The document discusses a computer organization and architecture course. It provides an overview of course topics including computing environments, combinational circuits, number systems, and base conversions. It also gives examples of Boolean algebra, truth tables, Karnaugh maps, and minimizing logic functions. Combinational circuits are represented using algebraic expressions, truth tables, and circuit diagrams. Methods for simplifying Boolean functions include algebraic manipulation, Karnaugh maps, and the Quine-McCluskey algorithm.
This document provides an overview of using R for financial modeling. It covers basic R commands for calculations, vectors, matrices, lists, data frames, and importing/exporting data. Graphical functions like plots, bar plots, pie charts, and boxplots are demonstrated. Advanced topics discussed include distributions, parameter estimation, correlations, linear and nonlinear regression, technical analysis packages, and practical exercises involving financial data analysis and modeling.
This document discusses algorithms and data structures. It begins by defining an algorithm as a set of instructions to accomplish a task and lists criteria such as being unambiguous and terminating. Data types and abstract data types are introduced. Methods for analyzing programs are covered, including time and space complexity using asymptotic notation. Examples are provided to illustrate iterative and recursive algorithms for summing lists as well as matrix operations.
peRm R group. Review of packages for r for market data downloading and analysisVyacheslav Arbuzov
This document summarizes R packages for downloading market data. It discusses packages such as quantmod, tseries, rdatamarket, and rBloomberg that can be used to access stock, economic, and financial time series data from various sources including Yahoo Finance, Google Finance, FRED, DataMarket, and Bloomberg. It provides examples of functions to download and visualize different types of market data using these packages.
This document discusses parallel prefix adders. It provides background on parallel prefix operations and defines binary addition as a parallel prefix problem. The key steps of carry lookahead adders are described, including precomputing propagate and generate values, calculating carries through a carry generation block, and combining carries and propagates to generate the sum. Several parallel prefix adder architectures are introduced, including the Sklansky conditional adder, Kogge-Stone adder, and Ladner-Fischer adder, which aim to optimize parameters like depth, node count, and fan-out.
This document provides information about minimizing Boolean functions using Karnaugh maps. It discusses how Karnaugh maps can be used to simplify Boolean expressions into sums of products. Different examples are provided to demonstrate how to minimize functions with 2, 3, 4, and 5 variables using Karnaugh maps. Additional topics covered include don't care conditions, implementing logic with NAND and NOR gates, and exclusive OR functions.
Cbse question paper class_xii_paper_2000Deepak Singh
This document contains the 2000 Delhi Board Computer Science question paper with C++. It has 7 questions covering topics like functions, classes, arrays, SQL, Boolean algebra, logic gates, and computer networks. Students had to write code, draw circuits, perform queries on a database, simplify Boolean expressions and more. It provides an overview of the scope and difficulty level of the C++ exam for that year.
This document provides an introduction to financial modeling in R. It begins with basic R commands for calculations, vectors, matrices, and data frames. It then covers importing and exporting data, basic graphs, distributions, correlations, and linear regression. More advanced topics include non-linear regression, graphics packages, downloading stock data, and estimating volatility and value at risk. Practical exercises are provided to work with financial data, estimate distributions, correlations, and models.
THIS PPT IS PRESENTED TO PROF. RAVITESH MISHRA FROM EC FINAL YEAR STUDENTS MADE FROM RAZAVI,DESIGN OF ANALOG CMOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS ON DATAPATH SUBSYSTEM-MULTIPLICATION
This document provides an overview of using R for financial modeling. It covers basic R commands for calculations, vectors, matrices, lists, data frames, and importing/exporting data. Graphical functions like plots, bar plots, pie charts, and boxplots are demonstrated. Advanced topics discussed include distributions, parameter estimation, correlations, linear and nonlinear regression, technical analysis packages, and practical exercises involving financial data analysis and modeling.
This document discusses algorithms and data structures. It begins by defining an algorithm as a set of instructions to accomplish a task and lists criteria such as being unambiguous and terminating. Data types and abstract data types are introduced. Methods for analyzing programs are covered, including time and space complexity using asymptotic notation. Examples are provided to illustrate iterative and recursive algorithms for summing lists as well as matrix operations.
peRm R group. Review of packages for r for market data downloading and analysisVyacheslav Arbuzov
This document summarizes R packages for downloading market data. It discusses packages such as quantmod, tseries, rdatamarket, and rBloomberg that can be used to access stock, economic, and financial time series data from various sources including Yahoo Finance, Google Finance, FRED, DataMarket, and Bloomberg. It provides examples of functions to download and visualize different types of market data using these packages.
This document discusses parallel prefix adders. It provides background on parallel prefix operations and defines binary addition as a parallel prefix problem. The key steps of carry lookahead adders are described, including precomputing propagate and generate values, calculating carries through a carry generation block, and combining carries and propagates to generate the sum. Several parallel prefix adder architectures are introduced, including the Sklansky conditional adder, Kogge-Stone adder, and Ladner-Fischer adder, which aim to optimize parameters like depth, node count, and fan-out.
This document provides information about minimizing Boolean functions using Karnaugh maps. It discusses how Karnaugh maps can be used to simplify Boolean expressions into sums of products. Different examples are provided to demonstrate how to minimize functions with 2, 3, 4, and 5 variables using Karnaugh maps. Additional topics covered include don't care conditions, implementing logic with NAND and NOR gates, and exclusive OR functions.
Cbse question paper class_xii_paper_2000Deepak Singh
This document contains the 2000 Delhi Board Computer Science question paper with C++. It has 7 questions covering topics like functions, classes, arrays, SQL, Boolean algebra, logic gates, and computer networks. Students had to write code, draw circuits, perform queries on a database, simplify Boolean expressions and more. It provides an overview of the scope and difficulty level of the C++ exam for that year.
