This document provides an overview of the key thinkers and concepts in the development of sociology. It discusses the three main theoretical perspectives in sociology - functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. For each perspective, it outlines the key assumptions, sociological methods used, and some of the important early theorists who helped develop and apply each perspective such as Durkheim, Marx, and Mead.
Sociology emerged from philosophical and intellectual developments in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Enlightenment challenged traditional authorities and emphasized the scientific study of social phenomena. The Scientific Revolution and philosophy of history influenced viewing society scientifically. The Industrial Revolution and French Revolution drove major social changes, creating needs to study and understand emerging social problems. Early sociologists studied how industrialization and new social structures affected societies.
This chapter introduces sociology as the systematic study of human societies and social groups. It discusses early sociological thinkers like Comte, Durkheim, Marx, and Weber and how they helped develop sociological perspectives. It also summarizes different modern theoretical approaches in sociology like symbolic interactionism, functionalism, Marxism, and feminism. Finally, it addresses whether sociology qualifies as a science and how understanding sociology can help people in their lives.
The document discusses the three main categories of backward classes in India:
1) Scheduled Castes, who occupy the lowest rung of the social ladder and face social, economic, educational, and political problems due to the caste system.
2) Scheduled Tribes, who lead isolated existences and face problems related to geographic separation, exploitation, lack of education, health issues, and loss of land and forest rights.
3) Other Backward Classes, which is a mixed category comprising groups that are educationally and economically backward. The government has undertaken various constitutional and welfare measures to promote the development of backward classes.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher who developed the theories of communism, socialism, and Marxism. Some of Marx's major ideas discussed in the document include dialectical materialism, historical materialism, the concept of base and superstructure in societies, modes of production, class consciousness, class struggle, surplus value, and alienation of workers. The document provides an overview of Marx's key theories and concepts.
Born in Berlin on March 1, 1858 Germany.
Received his PHD from the university of Berlin
German Sociologist, Author, and philosopher. Best known as a micro sociologist
Close acquaintance of Max Weber (1864-1920).
Despite being a popular lecturer and being supported by Weber, he was consider an outsider academically.
Only in 1914 did Simmel obtain a regular academic appointment, and this appointment was in Strasbourg, far from Berlin
Died on September 28, 1918.
Sociology emerged from philosophical and intellectual developments in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Enlightenment challenged traditional authorities and emphasized the scientific study of social phenomena. The Scientific Revolution and philosophy of history influenced viewing society scientifically. The Industrial Revolution and French Revolution drove major social changes, creating needs to study and understand emerging social problems. Early sociologists studied how industrialization and new social structures affected societies.
This chapter introduces sociology as the systematic study of human societies and social groups. It discusses early sociological thinkers like Comte, Durkheim, Marx, and Weber and how they helped develop sociological perspectives. It also summarizes different modern theoretical approaches in sociology like symbolic interactionism, functionalism, Marxism, and feminism. Finally, it addresses whether sociology qualifies as a science and how understanding sociology can help people in their lives.
The document discusses the three main categories of backward classes in India:
1) Scheduled Castes, who occupy the lowest rung of the social ladder and face social, economic, educational, and political problems due to the caste system.
2) Scheduled Tribes, who lead isolated existences and face problems related to geographic separation, exploitation, lack of education, health issues, and loss of land and forest rights.
3) Other Backward Classes, which is a mixed category comprising groups that are educationally and economically backward. The government has undertaken various constitutional and welfare measures to promote the development of backward classes.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher who developed the theories of communism, socialism, and Marxism. Some of Marx's major ideas discussed in the document include dialectical materialism, historical materialism, the concept of base and superstructure in societies, modes of production, class consciousness, class struggle, surplus value, and alienation of workers. The document provides an overview of Marx's key theories and concepts.
Born in Berlin on March 1, 1858 Germany.
Received his PHD from the university of Berlin
German Sociologist, Author, and philosopher. Best known as a micro sociologist
Close acquaintance of Max Weber (1864-1920).
Despite being a popular lecturer and being supported by Weber, he was consider an outsider academically.
Only in 1914 did Simmel obtain a regular academic appointment, and this appointment was in Strasbourg, far from Berlin
Died on September 28, 1918.
The document discusses social differences and social stratification. It notes that sociologists study differences in terms of inequality, stratification, and class. Inequality refers to unequal access to social rewards, stratification refers to how inequalities are passed down through generations, and class refers to social groups with unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige. The document then examines different systems of social stratification including slavery, castes, estates, and social class. It discusses Karl Marx's theory of class struggle and exploitation as well as Max Weber's focus on class, status, and power. Finally, it defines social mobility as movement within a stratification system and describes different types.
Economic sociology is a new field of study under the wide umbrella of Sociology and it simply concerns about the Social economy; area which can not be purely studied by neither Sociology nor Economics. This will hope fully help the students of Sociology, economics as well as economic sociology students if any.
This document provides an introduction to the field of sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human society and social interaction. Three main sociological perspectives are discussed: functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together; conflict theory sees society as groups competing for power and resources; and symbolic interactionism emphasizes how human behavior is influenced by symbolic definitions and meanings created through social interaction.
Social institutions such as families, governments, religions, and education systems serve important social functions. Families socialize children, transmit culture, and provide security and status. Governments and religions coordinate social behavior and stability while education systems simplify social roles, transmit culture, and socialize children. These institutions are structured, relatively permanent groups that perform social roles through connected social positions and relations to benefit society.
G.S. Ghurye was a pioneering Indian sociologist who made immense contributions to developing the fields of sociology and anthropology in India. He wrote 32 books and numerous papers covering diverse topics. As the first head of the Department of Sociology at Bombay University from 1924-1959, he played a key role in professionalizing sociology. He founded the Indian Sociological Society and its journal, training many talented students who advanced research. Ghurye studied caste, tribe, culture, religion and more, providing new theoretical perspectives. He analyzed Indian society from both textual and empirical perspectives in a methodologically pluralistic way.
1. Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social behavior. It focuses on how social relationships influence people's attitudes and behaviors and how societies are established and change.
2. The document outlines the key founders and early theorists of sociology, including Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and their major works and perspectives.
3. It also discusses the development of sociology in North America and challenges faced by early women and minority sociologists in pursuing the field.
This document discusses Karl Marx and conflict theory. It provides an overview of Marx's life and ideas, including his view that society is defined by conflicts between social classes competing over scarce resources. It outlines some of Marx's key concepts, such as how the division of labor leads to economic classes and class struggle. The document also discusses early and modern approaches to conflict theory, how it explains social change and inequality, and provides an analysis of how Marx viewed religion in relation to social conflicts.
Robert K. Merton was an American sociologist who was influential in the development of structural functionalism. He criticized some of the basic functionalist postulates, such as the idea that all social structures serve positive functions. Merton developed concepts like manifest and latent functions to analyze intended and unintended consequences. He also analyzed the relationship between culture, social structure, and anomie or the disjunction between cultural goals and socially approved means of achieving them. Merton's strain theory argued this imbalance produces tension and unsatisfied aspirations. While influential, structural functionalism was also subject to criticisms around its ahistorical nature, inability to deal with social change and conflict, and for making assertions not grounded in empirical evidence.
Sanskritization is a concept proposed by Indian sociologist M.N. Srinivas that describes the process whereby a lower caste or tribe seeks upward social mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of upper or dominant castes. It involves the imitation of language, beliefs, rituals, and deities of the Brahmins and the twice-born castes in an effort to gain social advancement or prestige. Some key characteristics include it being a process of cultural change and social mobility that is not confined to Hindu castes and can operate in two directions by allowing borrowing of ideology.
Sociology is the scientific study of human social life, groups, and societies. It examines how societies are organized and how people interact within groups. Some key founders of sociology include Saint-Simon, Comte, Spencer, Marx, and Durkheim. Sociology is related to other social sciences like economics, anthropology, history, psychology, and political science by examining overlapping topics involving human social behavior and interactions.
Communalism is defined as antagonism between religious communities that disintegrates society and undermines national unity. It originated in British India as a policy of divide and rule and grew due to factors like communal politics, minority appeasement, media appeals to votes, and economic/educational backwardness of some groups. Communalism is characterized by prioritizing communal interests over national interests and breeding distrust between communities. Remedies include establishing peace communities, suppressing extremists, protecting victims, improving education, and legal actions against forced conversions.
Social background of the emergence of sociology in indiasajeena81
1. The document discusses the social background and emergence of sociology in India, noting that India has a rich heritage of social thought dating back to the 3rd century BC.
2. It describes how early Indian texts like the Dharmashastra discussed concepts related to social categories, place, and time. Other classical texts also related to mundane and social realities.
3. Western scholars in the 18th-19th centuries like Magasthenes, Fa-Hien, and Al-Biruni provided accounts of Indian society that described social conditions and daily life. The establishment of universities and academic associations in India promoted the growth of social inquiry.
Georg Simmel was a German sociologist and philosopher in the late 19th/early 20th century. He was one of the first generation of German sociologists and helped establish sociological antipositivism. Simmel studied how social forms and structures emerge from human interaction and focused on topics like conflict, social types, and the effects of urbanization and money on social life. He viewed society as a dynamic web of relationships between individuals.
This document discusses social stratification and the caste system in India. It covers the origins and theories around the development of caste, key features as identified by Ghurye, the concept of untouchability and segregation, contrasting views of Gandhi and Ambedkar on caste reform, and the intersection of caste and politics in modern India. The caste system stratified Indian society in a rigid hierarchy for over 3000 years and continues to influence social inequality and political mobilization along caste lines today.
This document discusses various aspects of religion including its key characteristics, functions in society, differences between religion and magic, and theories on the origins of religion. It also provides overviews of several major world religions including Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and discusses the ideology and role of religion in modern society.
Culture is an important concept in sociology and is defined in various ways by different sociologists. Culture includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, customs, and other capabilities acquired by humans as members of society. It is learned and transmitted between generations. Culture has both material and non-material aspects. It is shared within a group and influences human behavior. Culture is also changing over time as it adapts to different environments.
This document discusses how to recognize different cultures. It defines culture as a people's way of thinking, acting, and material objects that make up their way of life. Some key elements that can be used to differentiate cultures include social organization, customs and traditions, language, religion, art and literature, forms of government, and economic systems. Recognizing these elements can help identify different cultural heritages in Malaysia.
The document discusses social differences and social stratification. It notes that sociologists study differences in terms of inequality, stratification, and class. Inequality refers to unequal access to social rewards, stratification refers to how inequalities are passed down through generations, and class refers to social groups with unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige. The document then examines different systems of social stratification including slavery, castes, estates, and social class. It discusses Karl Marx's theory of class struggle and exploitation as well as Max Weber's focus on class, status, and power. Finally, it defines social mobility as movement within a stratification system and describes different types.
Economic sociology is a new field of study under the wide umbrella of Sociology and it simply concerns about the Social economy; area which can not be purely studied by neither Sociology nor Economics. This will hope fully help the students of Sociology, economics as well as economic sociology students if any.
This document provides an introduction to the field of sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human society and social interaction. Three main sociological perspectives are discussed: functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together; conflict theory sees society as groups competing for power and resources; and symbolic interactionism emphasizes how human behavior is influenced by symbolic definitions and meanings created through social interaction.
Social institutions such as families, governments, religions, and education systems serve important social functions. Families socialize children, transmit culture, and provide security and status. Governments and religions coordinate social behavior and stability while education systems simplify social roles, transmit culture, and socialize children. These institutions are structured, relatively permanent groups that perform social roles through connected social positions and relations to benefit society.
G.S. Ghurye was a pioneering Indian sociologist who made immense contributions to developing the fields of sociology and anthropology in India. He wrote 32 books and numerous papers covering diverse topics. As the first head of the Department of Sociology at Bombay University from 1924-1959, he played a key role in professionalizing sociology. He founded the Indian Sociological Society and its journal, training many talented students who advanced research. Ghurye studied caste, tribe, culture, religion and more, providing new theoretical perspectives. He analyzed Indian society from both textual and empirical perspectives in a methodologically pluralistic way.
1. Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social behavior. It focuses on how social relationships influence people's attitudes and behaviors and how societies are established and change.
2. The document outlines the key founders and early theorists of sociology, including Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and their major works and perspectives.
3. It also discusses the development of sociology in North America and challenges faced by early women and minority sociologists in pursuing the field.
This document discusses Karl Marx and conflict theory. It provides an overview of Marx's life and ideas, including his view that society is defined by conflicts between social classes competing over scarce resources. It outlines some of Marx's key concepts, such as how the division of labor leads to economic classes and class struggle. The document also discusses early and modern approaches to conflict theory, how it explains social change and inequality, and provides an analysis of how Marx viewed religion in relation to social conflicts.
Robert K. Merton was an American sociologist who was influential in the development of structural functionalism. He criticized some of the basic functionalist postulates, such as the idea that all social structures serve positive functions. Merton developed concepts like manifest and latent functions to analyze intended and unintended consequences. He also analyzed the relationship between culture, social structure, and anomie or the disjunction between cultural goals and socially approved means of achieving them. Merton's strain theory argued this imbalance produces tension and unsatisfied aspirations. While influential, structural functionalism was also subject to criticisms around its ahistorical nature, inability to deal with social change and conflict, and for making assertions not grounded in empirical evidence.
Sanskritization is a concept proposed by Indian sociologist M.N. Srinivas that describes the process whereby a lower caste or tribe seeks upward social mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of upper or dominant castes. It involves the imitation of language, beliefs, rituals, and deities of the Brahmins and the twice-born castes in an effort to gain social advancement or prestige. Some key characteristics include it being a process of cultural change and social mobility that is not confined to Hindu castes and can operate in two directions by allowing borrowing of ideology.
Sociology is the scientific study of human social life, groups, and societies. It examines how societies are organized and how people interact within groups. Some key founders of sociology include Saint-Simon, Comte, Spencer, Marx, and Durkheim. Sociology is related to other social sciences like economics, anthropology, history, psychology, and political science by examining overlapping topics involving human social behavior and interactions.
Communalism is defined as antagonism between religious communities that disintegrates society and undermines national unity. It originated in British India as a policy of divide and rule and grew due to factors like communal politics, minority appeasement, media appeals to votes, and economic/educational backwardness of some groups. Communalism is characterized by prioritizing communal interests over national interests and breeding distrust between communities. Remedies include establishing peace communities, suppressing extremists, protecting victims, improving education, and legal actions against forced conversions.
Social background of the emergence of sociology in indiasajeena81
1. The document discusses the social background and emergence of sociology in India, noting that India has a rich heritage of social thought dating back to the 3rd century BC.
2. It describes how early Indian texts like the Dharmashastra discussed concepts related to social categories, place, and time. Other classical texts also related to mundane and social realities.
3. Western scholars in the 18th-19th centuries like Magasthenes, Fa-Hien, and Al-Biruni provided accounts of Indian society that described social conditions and daily life. The establishment of universities and academic associations in India promoted the growth of social inquiry.
Georg Simmel was a German sociologist and philosopher in the late 19th/early 20th century. He was one of the first generation of German sociologists and helped establish sociological antipositivism. Simmel studied how social forms and structures emerge from human interaction and focused on topics like conflict, social types, and the effects of urbanization and money on social life. He viewed society as a dynamic web of relationships between individuals.
This document discusses social stratification and the caste system in India. It covers the origins and theories around the development of caste, key features as identified by Ghurye, the concept of untouchability and segregation, contrasting views of Gandhi and Ambedkar on caste reform, and the intersection of caste and politics in modern India. The caste system stratified Indian society in a rigid hierarchy for over 3000 years and continues to influence social inequality and political mobilization along caste lines today.
This document discusses various aspects of religion including its key characteristics, functions in society, differences between religion and magic, and theories on the origins of religion. It also provides overviews of several major world religions including Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and discusses the ideology and role of religion in modern society.
Culture is an important concept in sociology and is defined in various ways by different sociologists. Culture includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, customs, and other capabilities acquired by humans as members of society. It is learned and transmitted between generations. Culture has both material and non-material aspects. It is shared within a group and influences human behavior. Culture is also changing over time as it adapts to different environments.
This document discusses how to recognize different cultures. It defines culture as a people's way of thinking, acting, and material objects that make up their way of life. Some key elements that can be used to differentiate cultures include social organization, customs and traditions, language, religion, art and literature, forms of government, and economic systems. Recognizing these elements can help identify different cultural heritages in Malaysia.
Culture is learned through human experience, transmitted across generations through social learning, and helps integrate societies by satisfying basic human needs. It is shared through language and symbols, develops over time to adapt to new environments and experiences, and brings together different customs and traditions to form a cohesive whole. Culture gratifies biological and social needs for food, shelter, protection, and social connection.
This document summarizes the acknowledgments and approvals for a thesis on leadership styles and delegation practices of military nurse managers. In three sentences:
The author thanks God, family for support, and the College of Nursing faculty for guidance in completing the research. Approval was given by an advisory panel and ethics board. The thesis was submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master of Arts in Nursing degree.
Organizational culture and climate refer to the shared beliefs, customs, traditions, and values of members of an organization. Culture is relatively stable and defines the internal environment, while climate describes perceptions of characteristics that distinguish one organization from others and influence behavior. Key elements that shape culture and climate include structure, management support, reward systems, communication, and people orientation. Culture is maintained through employee selection, actions of top management, and socialization of new members.
The document discusses the concept of culture and how it has been defined and categorized. It states that culture distinguishes humans from other animals, and consists of patterns of behavior and thinking that are learned, created, shared and adaptive. Culture includes material, social and ideological aspects as well as the arts. It notes that while high culture was traditionally associated with the elite, popular or mass culture is now widely accessible with the influence of television and other media. Globalization has increased cultural exchange and the spread of globalized pop culture, which some argue can threaten local cultures through dilution or loss of original aspects.
