This document discusses key concepts in population and demography. It defines components of population change like fertility, mortality, and migration. It summarizes Malthus' theory of overpopulation and the demographic transition model. It also describes the history of urbanization, contrasting preindustrial and industrial cities.

1. POPULATION AND
DEMOGRAPHY

2. After studying this chapter, you should
be able to:
 Define the three major components of population
change.
 Summarize Malthus’ theory of overpopulation.
 Summarize the demographic transition model and
explain why there might be a second demographic
transition.
 Describe the history of urbanization including a contrast
of preindustrial and industrial cities.

3. DEMOGRAPHY

 The study of the size, rate of growth, and age
composition of human populations, as well as
the causes and consequences of changes in
these factors.
 Demography is influenced by three major
factors: fertility, mortality, and migration.

4. FERTILITY
FERTILITY
 DEF: Fertility refers to the actual number of births in
a given population.
CRUDE BIRTHRATE
The number of annual live births per 1,000 people in
a given population.
FECUNDITY
 The physiological ability to have children.

5. MORTALITY
 DEF: The frequency of deaths in a
population.
 CRUDE DEATH RATE - the annual number
of deaths per 1,000 people in a given
population.
 INFANT MORTALITY RATE - Measures
the number of children who die within the first
year of life per 1,000 live births.

6. LIFE EXPECTANCY – DEF: The average
number of years a person born in a
particular year can expect to live.
Highest Years Lowest Years
Japan 82.0 Swaziland 31.9
Singapore 82 Angola 38.2
Hong Kong 81.8 Zambia 38.6
Australia 81.6 Lesotho 40.4
Canada 81.2 Zimbabwe 41
Sweden 81 Mozambique 41.1
France 81 Sierra Leone 41.2
Iceland 80.7 Liberia 42
Sweden 80.9 Djibouti 43.4
World 66.6
average

7. MIGRATION
 DEF: The movement of populations from one
geographical area to another.
 EMIGRATION - When a population leaves
an area
 IMMIGRATION - When a population
enters an area.

8.  INTERNAL MIGRATION
 The movement within a nation’s boundary
lines—in contrast with immigration, in which
boundary lines are crossed.
 RURAL TO URBAN
 This trend has slowed in industrialized
countries
 AREAS OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
 Currently to Montana and South Dakota

9. THEORIES OF POPULATION

10. MALTHUS POPULATION THEORY
Populations will always grow faster than the
available food supply
 LIMITS TO POPULATION GROWTH
 Preventive checks
 Include celibacy, the delay of marriage, and such
practices as contraception within marriage,
extramarital sexual relations, and prostitution

11. MALTHUS POPULATION THEORY
 LIMITS TO POPULATION GROWTH:
 - Positive checks
 Events that limit reproduction either by
causing the deaths of individuals before they
reach reproductive age or by causing the
deaths of large numbers of people, thereby
lowering the overall population.

12. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
THEORY
According to the demographic transition theory, societies
pass through four stages of population change

13. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
THEORY
 STAGE 1 – High fertility and high mortality.
 STAGE 2 - Mortality decreases, fertility stays
high and population increases rapidly
 STAGE 3 - Birth rates begin to fall due to social,
economic and religious changes
 STAGE 4 - Low fertility and low mortality.

14. DEPENDENCY RATIO
 The number of people of
nonworking age in a society for
every 100 people of working age.
 When birthrates decline below 2.1 per
female (the replacement rate), the population
can drop and fewer young people end up
needing to take care of the old (the ration
goes up)

15. SECOND DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION
Some countries have moved beyond Stage 4
and are experiencing declining populations due
to fertility levels well below replacement levels
(2.1)
 The reason for this transition centers around a
strong desire for individual advancement and
improvement which either causes a delay in
child bearing or a decision to forego children.

16. CITIES/URBANIZATION

17. URBANIZATION
 Two requirements had to be met for the
first cities to emerge (9000 years ago).
 The first was that there had to be a surplus of
food and other necessities.
 The second requirement was that there had to
be some form of social organization that went
beyond the family.
 Did this already exist in the form of tribes?
 Did ruling classes develop due to excess
production or was the new organization the
cause of better production?

18. URBANIZATION
 Preindustrial cities - Cities established
prior to the Industrial Revolution
 - Often were walled for protection
 - Densely packed with residents
 - Showed social stratification
 - Survived by controlling surrounding
agricultural production. It required a favorable
physical environment to allow for adequate
excess production of food.

19. URBANIZATION
Industrial Cities - Were established during or
after the Industrial Revolution and are
characterized by large populations that work
primarily in industrial and service-related jobs.
- Industrialization a number of affects on the
city dwellers:
1. Food, clothing and shelter could be
provided at a lower cost – raising life expectancy
2. A new class of social elites was created
as well as a middle class of managers

20. RURAL VS URBAN LIFE
 Along with urbanization come certain changes
from rural villages:
 - ANONYMITY - possible separation from
family and lack of social status and support
 - CULTURAL HETEROGENEITY – exposure
to many different sub-cultures
 SUBURBS- As transportation allowed, those
with money moved away from the crowding,
noise and perceived danger of the inner city.