This document provides an introduction to financial modeling in R. It begins with basic R commands for calculations, vectors, matrices, and data frames. It then covers importing and exporting data, basic graphs, distributions, correlations, and linear regression. More advanced topics include non-linear regression, graphics packages, downloading stock data, and estimating volatility and value at risk. Practical exercises are provided to work with financial data, estimate distributions, correlations, and models.
THIS PPT IS PRESENTED TO PROF. RAVITESH MISHRA FROM EC FINAL YEAR STUDENTS MADE FROM RAZAVI,DESIGN OF ANALOG CMOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS ON DATAPATH SUBSYSTEM-MULTIPLICATION
Finagle is Twitter's open source RPC library that allows composing asynchronous RPC requests like functions. It provides three key abstractions: Futures for asynchronous computations, Services for RPC functions, and ServiceFactories for creating Services. Finagle handles load balancing, connection pooling, failure detection, and other distributed systems concerns through composable layers above a transport layer.
The document contains questions from a switching theory and logic design exam. It asks students to answer any five of eight questions. The questions cover topics like:
1. Complements and duals of Boolean functions
2. Implementing logic circuits with PLA and K-maps
3. Sequential circuits like counters, flip-flops and state machines
4. Codes like binary, gray and hamming codes
5. Arithmetic operations using binary numbers
This document appears to be an exam paper for an introductory computing course. It provides instructions for a 3 hour exam with 50 multiple choice questions worth 2 marks each. Negative marking of 1 mark is applied for incorrect answers. Students are instructed to write their name and roll number on the question paper and answer sheet. Use of mobile phones or calculators during the exam is prohibited.
The document discusses functions in mathematics and programming. In mathematics, a function defines a relationship between inputs and outputs. The domain is the set of valid inputs, and the range is the set of valid outputs. In programming, functions perform actions and return values. The argument type specifies valid input types, analogous to the mathematical domain, while the return type specifies the output type, analogous to the range. The C standard library contains common mathematical functions like abs, sqrt, and cos. Functions can be used in expressions and assignments like variables.
This document provides an overview and introduction to using the statistical programming language R. It begins with basic commands for performing calculations and creating vectors, matrices, and data frames. It then covers importing and exporting data, basic graphs and statistical distributions, correlations, linear and nonlinear regression, advanced graphics, and accessing financial data packages. The document concludes with proposing practical tasks for workshop participants to work with financial data in R.
This document provides an R tutorial for an undergraduate climate workshop. It introduces key concepts in R including data types, arrays, matrices, data frames, packages, and basic plotting. It demonstrates how to perform calculations, subset data, install and load packages, create different plot types like histograms and maps, and use functions like quantile and quilt.plot. Exercises include drawing a histogram of ozone values and calculating quantiles.
Using R in financial modeling provides an introduction to using R for financial applications. It discusses importing stock price data from various sources and visualizing it using basic graphs and technical indicators. It also covers topics like calculating returns, estimating distributions of returns, correlations, volatility modeling, and value at risk calculations. The document provides examples of commands and functions in R to perform these financial analytics tasks on sample stock price data.
SciPy and NumPy are Python packages that provide scientific computing capabilities. NumPy provides multidimensional array objects and fast linear algebra functions. SciPy builds on NumPy and adds modules for optimization, integration, signal and image processing, and more. Together, NumPy and SciPy give Python powerful data analysis and visualization capabilities. The community contributes to both projects to expand their functionality. Memory mapped arrays in NumPy allow working with large datasets that exceed system memory.
Presentation 2(power point presentation) dis2016Daniel Omunting
(1) The document discusses constructing a CMOS static diagram based on the Boolean equations X1 = (A+B+C)D and X2 = (AB) + (CD).
(2) For X1 = (A+B+C)D, the pull-up network is (A·B·C) + D and the pull-down network is (A+B+C)D.
(3) For X2 = (AB) + (CD), the pull-up network is (A+B)·(C+D) and the pull-down network is (AB) + (CD).
We experimentally study the fundamental problem of computing the volume of a convex polytope given as an intersection of linear inequalities. We implement and evaluate practical randomized algorithms for accurately approximating the polytope’s volume in high dimensions (e.g. one hundred). To carry out this efficiently we experimentally correlate the effect of parameters, such as random walk length and number of sample points, on accuracy andruntime. Moreover, we exploit the problem’s geometry by implementing an iterative rounding procedure, computing partial generations of random points and designing fast polytope boundary oracles. Our publicly available code is significantly faster than exact computation and more accurate than existing approximation methods. We provide volume approximations for the Birkhoff polytopes B11,...,B15, whereas exact methods have only computed that ofB10.
This document summarizes two algorithms for computing properties of high-dimensional polytopes given access to certain oracle functions:
1. An algorithm for computing the edge-skeleton of a polytope in oracle polynomial-time using an oracle that returns the vertex maximizing a linear function.
2. A randomized algorithm for approximating the volume of a polytope by generating random points within it using a hit-and-run process, and estimating the volume from these points. The algorithm runs in oracle polynomial-time and provides an approximation with high probability.
Experimental results show the volume algorithm can approximate volumes of polytopes up to 100 dimensions within 1% error in under 2 hours, outperforming exact
Efficient Volume and Edge-Skeleton Computation for Polytopes Given by OraclesVissarion Fisikopoulos
The document discusses efficient algorithms for computing volume and edge skeletons of polytopes defined implicitly by optimization oracles. It presents an algorithm to compute the edge skeleton of a polytope in oracle calls and arithmetic operations. It also describes using geometric random walks and optimization oracles to approximate polytope volume, which is more efficient than exact computation for high dimensions. Experimental results show the approach computes volume within minutes for polytopes up to dimension 12 with less than 2% error.
Digital systems:
Design of a Burglar Alarm using Simple Combinational Logic.
FPGA design verified on BASYS experimenter board utilizing Verilog programming language in Xilinx design suite.
The document describes Katrina Little's design of a multi-function gate that can perform the logic functions of AND, OR, NOR, and NAND. The gate uses two data inputs (A and B) and two operation selection lines (X and Y) to determine which function to perform. Katrina presents the design methodology including truth tables, a Karnaugh map to simplify the function, and a Verilog implementation. She then outlines a test plan to simulate the design in a schematic capture tool and verify the physical implementation on a BASYS1 FPGA board matches the expected output.