There are 7 key elements that define a culture: 1) social organization including families and social classes, 2) customs and traditions, 3) language, 4) arts and literature, 5) religion, 6) forms of government, and 7) economic systems. Cultures can change over time due to technology, environmental changes, new ideas, and the diffusion of customs and ideas between cultures. However, it is important to avoid ethnocentrism and racism when analyzing different cultures.
This document provides an introduction to basic first aid, including how to treat minor injuries and medical emergencies. It explains that first aid aims to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery for a person in need of assistance. The document then gives guidance on treating specific first aid situations like nosebleeds, heart attacks, burns, and more. It also provides information on first aid training courses and resources in Singapore.
This document discusses the mañana habit, which is a form of procrastination. It explains that the mañana habit originated from Spanish culture, where mañana means tomorrow. It works by having someone decide to do something later instead of now, resulting in them not doing it at all. The document advises that the only way to change a procrastination habit is to replace it with a new habit of doing things immediately instead of waiting until tomorrow. It shares the advice of "do it now, don't wait till tomorrow" to combat procrastinating.
The document provides information on various first aid procedures. It discusses the objectives of first aid as preserving life, preventing worsening of conditions, and promoting recovery. It describes how to assess victims using DRABC (Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation). Various first aid kits, treatments for burns, bleeding, fractures, snake bites, and more are outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of seeking immediate medical help when needed.
The document is a physics investigatory project report by a 12th grade student on transformers. It includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind their operation, the apparatus used, experimental procedure followed to investigate the relationship between input/output voltage and primary/secondary coil turns, uses of transformers, conclusions drawn, and sources cited. The student successfully completed the project under a teacher's guidance to fulfill curriculum requirements.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts from the first 4 chapters of an introductory sociology textbook. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human interactions and relationships. Important early sociologists discussed include Comte, Durkheim, Marx, Weber, and Mills. Durkheim studied how social integration impacts suicide rates. Functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism are discussed as major sociological paradigms. The document also distinguishes between micro and macro levels of sociological analysis and emphasizes the importance of avoiding ethnocentrism.
This document provides an introduction to sociology, covering its origins, key thinkers and theories. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human social patterns and interactions. The origins of sociology are traced to the 18th-19th century industrial revolutions in Europe and North America. Key founders discussed include Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim and others. Major sociological theories summarized are structural functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactionism. Research methods in sociology such as surveys, participant observation, case studies and experiments are also outlined.
Sociology is the scientific study of society and human social behavior. There are three major sociological perspectives: structural functionalism, which views society as a system with interrelated parts; conflict theory, which focuses on power struggles over scarce resources; and symbolic interactionism, which examines how society shapes individuals and their interactions. Major areas of sociology include social organization, social psychology, social change, human ecology, population studies, sociological theory/research, and applied sociology. Classical sociologists who developed influential theories include Comte, Marx, Spencer, Durkheim, and Weber. Culture encompasses the knowledge, social norms, values, beliefs, and other capabilities acquired by members of a society. Key elements that shape culture
Fundamentos de Sociología, presentación adaptada a mis necesidades.
Clase de Sociología sobre los inicios y temas relevantes para conocer los fundamentos de esta ciencia.
This document provides an overview of the origins and development of sociology from Europe to the United States. It discusses key figures such as Auguste Comte, who is considered the father of sociology, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Jane Addams, and W.E.B. DuBois. These founders developed theories on topics like positivism, social classes, conflict, and rationalization to better understand changes in industrialized societies. They also established scientific methodologies to validate sociological theories through empirical observation and data collection.
This slide is prepared on Sociological Perspectives that is going to be beneficial to the students of sociology in UG and PG and aspirants for competitive exams.
This document outlines 14 major theoretical paradigms in sociology:
1. Evolutionary theory views societies as progressing through different stages of development.
2. Structural functionalism sees society as a system whose parts work together to promote stability.
3. Social conflict theory views society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
4. Symbolic interactionism sees society as the product of everyday interactions between individuals.
It then provides examples of prominent theorists within each paradigm and compares the different approaches. The major contemporary approaches discussed include neo-positivism, human ecology, sociometry, symbolic interactionism, functionalism, dialectical sociology, phenomenology, ethnomethodology, and various development theories
Social science lecture 1(part-2) ppt summer 2011Sajib
Sociology is the systematic study of human society and social behavior. It examines how societies are structured and how social relationships influence individual behavior. There are three main theoretical perspectives in sociology: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Functionalism views society as a system whose parts work together to promote stability. Conflict theory emphasizes social change and power struggles between groups. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people interact and influence each other on a small scale through symbols and their own interpretations. Sociologists use multiple perspectives to gain a well-rounded understanding of social issues and human behavior.
Conflict theory views society as consisting of groups that compete over scarce resources. Marx saw society as divided into two main classes - the bourgeoisie who own capital, and the proletariat who must sell their labor. This leads to conflict and political/economic oppression as the bourgeoisie use the state to protect their interests. Functionalism views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. When change occurs, other parts adjust to bring society back into balance. Both theories see the economic base as determining social and political structures.
Conflict theory and functionalist theory provide different perspectives on society. Conflict theory, developed by Marx, views society as consisting of groups that compete over scarce resources, leading to conflict and struggle. Functionalist theory, developed by Durkheim, views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. Private schools can be seen through either lens - conflict theory may see them as perpetuating class divisions, while functionalism may see them as fulfilling important social functions and helping to socialize children.
This document outlines the key concepts and lessons for Unit 1 of a sociology course. The unit will examine the foundations and origins of sociology, the three major theoretical perspectives in sociology, and how sociological research is conducted. Students will learn about the development of sociology as an academic discipline in response to social changes in Europe. They will also explore the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives and how sociologists use various methods like surveys, experiments, and observation to study social phenomena scientifically.
