The document defines polyuria as excessive urine production over 2.5-3L per day and describes its common causes like diabetes and diabetes insipidus. It also defines hypercalcemia as high blood calcium over 2.6mmol/L and lists its symptoms remembered by the mnemonic "Stones, Bones, Groans, Thrones, and Psychiatric Overtones". The document further discusses various types of diuresis and states that 90% of hypercalcemia cases are caused by primary hyperparathyroidism or cancer, while renal failure and vitamin D disorders can also cause it.

5. Endocrine Suffixes Defined!

6. Endocrine Suffixes Defined!
Polyuria and Hypercalcemia
By: Casey Bishop

7. Polyuria

8. Polyuria
Defined as the excessive or
overproduction/passage of urine

9. Polyuria
Defined as the excessive or
overproduction/passage of urine
2.5-3 L over a 24 hour period

10. Polyuria
Defined as the excessive or
overproduction/passage of urine
2.5-3 L over a 24 hour period
Not the same as frequent urination
but it is often an associated
symptom

11. Polyuria
Defined as the excessive or
overproduction/passage of urine
2.5-3 L over a 24 hour period
Not the same as frequent urination
but it is often an associated
symptom
AKA diuresis

12. Polyuria
Defined as the excessive or
overproduction/passage of urine
2.5-3 L over a 24 hour period
Not the same as frequent urination
but it is often an associated
symptom
AKA diuresis
Usually occurs in combination
with polydipsia (increased thirst)

13. Polyuria (cont.)

14. Polyuria (cont.)

15. Polyuria (cont.)
Many causes but most common
include:

16. Polyuria (cont.)
Many causes but most common
include:
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

17. Polyuria (cont.)
Many causes but most common
include:
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
primary polydipsia

18. Polyuria (cont.)
Many causes but most common
include:
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
primary polydipsia
various types of diabetes
insipidous

19. Polyuria (cont.)
Many causes but most common
include:
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
primary polydipsia
various types of diabetes
insipidous
Caused by lack of ADH or
presence of a diuretic

20. Polyuria (cont.)
Many causes but most common
include:
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
primary polydipsia
various types of diabetes
insipidous
Caused by lack of ADH or
presence of a diuretic
Can be controlled by vasopressin
(in the kidney) and ADH from the
posterior pituitary

21. Polyuria (cont.)

22. Polyuria (cont.)

23. Polyuria (cont.)
Many different types of diuresis

24. Polyuria (cont.)
Many different types of diuresis
Drug Induced (caffeine, alcohol, diuretics)

25. Polyuria (cont.)
Many different types of diuresis
Drug Induced (caffeine, alcohol, diuretics)
Cold diuresis

26. Polyuria (cont.)
Many different types of diuresis
Drug Induced (caffeine, alcohol, diuretics)
Cold diuresis
increased production of urine in
presence of cold

27. Polyuria (cont.)
Many different types of diuresis
Drug Induced (caffeine, alcohol, diuretics)
Cold diuresis
increased production of urine in
presence of cold
often linked to immersion diuresis (being
immersed in cold water increases urine
production)

28. Polyuria (cont.)
Many different types of diuresis
Drug Induced (caffeine, alcohol, diuretics)
Cold diuresis
increased production of urine in
presence of cold
often linked to immersion diuresis (being
immersed in cold water increases urine
production)
High-altitude diuresis

29. Polyuria (cont.)
Many different types of diuresis
Drug Induced (caffeine, alcohol, diuretics)
Cold diuresis
increased production of urine in
presence of cold
often linked to immersion diuresis (being
immersed in cold water increases urine
production)
High-altitude diuresis
being at altitudes over 10,000 ft will
cause increased urine production

30. Polyuria (cont.)
Many different types of diuresis
Drug Induced (caffeine, alcohol, diuretics)
Cold diuresis
increased production of urine in
presence of cold
often linked to immersion diuresis (being
immersed in cold water increases urine
production)
High-altitude diuresis
being at altitudes over 10,000 ft will
cause increased urine production
those who produce low amounts of urine
at high altitudes are not adjusting well

31. Hypercalcemia

32. Hypercalcemia

33. Hypercalcemia
Defined as the presence of too much calcium in
the blood (above 2.6 mmol/L)

34. Hypercalcemia
Defined as the presence of too much calcium in
the blood (above 2.6 mmol/L)
Common symptoms can be remembered by the
mnemonic device, “Stones, Bones, Groans,
Thrones, and Psychiatric Overtones”