16-bit 3 number designed using two divide and conquer techniques namely:
Wait Strategy
Design for all cases strategy
The implementation for this project was done in the FPGA simulator Quartus
This document describes the design of a small functional programming language called FμN. It covers the language definition, grammar, syntax highlighting rules, examples of defining and using functions like factorial, and how FμN code would be analyzed, transformed, compiled and executed. The execution model is based on abstract machines like the J-L Krivine machine. The goal is to implement a complete FμN interpreter and runtime in the browser.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Python programming language. It discusses Python's origins and philosophy of being readable, powerful, and allowing for rapid development. Key Python features highlighted include dynamic typing, automatic memory management, object-oriented programming, and extensive standard libraries. The document also provides examples of basic Python syntax like variables, strings, lists, functions, control flow, and dictionaries.
This document provides an overview of Octave, an open-source alternative to MATLAB. It begins with an introduction describing Octave as a high-level programming language used for matrix computations. It then discusses Octave's history and development. The document outlines some key issues for MATLAB users in switching to Octave, including its free and open-source licensing. It also provides technical details on how Octave is written and implemented. The remainder of the document covers important Octave commands, introduces matrices and vectors, and describes plotting, functions, scripts, and the main differences between Octave and MATLAB.
CUDA First Programs: Computer Architecture CSE448 : UAA Alaska : NotesSubhajit Sahu
The document provides examples of simple CUDA programs for adding vectors and 2D arrays using kernel functions. It begins with a "Hello World" CUDA program and explains how to compile and run it. It then shows a CUDA program that adds two numbers in a kernel function using thread indexing. Next, it presents a CUDA program for adding two vectors with one thread per element. Finally, it demonstrates how to map a 2D array to linear memory and write a kernel to add 2D arrays using block indexing.
Ec2203 digital electronics questions anna university by www.annaunivedu.organnaunivedu
EC2203 Digital Electronics Anna University Important Questions for 3rd Semester ECE , EC2203 Digital Electronics Important Questions, 3rd Sem Question papers,
http://www.annaunivedu.org/digital-electronics-ec-2203-previous-year-question-paper-for-3rd-sem-ece-anna-univ-question/
The document discusses combinational circuits and components. It covers topics like magnitude comparators, adders, multiplexers, and how they can be implemented using logic gates. Specifically, it provides examples of a 4-bit magnitude comparator and 4-bit ripple carry adder. It also discusses the design and truth table of a 2-to-1 multiplexer. Project 2 details are announced which involves designing eight logic functions.
Finagle is Twitter's open source RPC library that allows composing asynchronous RPC requests like functions. It provides three key abstractions: Futures for asynchronous computations, Services for RPC functions, and ServiceFactories for creating Services. Finagle handles load balancing, connection pooling, failure detection, and other distributed systems concerns through composable layers above a transport layer.
The document contains questions from a switching theory and logic design exam. It asks students to answer any five of eight questions. The questions cover topics like:
1. Complements and duals of Boolean functions
2. Implementing logic circuits with PLA and K-maps
3. Sequential circuits like counters, flip-flops and state machines
4. Codes like binary, gray and hamming codes
5. Arithmetic operations using binary numbers
This document appears to be an exam paper for an introductory computing course. It provides instructions for a 3 hour exam with 50 multiple choice questions worth 2 marks each. Negative marking of 1 mark is applied for incorrect answers. Students are instructed to write their name and roll number on the question paper and answer sheet. Use of mobile phones or calculators during the exam is prohibited.
The document discusses functions in mathematics and programming. In mathematics, a function defines a relationship between inputs and outputs. The domain is the set of valid inputs, and the range is the set of valid outputs. In programming, functions perform actions and return values. The argument type specifies valid input types, analogous to the mathematical domain, while the return type specifies the output type, analogous to the range. The C standard library contains common mathematical functions like abs, sqrt, and cos. Functions can be used in expressions and assignments like variables.
This document provides an overview and introduction to using the statistical programming language R. It begins with basic commands for performing calculations and creating vectors, matrices, and data frames. It then covers importing and exporting data, basic graphs and statistical distributions, correlations, linear and nonlinear regression, advanced graphics, and accessing financial data packages. The document concludes with proposing practical tasks for workshop participants to work with financial data in R.
This document provides an R tutorial for an undergraduate climate workshop. It introduces key concepts in R including data types, arrays, matrices, data frames, packages, and basic plotting. It demonstrates how to perform calculations, subset data, install and load packages, create different plot types like histograms and maps, and use functions like quantile and quilt.plot. Exercises include drawing a histogram of ozone values and calculating quantiles.
Using R in financial modeling provides an introduction to using R for financial applications. It discusses importing stock price data from various sources and visualizing it using basic graphs and technical indicators. It also covers topics like calculating returns, estimating distributions of returns, correlations, volatility modeling, and value at risk calculations. The document provides examples of commands and functions in R to perform these financial analytics tasks on sample stock price data.
SciPy and NumPy are Python packages that provide scientific computing capabilities. NumPy provides multidimensional array objects and fast linear algebra functions. SciPy builds on NumPy and adds modules for optimization, integration, signal and image processing, and more. Together, NumPy and SciPy give Python powerful data analysis and visualization capabilities. The community contributes to both projects to expand their functionality. Memory mapped arrays in NumPy allow working with large datasets that exceed system memory.
Presentation 2(power point presentation) dis2016Daniel Omunting
(1) The document discusses constructing a CMOS static diagram based on the Boolean equations X1 = (A+B+C)D and X2 = (AB) + (CD).
(2) For X1 = (A+B+C)D, the pull-up network is (A·B·C) + D and the pull-down network is (A+B+C)D.
(3) For X2 = (AB) + (CD), the pull-up network is (A+B)·(C+D) and the pull-down network is (AB) + (CD).