The document discusses several key figures in the development of sociology:
- Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology" and advocated for the use of empirical investigation, or positivism, to understand society.
- Herbert Spencer compared society to a human organism and believed social evolution was inevitable.
- Émile Durkheim introduced the concept of solidarity and studied how its absence can lead to anomie. He examined causes of suicide.
- Karl Marx analyzed how the capitalist class exploited the working class, causing alienation and preventing them from reaching their potential. He viewed class as a central force in history.
Introduction to SociologyGUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONEPaper On.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Sociology
GUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONE
Paper One will consist of two parts. PART I should be a contrast/comparison of each of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in class. Please compare/contrast each of the three on the basis of the image of society offered by each, the image of social change, the fundamental elements and questions asked by sociologists within each perspective. Also mention the major classic theorists and some of their contributions. Please discuss how each of the perspectives reflects the time and place in which the theorists were writing, putting their ideas into a social and historical context.
PART II will consist of the APPLICATION part of the paper. Choose some social phenomena (marriage, homelessness, crime , video games--could be ANYTHING that relates to human behavior) and then describe how a sociologist from each of the three perspectives would go about studying the phenomena from that particular perspective. What sorts of questions might he or she ask? How would the phenomena be viewed, what aspects would the sociologist be interested in?
Papers should be 5 to 7 pages in length. You should refer to portions of the text, readings, and/or class notes when describing concepts (and be sure to include a reference page). Citation style may be APA, MLA, or any other format you are familiar with (or that is required for your particular major). Criteria for grading the papers are as follows:
1. Paper must be well written and well organized--it may be helpful to break it down into sections.
2. Responsiveness--don’t just strive to “fill pages”--make sure to respond to the requirements of the assignment, and you will easily have enough pages.
3. Creativity/originality--Expand your mind! Be creative in the examples you use, and/or in the way you apply the theories.
4. Use of text materials and class notes--Good papers will weave together the concepts in the books with “real life” examples. Again, have a reference page.
Three Theoretical Frameworks
Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, & Symbolic Interaction
I. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
A MACRO level theory –Focuses on large scale structures and institutions
Views a “society” as a “whole” consisting of interdependent and interrelated “parts.” The parts serve “functions” for the benefit of the whole.
One could envision the “parts” of a society as the different social institutions, social classes, or social groups—or, we could even envision PEOPLE as the parts!
Structural functionalists are interested in how to maintain social ORDER and STABILITY.
Image of Society: A living ORGANISM, with each part of the organism fulfilling a vital function for the whole
Image of Social change: Social changes proceeds in a gradual, linear, adaptive fashion—EVOLUTIONARY!
Fundamental Elements: Society is based upon SHARED VALUES—when values begin to deteriorate, so does society!
IMPORTANT EARLY THEORISTS
.
Introduction to SociologyInstructor Glenna L. SimonsGUIDEL.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Sociology
Instructor: Glenna L. Simons
GUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONE
Paper One will consist of two parts. PART I should be a contrast/comparison of each of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in class. Please compare/contrast each of the three on the basis of the image of society offered by each, the image of social change, the fundamental elements and questions asked by sociologists within each perspective. Also mention the major classic theorists and some of their contributions. Please discuss how each of the perspectives reflects the time and place in which the theorists were writing, putting their ideas into a social and historical context.
PART II will consist of the APPLICATION part of the paper. Choose some social phenomena (marriage, homelessness, crime , video games--could be ANYTHING that relates to human behavior) and then describe how a sociologist from each of the three perspectives would go about studying the phenomena from that particular perspective. What sorts of questions might he or she ask? How would the phenomena be viewed, what aspects would the sociologist be interested in?
Papers should be 5 to 7 pages in length. You should refer to portions of the text, readings, and/or class notes when describing concepts (and be sure to include a reference page). Citation style may be APA, MLA, or any other format you are familiar with (or that is required for your particular major). Criteria for grading the papers are as follows:
1. Paper must be well written and well organized--it may be helpful to break it down into sections.
2. Responsiveness--don’t just strive to “fill pages”--make sure to respond to the requirements of the assignment, and you will easily have enough pages.
3. Creativity/originality--Expand your mind! Be creative in the examples you use, and/or in the way you apply the theories.
4. Use of text materials and class notes--Good papers will weave together the concepts in the books with “real life” examples. Again, have a reference page.
GOOD LUCK AND HAVE FUN WITH THIS ---GET CREATIVE! J
Three Theoretical Frameworks
Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, & Symbolic Interaction
I. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
A MACRO level theory –Focuses on large scale structures and institutions
Views a “society” as a “whole” consisting of interdependent and interrelated “parts.” The parts serve “functions” for the benefit of the whole.
One could envision the “parts” of a society as the different social institutions, social classes, or social groups—or, we could even envision PEOPLE as the parts!
Structural functionalists are interested in how to maintain social ORDER and STABILITY.
Image of Society: A living ORGANISM, with each part of the organism fulfilling a vital function for the whole
Image of Social change: Social changes proceeds in a gradual, linear, adaptive fashion—EVOLUTIONARY!
Fundamental Elements: Society is based upon SHARED VALUES—wh.
This document provides brief biographies and summaries of the works and contributions of several foundational thinkers in sociology. It outlines Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism and works like The Division of Labor in Society. It also summarizes the works of Emile Durkheim like Suicide, which examines how individual acts are influenced by social forces. Finally, it outlines the key concepts and works of other major sociological theorists like Max Weber, W.E.B. Du Bois, George Herbert Mead, and Erving Goffman.
This document provides an overview of sociological theory, outlining its early origins with thinkers like Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber. It then discusses later developments with George Herbert Mead and Talcott Parsons, before examining present-day approaches including the continuation of functionalism, structuralism, symbolic interactionism, and Marxism. Key concepts from different theorists are summarized for each approach.