35. Hypercalcemia
Defined as the presence of too much calcium in
the blood (above 2.6 mmol/L)
Common symptoms can be remembered by the
mnemonic device, “Stones, Bones, Groans,
Thrones, and Psychiatric Overtones”
Stones (kidney or biliary)

36. Hypercalcemia
Defined as the presence of too much calcium in
the blood (above 2.6 mmol/L)
Common symptoms can be remembered by the
mnemonic device, “Stones, Bones, Groans,
Thrones, and Psychiatric Overtones”
Stones (kidney or biliary)
Bones (ostealgia)

37. Hypercalcemia
Defined as the presence of too much calcium in
the blood (above 2.6 mmol/L)
Common symptoms can be remembered by the
mnemonic device, “Stones, Bones, Groans,
Thrones, and Psychiatric Overtones”
Stones (kidney or biliary)
Bones (ostealgia)
Groans (abdominal pain/nausea)

38. Hypercalcemia
Defined as the presence of too much calcium in
the blood (above 2.6 mmol/L)
Common symptoms can be remembered by the
mnemonic device, “Stones, Bones, Groans,
Thrones, and Psychiatric Overtones”
Stones (kidney or biliary)
Bones (ostealgia)
Groans (abdominal pain/nausea)
Thrones (sitting on toilet, polyuria)

39. Hypercalcemia
Defined as the presence of too much calcium in
the blood (above 2.6 mmol/L)
Common symptoms can be remembered by the
mnemonic device, “Stones, Bones, Groans,
Thrones, and Psychiatric Overtones”
Stones (kidney or biliary)
Bones (ostealgia)
Groans (abdominal pain/nausea)
Thrones (sitting on toilet, polyuria)
Psychiatric overtones (depression, anxiety,
anorexia)

40. Hypercalcemia
Defined as the presence of too much calcium in
the blood (above 2.6 mmol/L)
Common symptoms can be remembered by the
mnemonic device, “Stones, Bones, Groans,
Thrones, and Psychiatric Overtones”
Stones (kidney or biliary)
Bones (ostealgia)
Groans (abdominal pain/nausea)
Thrones (sitting on toilet, polyuria)
Psychiatric overtones (depression, anxiety,
anorexia)
Other symptoms include fatigue and pancreatitis

41. Hypercalcemia
Defined as the presence of too much calcium in
the blood (above 2.6 mmol/L)
Common symptoms can be remembered by the
mnemonic device, “Stones, Bones, Groans,
Thrones, and Psychiatric Overtones”
Stones (kidney or biliary)
Bones (ostealgia)
Groans (abdominal pain/nausea)
Thrones (sitting on toilet, polyuria)
Psychiatric overtones (depression, anxiety,
anorexia)
Other symptoms include fatigue and pancreatitis

42. Hypercalcemia (cont.)

43. Hypercalcemia (cont.)

44. Hypercalcemia (cont.)
Can lead to increased gastrin
production and ultimately peptic
ulcers

45. Hypercalcemia (cont.)
Can lead to increased gastrin
production and ultimately peptic
ulcers
Abnormal heart rhythms (short
QT interval, widened T wave)
similar to MI are common in EKG

46. Hypercalcemia (cont.)
Can lead to increased gastrin
production and ultimately peptic
ulcers
Abnormal heart rhythms (short
QT interval, widened T wave)
similar to MI are common in EKG
Levels of calcium over 3.75
mmol/L is considered a medical
emergency and will cause slowed

47. Hypercalcemia (cont.)

48. Hypercalcemia (cont.)

49. Hypercalcemia (cont.)
90% of those with
hypercalcemia have
primary
hyperparathyroidism
(overproduction of PTH) or
malignant cancer

50. Hypercalcemia (cont.)
90% of those with
hypercalcemia have
primary
hyperparathyroidism
(overproduction of PTH) or
malignant cancer
Can also be caused by renal
failure and certain vitamin
D deficiency disorders

51. Hypercalcemia (cont.)
90% of those with
hypercalcemia have
primary
hyperparathyroidism
(overproduction of PTH) or
malignant cancer
Can also be caused by renal
failure and certain vitamin
D deficiency disorders