We experimentally study the fundamental problem of computing the volume of a convex polytope given as an intersection of linear inequalities. We implement and evaluate practical randomized algorithms for accurately approximating the polytope’s volume in high dimensions (e.g. one hundred). To carry out this efficiently we experimentally correlate the effect of parameters, such as random walk length and number of sample points, on accuracy andruntime. Moreover, we exploit the problem’s geometry by implementing an iterative rounding procedure, computing partial generations of random points and designing fast polytope boundary oracles. Our publicly available code is significantly faster than exact computation and more accurate than existing approximation methods. We provide volume approximations for the Birkhoff polytopes B11,...,B15, whereas exact methods have only computed that ofB10.
This document summarizes two algorithms for computing properties of high-dimensional polytopes given access to certain oracle functions:
1. An algorithm for computing the edge-skeleton of a polytope in oracle polynomial-time using an oracle that returns the vertex maximizing a linear function.
2. A randomized algorithm for approximating the volume of a polytope by generating random points within it using a hit-and-run process, and estimating the volume from these points. The algorithm runs in oracle polynomial-time and provides an approximation with high probability.
Experimental results show the volume algorithm can approximate volumes of polytopes up to 100 dimensions within 1% error in under 2 hours, outperforming exact
Efficient Volume and Edge-Skeleton Computation for Polytopes Given by OraclesVissarion Fisikopoulos
The document discusses efficient algorithms for computing volume and edge skeletons of polytopes defined implicitly by optimization oracles. It presents an algorithm to compute the edge skeleton of a polytope in oracle calls and arithmetic operations. It also describes using geometric random walks and optimization oracles to approximate polytope volume, which is more efficient than exact computation for high dimensions. Experimental results show the approach computes volume within minutes for polytopes up to dimension 12 with less than 2% error.
Digital systems:
Design of a Burglar Alarm using Simple Combinational Logic.
FPGA design verified on BASYS experimenter board utilizing Verilog programming language in Xilinx design suite.
The document describes Katrina Little's design of a multi-function gate that can perform the logic functions of AND, OR, NOR, and NAND. The gate uses two data inputs (A and B) and two operation selection lines (X and Y) to determine which function to perform. Katrina presents the design methodology including truth tables, a Karnaugh map to simplify the function, and a Verilog implementation. She then outlines a test plan to simulate the design in a schematic capture tool and verify the physical implementation on a BASYS1 FPGA board matches the expected output.
16-bit 3 number designed using two divide and conquer techniques namely:
Wait Strategy
Design for all cases strategy
The implementation for this project was done in the FPGA simulator Quartus
This document describes the design of a small functional programming language called FμN. It covers the language definition, grammar, syntax highlighting rules, examples of defining and using functions like factorial, and how FμN code would be analyzed, transformed, compiled and executed. The execution model is based on abstract machines like the J-L Krivine machine. The goal is to implement a complete FμN interpreter and runtime in the browser.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Python programming language. It discusses Python's origins and philosophy of being readable, powerful, and allowing for rapid development. Key Python features highlighted include dynamic typing, automatic memory management, object-oriented programming, and extensive standard libraries. The document also provides examples of basic Python syntax like variables, strings, lists, functions, control flow, and dictionaries.
This document provides an overview of Octave, an open-source alternative to MATLAB. It begins with an introduction describing Octave as a high-level programming language used for matrix computations. It then discusses Octave's history and development. The document outlines some key issues for MATLAB users in switching to Octave, including its free and open-source licensing. It also provides technical details on how Octave is written and implemented. The remainder of the document covers important Octave commands, introduces matrices and vectors, and describes plotting, functions, scripts, and the main differences between Octave and MATLAB.
CUDA First Programs: Computer Architecture CSE448 : UAA Alaska : NotesSubhajit Sahu
The document provides examples of simple CUDA programs for adding vectors and 2D arrays using kernel functions. It begins with a "Hello World" CUDA program and explains how to compile and run it. It then shows a CUDA program that adds two numbers in a kernel function using thread indexing. Next, it presents a CUDA program for adding two vectors with one thread per element. Finally, it demonstrates how to map a 2D array to linear memory and write a kernel to add 2D arrays using block indexing.
Ec2203 digital electronics questions anna university by www.annaunivedu.organnaunivedu
EC2203 Digital Electronics Anna University Important Questions for 3rd Semester ECE , EC2203 Digital Electronics Important Questions, 3rd Sem Question papers,
http://www.annaunivedu.org/digital-electronics-ec-2203-previous-year-question-paper-for-3rd-sem-ece-anna-univ-question/
The document discusses combinational circuits and components. It covers topics like magnitude comparators, adders, multiplexers, and how they can be implemented using logic gates. Specifically, it provides examples of a 4-bit magnitude comparator and 4-bit ripple carry adder. It also discusses the design and truth table of a 2-to-1 multiplexer. Project 2 details are announced which involves designing eight logic functions.
The document discusses digital logic design and covers the following topics:
- Basics of logic gates and digital circuits including transistors, integration levels, and logic functions.
- Combinational circuits such as multiplexers, demultiplexers, decoders, comparators, adders, and arithmetic logic units (ALUs). Specific circuit examples and implementations are provided.
- Sequential circuits are mentioned but not covered in detail.
I am Andrew O. I am a Computer Science Assignment Help Expert at programminghomeworkhelp.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Programming, Southampton, UK. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 10 years. I solve assignments related to Computer Science.
Visit programminghomeworkhelp.com or email support@programminghomeworkhelp.com.You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Computer Science assignments.
This document contains a sample paper for Class XII Computer Science subject. It has 7 questions covering various topics in C++ programming. Question 1 has multiple parts on variables, built-in functions, error correction, output of programs, function overloading. Question 2 covers classes, constructors, inheritance. Question 3 includes array and memory problems. Question 4 tests file handling concepts. Questions 5-7 deal with SQL, Boolean algebra, networking, and cyber crimes respectively. The paper tests a range of skills from syntax to problem solving to applying concepts.
