impact of the Mongol invasions varied in different regions, with some areas experiencing an era of relative peace and communication under Mongol rule while others faced severe destruction.
The document summarizes the history of Vietnam, Japan, and Korea during the Tang Dynasty period in China. It discusses how Vietnam was occupied by China and absorbed Chinese culture, while maintaining some independence. It describes Japan's isolation but cultural influence from China through Confucianism and Buddhism. The rise of feudalism in Japan is covered. For Korea, it discusses the Three Kingdoms period and unification under Silla, which maintained independence while recognizing China's influence.
2. RECAP
Great Wall – 221 BC;
Spread of Buddhism
Confucius believed a woman’s duty was to
ensure the stability of the family and promote
harmony in the home. Correct behavior=order
and stability. Filial piety! And the Golden Rule!
Legalism – the ruler alone possesses power,
strenth, not goodness, is the rulers best virtue.
3. Han dynasty falls around 220, China is
divided until the 600’s (but Chinese culture
still flourishes, unlike the Western world!)
Sui emerge around 580s, led by Wendi.
Wendi
re-establishes granaries to stabilize food supply
and prices
lowers taxes
reunites the traditional core areas of Chinese
civilization for the first time in 350ish years.
4. The Tang Dynasty
Yangdi – murders Wendi (who is actually his
dad!)
He’s so demanding that his ministers kill
him
Turmoil?
No. The Tang dynasty emerges in 618,
with Li Yuan’s help.
Li Yuan – works with his son, Li Shimin, (who
encouraged him to lead a revolt) to crush all
the rivals and revolts and establish the Tang
dynasty.
Play rivals off of each other
Repair the Great Wall
Li Shimin – within 8 years convinces dad to
step down, takes the throne, and names
himself “Tang Taizong”
Tang Tiazong is a brilliant general,
government reformer, historian, and becomes
one of China’s most admired emperors.
5. More Tangs…
Conquer territories in Central Asia
“heavenly kahn” – vassal of Turkic Tribes
Force Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea to become tributary
states.
Tributary states: vassals who recognize China’s supremacy
and send tributes to the Tang emperor.
Students from Korea and Japan travel to the Tang capital to
learn about Chinese govt, law, and arts.
“Middle Kingdom” – China is central to the world around
them
Tributary state envoys kowtow with their gifts
before the empire
Subordinate lands normally did as they pleased,
more diplomatic, trade, and cultural exchange
7. Tang Reforms
Restored Han System
Civil Service System and Uniform Govt.
Jinshi – immediate elevation of social status for individual his
family
Larger territory = increased demand for gov’t positions
Scholar-gentry – help offset the pwr of land-holding aristocrats
Now many more positions than during the Han era
Land Reform – broke up large land holdings into
pieces for the peasants.
Equal field system – upon death, a farmer’s land was
reallotted, only 1/5 remained under hereditary control
Centralized power by removing power from large landowners
Raised revenue by increasing number of people who would be
taxed
Grand Canal links Huang He to the Yangzi R.
Longest waterway ever made by human labor at this
point
8. Those Tang Arts…
http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/video-popup-t
Long sleeves
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/china/art/tang.htm
Buddha, Buddha on the wall…
Carved into rocky cliff sides, show tremendous
stone cutting and metal working abilities
Horses and Camels
Focus of artists and sculptors
From along the Silk Road
Foreigners
From all over central Asia – another main focus
Literature
Described foreign foods, music, customs, and
polo (a aristocratic favorite from Persia)
9. Buddhism
Xuanzang – Buddhist monk from China
Travels to India c. 645 CE
Brings back many Buddhist texts
Forms many monasteries
New sects emerge – including Chan (Zen)
Focused on meditation to reach nirvana
Monasteries and temples often have economic focus
Operate mills and oil presses
Perform banking services
Owned a lot of land (and wealthy patrons would list their land as
belonging to the monastery to avoid state taxes)
Much temple wealth went to the arts
10. Anti-Buddhist Backlash
Daoist and Confucians feel threatened
State does too – Buddhist monastic establishment poses a
fundamental economic challenge to imperial order
Wuzong (841-847) lashes out
Open persecution
Thousands of monasteries and shrines destroyed
Hundreds of thousands of monks and nuns flee/return to
civilian lives
Slaves and peasants of Buddhist lands are forced out to work
the lands and are subject to taxation again
Hatred doesn’t last, but the Buddhists definitely took a hit
11. Bye-bye Tang, Hello Song
Tang dynasty weakens, corruption, drought, high taxes, famine, rebellions, etc; Tangs are
overthrown in 907.
