Polyuria is the excessive production of urine, defined as more than 10 liters per day, and can be caused by conditions like diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, use of diuretics, or hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia refers to elevated levels of calcium in the bloodstream, most commonly caused by overproduction of parathyroid hormone, and symptoms include gastrointestinal issues, kidney problems, and bone pain. Both polyuria and hypercalcemia are diagnosed through blood tests measuring calcium and urine output levels.

1. Endocrine System Terms
Polyuria
Hypercalcemia
By Nina Ruscheva

2. Endocrine System Terms
- uria - characteristic or - Emia – condition of the
blood
constituent of the urine

3. Polyuria
The formation and excretion of large
amounts of urine. Urine is usually light or
colorless. It contains an excess of sugar,
which is eliminated from
the body. It can provide
up to 10 liters of urine
per day.

4. Polyuria
Causes:
 Diabetes insipidus
 Diabetes mellitus
 Use of diuretics
 Excessive fluid intake
 Hypercalcemia

5. Polyuria
 Compensatory polyuria (Physiological
polyuria) – the result of increased fluid intake;
 Pathological polyuria – caused by a disease
of the kidney or disorder elsewhere in the
body, e.g. diabetes mellitus or liver failure;
 Pharmacological polyuria – caused by
administered fluids or medication such as
glucocorticoids or diuretics.

6. Hypercalcemia
Elevated levels of
calcium in the
bloodstream most
commonly caused by
overproduction of
parathyroid hormone.

7. Hypercalcemia
Symptoms:
 Gastrointestinal conditions – constipation, nausea,
decreased appetite, abdominal pain, peptic ulcer disease;
 Kidney-related conditions – kidney stones, flank pain,
frequent urination;
 Psychological conditions – confusion, dementia, memory
loss, depression;
 Bone pain and bone-related conditions – bone aches
and pains, fractures, curving of the spine and loss of height.

8. Hypercalcemia
Causes:
 Cancers, especially lung cancer and breast cancer;
 Immobilization over a long period of time;
 Kidney failure;
 Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) or excessive thyroid
hormone intake;
 Use of certain medications such as the thiazide diuretics
 Inherited kidney or metabolic conditions;
 Excessive vitamin D levels from vitamins, excessive dietary
calcium, or from diseases that may result in excess vitamin D
production.

9. Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia is diagnosed with blood test.
Elevation of serum calcium, usually more
than 14 mg/dL, is associated with acute signs
and symptoms of hypercalcemia.
Normal range of serum calcium levels is 8.7-
10.4 mg/dL

10. Hypercalcemia