This document contains a worksheet for the Compiler Design course CS6660. It includes questions related to lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and code generation. Specifically, it asks students to construct symbol tables, finite automata, parse trees, and three-address code. The questions are meant to help students learn and practice different phases of compiler construction.
IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Signal Processing. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & Signal Processing concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Design and realization of microelectronic systems using VLSI/ULSI technologies require close collaboration among scientists and engineers in the fields of systems architecture, logic and circuit design, chips and wafer fabrication, packaging, testing and systems applications. Generation of specifications, design and verification must be performed at all abstraction levels, including the system, register-transfer, logic, circuit, transistor and process levels
The presentation discusses the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) of a computer. It provides an overview of topics related to computer arithmetic including number representation methods, addition and multiplication algorithms, and floating-point representation and arithmetic. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations and is a key component in the datapath of a processor. Number representation, such as binary, hexadecimal, and floating-point, affects the ease of performing arithmetic operations in hardware.
This document presents the design and implementation of an FPGA-based BCH decoder. It discusses BCH codes, which are binary error-correcting codes used in wireless communications. The implemented decoder is for a (15, 5, 3) BCH code, meaning it can correct up to 3 errors in a block of 15 bits. The decoder uses a serial input/output architecture and is implemented using VHDL on a FPGA device. It performs BCH decoding through syndrome calculation, running the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm to solve the key equation, and using Chien search to find error locations. The simulation result verifies correct decoding operation.
This document discusses canonical and standard forms in digital logic circuits. It defines minterms and maxterms, and describes how to convert between sum of products and product of sums forms. Procedures for converting Boolean functions to sum of minterms and product of maxterms are provided with examples. Other logic operations such as XOR and XNOR are also defined.
ECE 2103_L6 Boolean Algebra Canonical Forms [Autosaved].pptxMdJubayerFaisalEmon
This document discusses digital system design and Boolean algebra concepts. It covers canonical and standard forms, minterms and maxterms, conversions between forms, sum of minterms, product of maxterms, and other logic operations. Examples are provided to demonstrate minimizing Boolean functions using K-maps and converting between standard forms. DeMorgan's laws and other Boolean algebra properties are also explained. Tutorial problems are given at the end to practice simplifying Boolean expressions and converting between standard forms.
MATLAB DOCUMENTATION ON SOME OF THE MODULES
A.Generate videos in which a skeleton of a person doing the following Gestures.
1.Tilting his head to right and left
2.Tilting his hand to right and left
3.Walking
in matlab.
B. Write a MATLAB program that converts a decimal number to Roman number and vice versa.
C.Using EZ plot & anonymous functions plot the following:
· Y=Sqrt(X)
· Y= X^2
· Y=e^(-XY)
D.Take your picture and
· Show R, G, B channels along with RGB Image in same figure using sub figure.
· Convert into HSV( Hue, saturation and value) and show the H,S,V channels along with HSV image
E.Record your name pronounced by yourself. Try to display the signal(name) in a plot vs Time, using matlab.
F.Write a script to open a new figure and plot five circles, all centered at the origin and with increasing radii. Set the line width for each circle to something thick (at least 2 points), and use the colors from a 5-color jet colormap (jet).
G. NEWTON RAPHSON AND SECANT METHOD
H.Write any one of the program to do following things using file concept.
1.Create or Open a file
2. Read data from the file and write data to another file
3. Append some text to already existed file
4. Close the file
I.Write a function to perform following set operations
1.Union of A and B
2. Intersection of A and B
3. Complement of A and B
(Assume A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B= {2, 4, 6})
The document describes several Adobe interview test papers that the author took. It provides examples of questions asked in sections on coding (C/Java), data structures, algorithms, quantitative aptitude, and logical reasoning. Some example questions include finding the fourth smallest element in a binary search tree, reversing a linked list, checking if all computers are connected in a network, and problems involving arithmetic, triangles, and pie charts. The tests focused on fundamental concepts in coding, data structures, algorithms, and math.
Sample Exam Questions on Python for revisionafsheenfaiq2
This document provides 30 sample exam questions for part 1 of the final exam for the course CPIT 110 (Problem Solving and Programming). The questions cover topics from chapters 1-6 related to functions, including defining and calling functions, parameters, return values, scope of variables, and default arguments. The questions are multiple choice with 4 possible answers each.
The document contains 24 sample questions for an AM paper. The questions cover topics related to binary, logic, computing hardware, algorithms and data structures. They include multiple choice questions testing knowledge of binary representations, logic expressions, computer architecture concepts like cache memory and pipelining, and algorithms involving queues, trees and arrays.
This document contains a series of revision exercises for the topic of computer programming in the C language. It includes multiple choice questions, fill-in-the-blank questions, and questions that require writing small segments of C code to demonstrate understanding of concepts like variable declarations, arithmetic expressions, functions, pointers, and more. The exercises cover a wide range of fundamental C programming topics for students to practice and reinforce their learning.
This document contains questions for a digital logic design exam. It includes questions on topics like latch excitation tables, shift registers, memory decoding, logic simplification, sequential circuit design, number systems, and digital components like multiplexers, counters, and adders. Students are asked to design circuits using logic gates to implement functions, converters, comparators and other applications. They are also asked to explain concepts like synchronous/asynchronous circuits, state tables, and different types of codes.
important C questions and_answers praveensomeshpraveensomesh
This document contains 40 multiple choice questions related to the C programming language. The questions cover topics like data types, operators, arrays, pointers, functions, input/output, and more. Each question is followed by 4 possible answers, with the correct answer indicated. This quiz can be used to test knowledge of core C programming concepts and help identify areas requiring more study.
This document discusses implicit differentiation and exponential growth and decay models. It contains:
1) An example of using implicit differentiation to find the derivative of a circle equation and the equation of the tangent line.
2) An explanation of how exponential growth and decay models take the form of y' = ky, leading to solutions of y = Ce^kt where k is the constant relative growth or decay rate.