This document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline. It discusses how sociology differs from natural sciences in focusing on abstract social features of human interaction. It outlines the key thinkers in sociology's development, including Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. It also summarizes major theoretical approaches within sociology like structural functionalism, social conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and rational choice theory based on whether they take a macro or micro perspective on human behavior.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in sociology. It discusses (1) the sociological perspective which looks at how social factors influence individual behavior, (2) key founders of sociology including Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber, and (3) goals and methods of sociology as a social science.
This document provides an overview of sociological perspectives on identity and culture from classical theorists like Durkheim, Marx, and functionalists like Parsons. It discusses key ideas around:
1) Durkheim's view that culture bonds individuals to groups through socialization and collective identity, while Marx saw culture as a means for ruling groups to justify dominance.
2) Functionalism sees society as a system and culture maintains order by socializing individuals, though it is criticized for ignoring conflict.
3) Marxism views society as structured by class conflict, and sees culture as a form of control used by ruling classes to maintain false consciousness among subordinate classes.
Talcott Parsons was an American sociologist who developed structural functionalism, which views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and social order. Parsons was influenced by theorists like Durkheim, Weber, Spencer, and Comte. He developed theories of social action, the social system, AGIL functions, and pattern variables. Parsons viewed society as made up of interdependent institutions that help society adapt, attain goals, integrate, and maintain social order. He believed rapid social change could disrupt this equilibrium.
This document discusses key concepts in population and demography. It defines components of population change like fertility, mortality, and migration. It summarizes Malthus' theory of overpopulation and the demographic transition model. It also describes the history of urbanization, contrasting preindustrial and industrial cities.
This document discusses key concepts in politics and political science. It defines politics, power, authority, and coercion. It also outlines the basic features of capitalism, socialism, democratic socialism, and political democracy. Additionally, it contrasts functionalist and conflict theories of the state and describes different forms of authority and government systems like autocracy, totalitarianism, and democracy.
The document discusses the functionalist and conflict theory views of education. According to functionalism, education serves the manifest functions of socializing children, transmitting culture, and developing skills, as well as latent functions like childcare and postponing job hunting. Conflict theory views education as preserving social class distinctions and social control. The document also examines issues in American education like unequal access, English language learners, high school dropouts, and standardized testing.
This document defines key elements of religion and discusses different perspectives on religion. It describes religion as a system that defines the sacred and helps explain life. It also outlines Durkheim's distinction between the profane and sacred. Functionalists view religion as serving functions like meeting needs and maintaining social order. Conflict theorists see religion as justifying the status quo and dominating groups. The document also differentiates between types of religious organizations and beliefs.
This document discusses the definition of family and marriage, variations in family structure including nuclear, polygamous, extended and other forms, functions of the family, rules around marriage such as endogamy and exogamy, changes to the traditional family structure, and emerging family types such as single-parent families, stepfamilies, gay and lesbian families, and singles households. It examines how the nuclear family has transformed over time in industrialized societies and the pressures it has faced.
This document discusses gender stratification and the distinction between sex and gender. It defines sex as the biological and physical differences between men and women, while gender refers to the social and cultural roles and identities associated with masculinity and femininity. The document then outlines various sociological perspectives on gender roles, including patriarchal religious views, biological views from ethnologists and sociobiologists, and gender inequality theories like functionalism and conflict theory. It also discusses gender socialization and discrimination women face in the business world.
This document discusses concepts related to race and ethnicity including:
1) Race has historically been defined along genetic, legal, and social lines, but the social definition is most important in interactions.
2) Terms like multiracial, interracial, and ethnic groups are defined.
3) Minorities are groups singled out for unequal treatment, and prejudice involves negative attitudes while discrimination involves unequal actions.
4) Racial and ethnic relations can involve assimilation, pluralism, subjugation, segregation, expulsion, or annihilation of groups.
The document discusses sources of social change, types of crowds and collective behavior, social movements, and cultural diffusion. It defines key concepts like social change, collective behavior, crowds, dispersed collectives, social movements stages, and cultural diffusion. Sources of social change include internal factors like technology, ideology, and reactions to inequality, as well as external factors like diffusion and forced acculturation. Crowds are temporary groups that can be acting, expressive, conventional, or casual. Dispersed collectives include masses, fads, fashions, rumors, public opinion, propaganda, and hysteria/panic. Social movements progress through incipiency, coalescence, institutionalization, fragmentation, and demise stages as they seek to
The document discusses several key concepts related to deviance:
- It defines deviance as behavior that violates social norms and explains that what is seen as deviant varies by culture and society.
- It outlines several sociological theories of deviance including functionalism, social control theory, strain theory, and labeling theory.
- It discusses different types of sanctions used to enforce social norms and regulate behavior.
- It differentiates between internal and external means of social control and biological, psychological, and sociological explanations of deviance.
This document discusses social groups and organizations. It defines social groups and distinguishes between primary and secondary groups. It also covers reference groups, group size, bureaucracy, and the "iron law of oligarchy." Additional topics include the nature and functions of groups, leadership roles, social aggregates, small and large groups/associations, and social institutions.
This chapter discusses different types of social interaction including exchange, cooperation, conflict, and competition. It defines key concepts like status, roles, role sets, role strain, and role conflict. It also covers dramaturgy's view of social interaction as performance and impression management. Finally, it explains ethnomethodology as the study of the implicit rules and norms that govern social behavior.
The document discusses social class structure in the United States. It describes the distribution of wealth and income, as well as functionalist and conflict theories of social stratification. It also examines poverty rates among different groups and consequences of social class. Functionalists believe social classes contribute to society, while conflict theorists see inequality emerging through group domination and exploitation.
This chapter discusses socialization and human development from biological and social perspectives. It explains that individuals are shaped by both nature and nurture as genetics interact with socialization experiences. The process of socialization teaches cultural knowledge and helps form personality. Extreme deprivation can harm development, as social attachments are crucial. Key theorists discussed include Cooley, Mead, Freud, and Erikson, who proposed stages of cognitive, moral, and identity development. Socialization occurs primarily through family, school, and peers during childhood, with additional socialization in adulthood through roles like career, marriage, parenthood, and aging.