960 – three major states emerge
The Liao Empire – Khitan people, Mongol relatives
The Xi Xia (Tanggut) Empire – Minyak people, W China, had connections to the former
Tang
The Song Empire – 960 military commander Emperor Taizu reunites much of China (never
quite as strong as the Tang Empire though)
12. The Song Empire
Does unify China
Run-ins with the Liao (Song pay
tributes to protect themselves
Jurchens destroy the Liao capital
in Mongolia
Proclaim Jin empire
Continue exacting tribute from
the Song, take portions of their
land, force Song to relocate their
capital from Kaifeng to
Hangzhou
Song dynasty – controls China for
316 (longer than Tang), but controls
less land
960-1127 – “Northern Song”
1127-1279 – “Southern Song”
13. Political Developments
The Tang fell because…
regional military commanders became independent
rulers who raised their own armies and collected
their own taxes
Song – make the military subordinate to the civil
administrators of the scholar-gentry class
Only civil officials can be governors
Rotate military commanders from region to region
Does it work? The Song’s have control, but their
military is much weaker
Scholar bureaucrats actually leading Song armies in the
field sometimes (have hardly any military training)
14. Challenges with Bureaucracy
Now for the district, provincial and imperial
level
Standards adjusted (increases pass rate)
Growing bureaucracy = stressed imperial
treasury
Emperors try to raise taxes
Peasants revolt
More military needed to make peasants hush
More imperial debt.
15. Industry and Production
Papermaking
Salt and Tea
Deforestation, turn to other sources – coal!
Master the ability to use coal to smelt iron, even develop steel
Most advanced iron industry in the world
Swords, armor, arrow tips, tools for farmers and craftsmen, stoves, nails,
needles, chains for suspension bridges, drill bits to make wells
Gunpowder
Wooden blocks to print entire pages
Begin working on moveable type systems
16. Song Golden Age
Wealth and culture dominate; military does not.
Great Canal – improves agriculture by creating a
better irrigation system and increases trade
dramatically (land travel was expensive and
cumbersome)
Agricultural surplus (improved irrigation system
and new strains of rice from Vietnam = success).
Rise in agricultural productivity allowed people
more time to pursue commerce, learning, and the
arts.
17. Trade and Commerce
Trade flourishes (Song porcelain found in E.
Africa!)
Junks (Chinese ships) encourage trade
Chinese actively trade, instead of waiting for traders to
come to them
Horses, Persian rugs, and tapestries enter China
Silk, Paper, and porcelain leave China
Reopen Silk Road
China issues paper money
18. Hangzhou
The most impressive city of its time
By end of Song times, 1,500,000 population
Famously wealthy, clean, and diverse
10 big marketplaces
Marco Polo of Venice declared it “the most
noble city and the best that is in the world”
19. Chinese Society
Gentry – wealthy landowning class, (only ones who
could afford to spend years studying to pass the
civil service exam). Many are Confucianists
Peasants – self sufficient, “heaven is high, and the
emperor far away”
Merchants – great potential/opportunity to acquire
wealth, (Confucianists believed merchants were
lower than peasants because their wealth came
from the labor of others)
Women – status diminished after Tang and early
Song dynasty
20. Neo-Confucianism
Appeal of Buddhism, causes a re-thinking of Confucianism
Mencius (an old Confucian master), had written Zhu Xi, a commentary
on Confucius’s main works
Places an emphasis on the importance of social life
Rejects withdrawing from life for individual meditation
Death penalty for children
2.5 years hard labor for hitting your older sibling
Brides and grooms usually the same age (unlike India) because Confucian
principles didn’t want to mix generations
Allowed mutual consent divorce (India doesn’t)
Advocated confining young women, emphasized importance of virginity of
young brides, fidelity for wives, and chastity for widows. (similar to India)
Footbinding (a harsher, more constricting tradition than anything in India)
23. Young girl’s feet would be bound with
long strips of cloth causing the foot to
be about half the size it would
normally become.
Tiny feet and a stilted walk
represented beauty and nobility.
This noble tradition filtered down to
the lower classes.
Women whose feet had been bound
could not easily walk on their own,
further reinforcing the Confucian
concept that women should remain
inside the home.
Only peasants who needed their
daughters to work in the field omitted
the practice.
24. Art and Literature
Landscape painting –
“create a harmonious
relationship between
heaven and earth”
25. Pagoda – Buddhist
themes influenced
Chinese architecture.
Indian stupa evolved into
the graceful Chinese
pagoda.
Chinese sculptors created
statues of Buddha as well.
26. Porcelain – shiny, hard
pottery, prized as the
finest in the world.
Westerners later call it
“chinaware”