3) An example modeling world population growth from 1950-2020 using an exponential growth model that estimates the 1993 population and predicts the 2020 population.
1) A random sample of 1,017 American adults found that 41% thought 3 or more children was the ideal family size.
2) Checking the expected success/failure condition, the sample size of 1,017 satisfies both n×p and n×(1-p) being greater than 10.
3) A 90% confidence interval for the population proportion is 0.3846 to 0.4354. This provides a likely range of 38.46% to 43.54% of Americans who think 3 or more children is ideal.
The document discusses differentiation rules for various functions. It begins by discussing the derivatives of polynomials and exponential functions. The power rule is introduced, which states the derivative of x^n is nx^{n-1}. It then covers the derivatives of exponential functions f(x)=ax, proving the formula f'(x)=af(x). The product rule and quotient rule are also introduced. Finally, it discusses the derivatives of trigonometric functions, proving that the derivative of sin(x) is cos(x) and the derivative of cos(x) is -sin(x).
This document discusses polynomial interpolation and outlines the key goals and topics that will be covered in Chapter 10. The goals are to motivate the need for interpolation of both data and functions, derive three methods for computing a polynomial interpolant suitable for different circumstances, derive error expressions, discuss Chebyshev interpolation, and consider interpolating derivative values. The outline lists the topics as monomial basis, Lagrange basis, Newton basis and divided differences, interpolation error, Chebyshev interpolation, and interpolating derivative values. Motivation is provided for interpolating both discrete data samples and continuous functions, with a wish list of properties for a reasonable interpolant. Polynomial interpolation is discussed as a basic and important form of interpolation.
The document discusses the central limit theorem and how it relates to the shape of sampling distributions. The central limit theorem states that under certain conditions, sample statistics will follow a normal distribution. It provides examples of null distributions from hypothesis tests that are symmetric and bell-shaped due to applying the central limit theorem. It also outlines the two conditions for the central limit theorem to apply: 1) observations must be independent and 2) the sample size must be sufficiently large. Finally, it discusses the normal distribution in more detail, including how to calculate probabilities and percentiles using a calculator.
Extensive games model sequential decision making and introduce the concept of subgames. Strategies in extensive games specify actions at each decision node. The reduced normal form removes sequencing but retains strategy spaces and payoffs. Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibrium (SPNE) requires strategies to form a Nash equilibrium in every subgame. Backward induction is used to find SPNE by working backwards from the end of the game tree.
The document discusses the composite and iterator patterns. The composite pattern allows clients to treat individual objects and compositions of objects uniformly. It involves adding child management operations like add and remove to a base class. The iterator pattern provides a way to access elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation. It defines a common interface for iterating over elements. The document then provides an example of applying these patterns to iterate over animals on a farm.
The document discusses time value of money concepts including future value, present value, ordinary annuities, annuities due, and loan amortization. It provides formulas for calculating future value, present value, and annuities in various scenarios. It also discusses the effects of more frequent compounding periods on effective annual rates of return.
The cell cycle is regulated through various signaling pathways that use different mechanisms for signal transduction, including competitive inhibitors and dimerization. The EGF pathway regulates cell division and is often mutated in cancers, utilizing EGF to dimerize receptors and transduce signals. Common techniques to analyze cell size and molecular weight include separating DNA by charge and size-based separation that can distinguish wild type and mutant samples.
Chapter 12 vectors and the geometry of space mergedEasyStudy3
This document discusses vectors and geometry in 3D space. It covers topics like 3D coordinate systems, vectors, dot and cross products, equations of lines and planes, cylinders and quadric surfaces. There are also tables listing examples of quadric surface graphs. The document provides information on representing and analyzing geometric objects in 3D space using vectors and coordinate systems.
This document provides an overview of the COMPSCI 121: Branches course for Fall 2019. It discusses Anita Borg and her founding of a digital community for women in computing. It encourages students that they can learn programming with motivation and practice. The document reviews if-else statements, flow charts, and nested if-else statements. It provides examples of clicker questions on logical operators, relational operators, and conditional expressions. It introduces switch statements, string and character operations, and comparing strings. It provides reminders for project work and encourages students to practice good programming techniques.
The document discusses floating point arithmetic and assembly language basics. It provides details about an upcoming exam, Project #6 which involves using C to write a library module and driver module. It also reviews the system bus model and describes the main components of an ARM microprocessor including the RAM, control unit, integer unit, floating point unit, and optional coprocessor.
The document discusses floating point arithmetic. It describes the IEEE-754 single and double precision floating point formats which use 1 sign bit, a biased exponent field, and a significand field to represent values. It provides examples of how positive and negative floating point numbers are represented internally in binary and decoded to determine the sign, true exponent, and significand to calculate the base 10 value. The document also mentions an upcoming exam and provides project due dates.
A gene is a portion of DNA that determines a trait, while an allele is a specific form of a gene. Genes are responsible for the expression of traits, and alleles are responsible for the variations in which a given trait can be expressed, such as AA, Aa, or aa.
- Green's Theorem relates a line integral around a closed curve C to a double integral over the region D bounded by C. It expresses the line integral as the double integral of the curl or divergence of the vector field over D.
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This document discusses thermochemistry and energy changes in chemical reactions. It defines different types of energy, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved in chemical reactions, with the change in internal energy of a system equaling the negative of the change in energy of the surroundings. Enthalpy is related to the internal energy and pressure-volume work term. Calorimetry experiments allow measurement of enthalpy changes using calorimeters and bomb calorimeters. Hess's law allows calculation of enthalpy changes from enthalpies of individual reaction steps. Fossil fuels are discussed as a non-renewable energy source.
This document summarizes key concepts about reactions in aqueous solutions including:
1. Polar substances like water are able to dissociate ionic compounds into ions when dissolved due to the unequal distribution of charge in polar bonds.
2. Substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water are electrolytes, while molecular compounds tend to be nonelectrolytes except for acids and bases.