The document discusses several key concepts related to culture, including:
- Defining culture and how it shapes human behavior and societies
- The differences between material and non-material culture
- The importance of language and how it shapes perception
- Cultural universals and the concept of subcultures
- The roles of innovation, diffusion, and cultural lag in cultural change
The document outlines the seven steps of the sociological research process: 1) defining the problem, 2) reviewing previous research, 3) developing hypotheses, 4) determining research design, 5) defining the sample and collecting data, 6) analyzing and interpreting data, and 7) preparing the research report. It discusses key concepts like independent and dependent variables, and the four main research methods: surveys, participant observation, experiments, and secondary analysis. It also covers issues of validity, reliability, research bias, sampling, and ethical concerns in sociological research.
1. SOCIOLOGY – The scientific study of human society and social
interactions.
2. SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION (C. Wright Mills) –
Looking at all types of individual human behavior and
searching for the common patterns.
3. ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY - COMTE
• August Comte was a philosopher .
• He coined the term sociology to refer to the science of man.
• He wanted to use the scientific methods of the natural
sciences to reveal the principles of society using empirical
means
• Comte suggested two areas of study:
• 1. Social Statics – The study of social structures and
interrelated parts
• 2. Social Dynamics – The study of social change and progress
in society
4. DEFINITIONS
• Def - Scientific Method: Process by which
knowledge is built through observation
experimentation, generalization and verification
• Def – Empiricism: Generalizations (findings) are
only valid if the are based on evidence that can
be observed directly, or verified through the
senses
• Def - Paradigm: A model or framework that
guides research
5. MARTINEAU
• Martineau was a social observer. Her choice of this endeavor
and her competence were in part due to her social isolation
caused by her handicaps.
• She was able to view society around her as an “OUTSIDER”
• She was an early proponent of using research findings to
improve society.
6. ORIGINS - HERBERT SPENCER
• Spencer was a philosopher. He created the term social
darwinism, to apply Darwin’s idea of “the survival of the
fittest” to society. He did this at two levels:
• 1. He applied it to individuals, and their standing within
society. Largely discredited, this view blamed the individual
for being poor, uneducated, or otherwise unsuccessful.
• 2. More importantly for future sociology he also applied the
idea to society in general. He saw society as made up of
interdependent parts that have to function well
together, while each meeting a specific need of society.
• - Early structural functionalist view
7. KARL MARX
• Marx was a historian and political economist. His predictions
of the rise of communism and his work toward that goal are
not important for sociology.
• However, his social criticism is important.
• CLASS CONFLICT - According to Marx:
• 1. All societies exhibit a struggle over scarce resources and
have inequality. (Feudalism, Capitalism)
• 2. In capitalism there are two main groups, owners and
workers. This division determines an individuals class.
• 3. Whoever controls the means of production, also controls
all other institutions in society (politics, education, religion)
8. MARX - continued
• 4. By means of this influence the owners control
norms, values, laws and beliefs of a society to keep control.
• 5. The focus on conflict between groups in society (for Marx this
was economic conflict) and the desire to fix the problem (of
oppressed workers for Marx) are his imprints on Sociology.
• Def - Conflict Theory – Each individual or group struggles to attain
the maximum benefit and society changes as groups vie with each
other. Created an explanation for change. Structural/functional
theories have trouble explaining change in a balanced society
•
9. KARL MARX
• Def - Evaluative Paradigm – Starts with a opinion about a
social fact, usually a critique/criticism.
• Then studies the problem, in part, to find ways to ameliorate
or fix it.
• Def - – to make or become better, more bearable or more
satisfactory.
• Modern Day extensions from economic criticism
• - feminism
• - race theory
• - gay rights
10. EMILE DURKHEIM
• Durkheim was a French sociologist. He held a structural
functionalist paradigm toward society.
• - This meant that he viewed society as an organism that is
necessary in its current form for individuals to co-exist in
society and to have social cohesion
• 2 types of social cohesion for Durkheim
• - Mechanical (old) – People are of the same mind because
they have the same experiences, status and background:
• - as in farming villages
• - Organic (new) Based on contract law that creates the
“rules” for interaction. Industrialization, Division of
Labor, specialization are components of organic society
11. DURKHEIM - SUICIDE
• Famous for his study of suicide which was one of the earliest
studies to apply the scientific method to a social problem.
• - Propose a theory - Suicide is a social fact based on levels
of social regulation and social integration.
• - Collect data – Used suicide rates collected by
governments (second hand data as opposed to primary)
• - Test the theory - Compare suicide rates between
groups with different levels of regulation and/or integration
• - Review the results to see if they confirm the theory and
create new theories based on results
12. DURKHEIM - SUICIDE
REGULATION – The amount of social INTEGRATION – The amount of
control exerted by all social cohesion the individual feels toward
institutions the group/society
• TOO MUCH REGULATION: • TOO MUCH INTEGRATION:
FATALISTIC SUICIDE – The • ALTRUISTIC SUICIDE – The
individual feels they cannot individual identifies too strongly
influence the outcome; with the group and will sacrifice
their life for them.
• TOO LITTLE REGULATION:
• ANOMIC SUICIDE – Collapse of • TOO LITTLE INTEGRATION:
regulatory • EGOISTIC SUICIDE - Low feelings
mechanisms, instability leads to of involvement or responsibility
confusion about goals and means to others. Excessive individualism
to achieve them. can favor suicide.
13. MAX WEBER
interactionist functionalist
• Verstehen – German word • However, Weber still felt
loosely translated as that the science needed to
empathetic understanding be scientific and rigorous.
• Sociology then is a science • He settled on using rational
concerned with the (logical) understanding of
interpretive understanding events
of social action • Ideal Types – Isolate key
• For Weber action is social if features of a phenomena
its subjective meaning takes (limited list). Then view and
into account the behavior of measure these to extract
others. scientific explanations.
14. WEBER
• Weber used ideal types to study many facets of
social life. He used historical and literature reviews
rather than statistical studies.
• Bureaucracy – Weber, as opposed to Marx, felt
bureaucratic management would control both
capitalist and socialist societies and the individuals
within them.
