Glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia are related conditions involving sugar in the urine, excessive urine production, and excessive thirst, respectively. Glycosuria is typically caused by diabetes but can also occur during pregnancy or with certain diseases. Polyuria is usually due to diabetes, kidney problems, medications, or excessive fluid intake. Polydipsia is often a symptom of diabetes or conditions causing fluid loss that triggers thirst. Testing of urine and blood can help identify underlying causes like diabetes, infections, or renal issues. Treatment focuses on managing the cause when possible.

1. Chapter 11 Presentation Glycosuria, Polyuria, and PolydipsiaBy Laura Garcia

2. GlycosuriaGlycosuria refers to sugar in the urine. Less than 0.1% of glucose normally filtered by the glomeruli appears in the urine, and less than 130 mg should appear in the urine over a 24-hour period.Occasionally, glycosuria may be a normal finding, such as after eating a heavy meal or during times of emotional stress. Some individuals have a benign condition in which they have a lower than usual renal threshold for glucose, but have normal blood glucose levels. In pregnancy, the renal threshold for glucose may be lowered so that small amounts of glycosuria may be present. The most common reason for glycosuria is diabetes mellitus.

3. Diseases That can cause GlycosuriaDiabetes mellitusPregnancyHigh sugar diet Following a gastrectomyHyperthyroidismLiver diseaseRaised intracranial pressureLiver diseaseDiabetes mellitus type 2Glucose-galactosemalabsorptionHyperglycaemiaNephropathic early-onsecystinosisPregnancyProximal renal tubular acidosisRenal glycosuriaShwachman-Diamond syndromeSubarachnoid haemorrhag

4. Testing: Urine glucose tests are used to screen for diabetes, to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes, or to monitor diabetic control.Treating: Glycosuria alone is not necessarily a serious condition. Treatment is not usually necessary, although the underlying cause may requir.e therapy

5. PolyuriaPolyuria refers to the production of abnormally large amounts (more than 2.5 litres per day for adults) of urine. Normal urine production in an adult is 1 to 2 litres. Urine volume is influenced by factors such as fluid intake, blood pressure, dietary habits, temperature, medications, mental state and general health. As people age, their kidneys become less effective and urinary symptoms become more common. Polyuria is a fairly common symptom which is often noticed when it occurs at night. Polyuria is often accompanied by excessive fluid intake (polydipsia).

6. Symptoms: Too much fluid intake, particularly fluids containing caffeine or alcohol. Too much salt or glucose (if diabetic). Drug use, especially diuretics. Diabetes (both diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus). Psychogenic polydipsia, most common in women over age 30. Renal failure. Radiographic tests that use a contrast media (urine volume will increase for up to 24 hours following the dose).

7. Diagnosing Tests to investigate the cause of the polyuria, which may include: Urinalysis (analysis of the urine): for diabetes (looking for glucose, ketones) and signs of renal disease. Urine culture (testing for infections). Blood glucose levels. Blood electrolyte balance (test for renal function). 24 hour urine volume. Fluid deprivation test (the intake of fluids is restricted to see if the urine volume decreases). Further specialist investigations may be needed, such as renal ultrasound or biopsy, if the cause is not clear.

8. Polydipsiaexcessive thirst. It is characteristic of several different conditions, including diabetes mellitus, in which an excessive concentration of glucose in the blood osmotically pulls intracellular fluid into the bloodstream and increases the excretion of fluid by increased urination, which leads to hypovolemia and thirst.

9. Causefever burns stress sepsis anxiety polyuriadiarrhea vomiting diabetes cirrohsisdry mouth liver failure hot flashes dehydration heart failure kidney failure gastroenteritis hypercalcemiaeating disorder hot, dry climate juvenile diabetessevere infections high blood sugar profuse sweating frequent urination sickle cell anemia diabetes insipidusFanconi syndrome excessive bleeding salty or spicy meal type 1 & 2 diabetes hyperparathyroidismdengue shock syndromenot drinking enough water growth hormone deficiency excessive loss of water & salt hyperaldosteronism