3. Strong electrolytes include strong acids, strong bases, soluble ionic salts, and substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
This document discusses key concepts in stoichiometry including:
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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3. 3
5
Due Thursday, 9/5 (by 11:59 PM)
Focuses on computing environment:
o UNIX tutorial
o Using the "vim" editor
o Using the "handin" system
Computer Project #1
6
The Information Revolution
Computers have led to a third revolution for
civilization, with the information revolution taking its
place alongside the agricultural and industrial
revolutions.
This race to innovate has led to unprecedented
progress since the inception of electronic computing
in the late 1940s. Had the transportation industry
kept pace with the computer industry, for example,
today we could travel from New York to London in
a second for a penny. (Patterson and Hennessy)
4. 4
7
The Information Revolution
Driven by rapid innovation in technology
Complex applications now feasible
• World Wide Web
• Cell phones
• Computers in automobiles
• Human genome project
8
Computer architecture focuses on the functional
behavior of a computing system as viewed by
the programmer (such as the size of an integer
data object in bytes).
Computer organization focuses on the structural
relationships which are not visible to the
programmer (such as the clock frequency or the
total size of RAM).
Architecture and Organization
5. 5
9
We can view a computing
system at several levels,
from the highest level (users
running programs) to the
lowest level (transistors
operating according to the
laws of physics).
Levels of Abstraction
10
The von Neumann
model consists of five
major components:
1) input unit
2) output unit
3) arithmetic logic unit
4) memory unit
5) control unit
The von Neumann Model
6. 6
11
Refinement of the von Neumann model
Communication between components handled by the
system bus
The System Bus Model
12
Fetch Phase:
o RAM[ PC ] ==> IR
Execute Phase:
o decode IR
o take appropriate action
o update PC
The Fetch-Execute Cycle
7. 7
13
Assume each instruction is 4 bytes long
Assume PC: 00010700
Fetch phase:
o access RAM[ 00010700 ]
o copy 4 bytes (E0827003) to IR
IR now contains: E0827003
Example
14
Assume IR: E0827003
Execute phase:
o decode IR
ADD instruction on ARM
o take appropriate action
R[2] + R[3] ==> R[7]
o update PC
PC + 4 ==> PC
Example (continued)
9. 9
17
Must be able to convert between bases:
Machines use base 2 (binary)
Humans use base 10 (decimal)
Humans abbreviate base 2 using base 16
(hexadecimal) or base 8 (octal)
Number Systems
18
Decimal Hexadecimal Octal Binary
0 0 0 0000
1 1 1 0001
2 2 2 0010
3 3 3 0011
4 4 4 0100
5 5 5 0101
6 6 6 0110
7 7 7 0111
8 8 10 1000
9 9 11 1001
10 A 12 1010
11 B 13 1011
12 C 14 1100
13 D 15 1101
14 E 16 1110
15 F 17 1111
10. 10
19
Powers of Two
• 20 = 1
• 21 = 2
• 22 = 4
• 23 = 8
• 24 = 16
• 25 = 32
• 26 = 64
• 27 = 128
• 28 = 256
• 29 = 512
• 210 = 1024
• 211 = 2048
• 212 = 4096
• 213 = 8192
• 214 = 16384
• 215 = 32768
20
Base 16 often used instead of base 2
Example:
0100101101111100 = 4b7c
Groups of four bits (from right):
0100 1011 0111 1100 = 4b7c
Shorthand for Binary
11. 11
21
Base 8 sometimes used instead of base 2
Example:
010010110111110 = 22676
Groups of three bits (from right):
010 010 110 111 110 = 22676
Shorthand for Binary
22
Example: ASCII characters
A 1000001 100 0001 41
B 1000010 100 0010 42
C 1000011 100 0011 43
.
.
.
X 1011000 101 1000 58
Y 1011001 101 1001 59
Z 1011010 101 1010 5a
12. 12
23
Example: UNIX file permissions
Permissions for each file:
rwx rwx rwx (owner, group, world)
Make directory public:
chmod 755 my_directory
Make file private:
chmod 600 my_file
24
Example: 2756 base 8 ==> base 10
2756 base 8 = 2 * 83 + 7 * 82 + 5 * 81 + 6 * 80
= 1518 base 10
Nested form:
2756 base 8 = (((((((2) * 8) + 7) * 8) + 5) * 8) + 6)
= 1518 base 10
Convert Other Base to Decimal
13. 13
25
Algorithm:
answer = 0
iterate over digits in original number
answer = answer * base + current digit
Convert Other Base to Decimal
26
2756 base 8 ==> base 10
answer = 0
= (0 * 8) + 2 = 2
= (2 * 8) + 7 = 23
= (23 * 8) + 5 = 189
= (189 * 8) + 6 = 1518
2756 base 8 = 1518 base 10
Convert Other Base to Decimal
14. 14
27
Example: 44 base 10 ==> base 2
44 / 2 = 22 R 0
22 / 2 = 11 R 0
11 / 2 = 5 R 1
5 / 2 = 2 R 1
2 / 2 = 1 R 0
1 / 2 = 0 R 1
44 base 10 = 101100 base 2
Convert Decimal to Other Base
28
Example: 44 base 10 ==> base 8
44 / 8 = 5 R 4
5 / 8 = 0 R 5
44 base 10 = 54 base 8
Convert Decimal to Other Base
15. 15
29
Algorithm:
value = original number
loop until value == 0
current digit = value % base
value = value / base
Convert Decimal to Other Base
30
Base 2 ==> Base 16: group digits
ex: 1100011 base 2 ==> 63 base 16
Base 16 ==> Base 2: decompose digits
ex: 5C base 16 ==> 1011100 base 2
Other Base ==> Base 10: multiply and add
Base 10 ==> Other Base: repeated division
Summary: base conversions
16. 1
1
Today: Combinational Circuits
(H&H 2.1-2.9)
Next: continued
Handouts
Syllabus (old)
Lecture Topics
2
Self-study module #1 (this week)
Consulting hours posted
Project #1 (due no later than 9/5)
Reminder: check account password
Reminder: use Pi array
Announcements
17. 2
3
Due Thursday, 9/5 (by 11:59 PM)
Focuses on computing environment:
o UNIX tutorial
o Using the "vim" editor
o Using the "handin" system
Computer Project #1
4
Circuit design based on Boolean algebra
Three equivalent representations
o algebraic expressions
o truth tables
o circuit diagram
Combinational Circuits
18. 3
5
Expression in Boolean algebra:
F(A,B) = A'B + AB'
Truth table:
Example: Exclusive OR
A B F(A,B)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
6
Circuit diagram:
A B
F(A,B)
21. 6
11
Any circuit can be defined using only:
{ NOT, AND, OR }
Other complete gate sets:
{ NAND }
{ NOR }
Complete Gate Sets
12
Useful to define gates which have more
than 2 inputs.