• - He saw it as the ultimate result of the rise of
rationality in modern society.
• IDEAL ELEMENTS OF BUREAUCRACY. - He identified
Officeholders, an hierarchy, written records, strict
rules to follow, and specialization.
15. WEBER
• Rise of Capitalism – Weber differed from Marx
about the explanation for the rise of
Capitalism. He started with the question of
why Protestants were more successful as
capitalists than Catholics
• Weber felt that the Protestant Ethic of hard
work and thrift, contributed to the capitalist
explosion in England and the United States.
• - Like Marx he looked to historical changes
to explain the rise of capitalism, but differed in
the answer.
16. WEBER
• Weber also disagreed with Marx’s view that the
economic order determined all influence and control
• He argued that there were three sources of influence
within society
• 1. Class – this was equivalent to Marx’s economic
position
• 2. Status – This is equivalent to prestige. EX: Type
of job (doctor) , elder in society, church official.
• 3. Political Party – This is equivalent with
power, the ability to determine law and
enforcement.
• For Weber a class was a group that was similar across
all three variables.
17. weber
• Weber did not explore the interpretive
understanding side of the discipline even
though he acknowledged its importance.
• This was left to the interactionists
18. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
• Mead was a philosopher at the University of
Chicago who was a pragmatist
• Def – Pragmatism- Test the truth of a belief by
its actual consequences. Tries to capture the
created, socially constructed reality
• Def – Phenomenology – Things do not have
meaning in and of themselves, their meaning
is created by like minded groups defining
them.
19. MEAD
• Symbolic Interactionism (SI) a term coined by
Sociologist Herbert Blumer followed Mead’s
philosophy:
• Def: SI - It is concerned with the meanings that
people place on their own and other’s behavior.
• They oppose Behaviorists who believe that
humans, like other animals simply respond to stimuli.
S - R.
• Mead added the Organism to the middle of this
equation S - O - R. The organism interprets the
meaning of the stimulus before reacting.
20. MEAD
• Herbert Blumer, Harold Garfinkel and Erving Goffman
all used the SI approach in sociology.
• This built upon, or expanded, Weber’s concept of
Verstehen.
• They view action as built up by the interaction of
people in social situations as they take into account
and interpret the actions of others.
• This work is now broadly called the
interactionist perspective, the third major
paradigm in sociology today.
21. W. E. B. DUBOIS
• First African American to earn a PHD from Harvard
• Established and chaired the Sociology program at
Atlanta University
• His early work followed a very empirical, scientific
method. He conducted a large scale survey of blacks
in Philadelphia with minimal assistance
• - Door to door survey of 4500 individuals
• First person to use a conflict theory approach to
discuss race relations instead of economic issues.
• Decried the position society had placed blacks in and
worked to improve their social and educational
position.
22. DUBOIS
• He extended the consideration of conflict within society
that sociologists study today to consider ethnicity.
(conflict theory)
• He followed in the footsteps of Martineau in that he did
not just identify the problems in society but felt it was
important that people work to fix them. (evaluative
paradigm)
• His work was not widely cited or accepted during his
early life due to both his subject and his status as an
outsider in a white, male academic world.
• This, and other factors, led him away from academics and
more into political action. He was a co-founder of the
NAACP.
23. 3 perspectives - Functionalism
• Structural/Functionalist: Studies mostly social structures.
• Def: Functionalism - Sees society as a system of
interrelated parts that function together well to enable
human coexistence. See society as stable and self-
regulating.
• Sociological Method: Analyze society by looking at the
parts and what purpose they serve and what positive
contribution they make.
• Primarily utilize the scientific method to create, test and
verify theories of social institutions.
• Durkheim and Weber both fit this schema. Although
Weber also recognized a role for considering individual
perspective.
24. 3 perspectives – Conflict theory
• Def: Conflict Theory – Proposes that each
individual, or group, struggles to maximize their
position an maintain it. This struggle leads to
changes in society, inequality, and conflict.
• See society in constant flux and change. Those with
power try to maintain it while others seek change.
• Sociological Method: Analyze society by looking at
the parts and what purpose they serve, but focus on
competition as opposed to smooth functioning.
• Primarily utilize the scientific method to create, test
and verify theories of social institutions
• Marx (economic) and DuBois (race relations) fit this
schema
25. 3 perspectives – Interactionist
• Def: Interactionist Perspective – Focuses on how people
interpret the social world in which they participate.
• Sees society as made up of meanings created by like minded
groups who interact with each other.
• Scientific Method: Analyze society by finding out how
understandings are built up and used to allow individuals to
function together.
• Use participant observation and other methods to study sub-
cultures much as anthropologists do with tribal cultures. Do
not usually generalize or verify(part of scientific method). Do
not create “grand” theories.
• Blumer, Garfinkel, Goffman used this methodology
Editor's Notes
Discuss social relations under fuedalismlords/owners tenants/workers
EXAMPLES: FATALISTIC – Vendor who set themselves on fire in Tunisia ALTRUISITIC - Suicide bombers – Japanese and Mideast ANOMIC - Suicide after stock market collapse EGOISTIC - Suicide by someone without friends or family, who feels they have nothing to live for. Notice the concept of balance, which exists in most functionalists world view.
Empathy – Walk a mile in another’s shoes, understand their viewpoint
German sociologistHeirarchy – People hold positions where there are levels of authority
Luther - Religious idea of a calling to do good works here on earchCalvin - Predestinaton, seeking signs of being of the elect, success was seen as thisBaxter - A duty of a calling and self control, placed emphasis on wealth. Earning and saving was good.\\This made the accumulation of capital a positive thing, where many religions of the time did not see this as a positive.
Example Native Alaskan language has numerous words for various types of snow. In most cultures these different types are not acknowledged, not a part of the “reality” of the culture.
SI MORE DETAIL IN CHAPTER 5 SOCIAL INTERACTION
Grand Theory – A theory that can explain all of the interrelations and actions in society. Parsons.