AND: output is 1 if all inputs are 1
OR: output is 1 if any input is 1
Not meaningful for NOT
More Than Two Inputs
22. 7
13
Can be implemented using cascading:
Can also be implemented directly
(more efficient)
More Than Two Inputs
14
Canonical Sum-of-Products Form:
F(A,B) = A'B + AB'
The expression is the sum of a series of
products, where each product is a minterm
A minterm is a product where each
variable is present (complemented or
uncomplemented)
Standard Forms
23. 8
15
For a function with two inputs, there are
four possible minterms:
m0: A'B'
m1: A'B
m2: AB'
m3: AB
Canonical SOP form has a subset of all
possible minterms
Minterms
16
For a function with three inputs, there are
eight possible minterms:
m0: A'B'C' m4: AB'C'
m1: A'B'C m5: AB'C
m2: A'BC' m6: ABC'
m3: A'BC m7: ABC
For a function with four inputs, there are
sixteen possible minterms
Minterms
24. 9
17
The following are in canonical SOP form:
F(A,B) = A'B' + A'B + AB'
G(A,B,C) = A'BC + AB'C + ABC' + ABC
H(A,B,C,D) = A'B'C'D' + A'B'CD + ABCD'
Examples
18
The following are equivalent:
F(A,B) = A'B' + A'B + AB'
F(A,B) = m0 + m1 + m2
F(A,B) = minterms( 0, 1, 2 )
Alternate notation (minterm lists)
26. 11
21
Canonical Sum-of-Products form makes it
easy to convert between representations:
Given: G(A,B,C) = minterms( 3, 5, 6, 7 )
G(A,B,C) = A'BC + AB'C + ABC' + ABC
truth table has 1's in rows m3, m5, m6, m7
circuit diagram has four AND gates (one
for each minterm) and one OR gate
22
Ideally, a Boolean expression will be as simple as
possible and still generate the correct values
Note that there are an infinite number of Boolean
expressions that represent the same function:
F(A,B) = A'B + AB'
= A'B + AB' + AB'
= A'B + AB' + AB' + AB'
Minimization
27. 12
23
The minimized (optimal, simplified) Boolean
expression is the one which has:
the fewest number of gates
the fewest number of inputs to gates
Reminder: we’re working with the complete
gate set { NOT, AND, OR }
Minimization Criteria
24
Three techniques:
Algebraic manipulation
Karnaugh map
Quine-McCluskey algorithm
Minimization Techniques
28. 13
25
Apply the postulates and theorems of
Boolean algebra:
AB' + AB = A(B' + B) (distributive law)
= A(1) (complement law)
= A (identity law)
Algebraic Manipulation
26
F(A,B,C) = A'BC' + A'BC + ABC' + ABC
= A'B(C' + C) + ABC' + ABC
= A'B(1) + ABC' + ABC
= A'B + ABC' + ABC
= A'B + AB(C' + C)
= A'B + AB(1)
= A'B + AB
= (A' + A)B
= (1)B
= B
29. 14
27
Fill in the entries in a K-map, then inspect it
to identify the optimal expression
Karnaugh map is rectangular and has one
entry for each minterm – adjacent minterms
can be combined (same rules as algebraic
manipulation)
Karnaugh Map
28
K-map for function with 2 inputs
A' A
B' m0 m2
B m1 m3
A
0 1
B
0 m0 m2
1 m1 m3
30. 15
29
Minimized function: F(A,B) = A
Example: F(A,B) = AB' + AB
A' A
B' 0 1
B 0 1
A
0 1
B
0 0 1
1 0 1
30
Minimized function: F(A,B) = AB' + A'B
Example: F(A,B) = AB' + A'B
A' A
B' 0 1
B 1 0
A
0 1
B
0 0 1
1 1 0
31. 16
31
K-map for function with 3 inputs
A'B' A'B AB AB'
C' m0 m2 m6 m4
C m1 m3 m7 m5
32
K-map for function with 3 inputs
AB
00 01 11 10
C
0 m0 m2 m6 m4
1 m1 m3 m7 m5
32. 17
33
F(A,B,C) = minterms( 2, 3, 6, 7 )
= A'BC' + A'BC + ABC' + ABC
= A'B(C' + C) + ABC' + ABC
= A'B + ABC' + ABC
= A'B + AB(C' + C)
= A'B + AB
= (A' + A)B
= B
Ex: Algebraic Manipulation
34
F(A,B,C) = B
Ex: Karnaugh Map
A'B' A'B AB AB'
C' 0 1 1 0
C 0 1 1 0
33. 18
35
F(A,B,C) = B
Ex: Karnaugh Map
AB
00 01 11 10
C
0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0
36
The majority function is true when more than half
of the inputs are true.
Majority function
on 3 inputs:
Application: Majority Function
39. 24
47
Start with 1’s which are isolated
Find 1’s that can only be included in 2-cover
Find 1’s that can only be included in 4-cover
Find 1’s that can only be included in 8-cover
Continue until all 1’s covered at least once
Order is important!
48
K-maps are "circular":