Chapter 08
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The document discusses wildland fire behavior and suppression techniques. It explains that wildland fires are impacted by weather, topography, and fuel conditions, which determine fire behavior. Several methods are used to fight wildland fires, including direct attack on the fire's edge, indirect attack by constructing control lines away from the fire, and combination attacks using both direct and indirect techniques. The document outlines various firefighting resources like engines, crews, aircraft, and tactics for suppressing wildland fires.
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Atmospheric stability refers to the atmosphere's resistance to vertical air movement. There are three types of stability: stable, unstable, and neutral. Stable atmospheres suppress vertical air movement, while unstable atmospheres enhance it. Temperature lapse rates determine stability - a dry adiabatic lapse rate of -5.5°F per 1,000 feet indicates unstable air, while rates less than -5.5°F/1,000 feet indicate stable air. Moisture also impacts stability, with dry air generally being more stable. Understanding stability is important because it influences wildland fire behavior, with unstable conditions associated with extreme fire behavior.
Chapter 10
This document discusses the importance of public fire safety education and planning effective education programs. It outlines key aspects of developing programs including using local fire statistics to identify target audiences, designing messages tailored to those audiences, implementing programs, and evaluating their effectiveness in changing behaviors. The document also highlights the role of the media, schools, and public hearings in disseminating fire safety messages to various groups.
Chapter 11
Portable fire extinguishers are intended to quickly suppress small fires. They contain a fixed amount of suppression agent and require trained operators for effective use. Three common types are pumped, stored pressure, and cartridge pressure extinguishers, which use different mechanisms to expel agents matched to specific fire classes, such as water, foam, dry chemicals, or carbon dioxide. Regular inspection, maintenance, and hydrostatic testing are necessary to ensure extinguishers are in proper working order.
Chapter 13
This document discusses property security, emergency response, and fire protection systems. It covers means of egress requirements, including the three parts of egress and requirements for exit stairway doors. It also describes delayed egress locks and access controlled doors. The document outlines emergency building entrance systems and different methods for emergency responders to access property through security gates and barriers, such as siren sensors, access keys, codes and radio signals. Maintaining means of egress and balancing security and emergency access is important.
Chapter 14
The document discusses emerging fire protection technologies including building information modeling platforms that allow data sharing, computer fire modeling to understand fire spread, and performance-based design approaches. New detection methods like video cameras and gas/particulate analysis are presented. Mass notification, multipurpose piping systems, variable speed fire pumps, compressed air foam systems, and aerosol suppression systems are emerging technologies aimed to improve fire detection, control, and suppression.
Fire fighting course
This document provides information on a fire fighting course for Crew 871 in Egypt. The course covers the basics of fire including the fire triangle, classifications, and ways fires spread. It then discusses fire extinguishment methods of cooling, smothering, and starving. Types of fire extinguishers like dry powder and CO2 are presented. Fire prevention focuses on controlling fuels and sources of ignition. The document concludes with instructions on fire action and a practical demonstration.
Chapter 12
Smoke control and management systems aim to contain smoke and toxic gases to the area of origin using three main methods: containment, exhaust, and opposed airflow. Key goals are to prevent smoke from spreading and to maintain tenable conditions for evacuation. Systems often integrate with fire protection, HVAC, and other building systems. Proper design, installation, and regular acceptance testing are important to ensure effective operation.
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Chapter 01
The document discusses the basics of fire behavior including:
1) The fire triangle/tetrahedron which depicts the relationship between fuel, heat, and oxygen/chemical chain reaction required for combustion.
2) The different classes of fire (A-K) and their corresponding extinguishing agents.
3) The five types of fires - diffusion, smoldering, spontaneous combustion, self-heating, and premixed flame.
4) The five stages of fire - pre-ignition, ignition, growth, fully developed, and decay.
1810 Ch 1 PowerPoint.pptx
This document discusses considerations for fireground preparation in Chapter 1. It covers topics like the behavior of fire, the benefits of training, preplanning, and fire department duties. Regarding fire behavior, it defines the fire triangle and tetrahedron, and describes stages of fire like flashover and backdraft. Training benefits firefighters through improved skills and confidence, benefits officers through better control, and benefits departments through efficiency and morale. Effective preplanning involves gathering building information, documenting plans, reviewing plans with facilities, and testing plans through exercises. Proper preparation is key to effective fireground operations.
Fire fighting ert
This document provides an overview of fire fighting training. It discusses understanding the combustion process and different fire classes. It also covers understanding different types of fire extinguishers, their operating procedures, capabilities and limitations. Finally, it addresses basic fire fighting concepts such as objectives, the chemistry of fire, how fire works using the fire tetrahedron model, different materials used to extinguish fires, classification of fires by class, causes of fires and methods of prevention, ignition sources and prevention, and fire control and protection systems including detection/alarm systems, mobile and portable equipment, and fixed systems like sprinklers, hydrants, and specialized suppression systems.
Chapter 03-Combustion Processes
• Explain the theories underlying combustion processes
• Describe how fire researchers have identified combustion processes using a variety of different classifications
• Provide a description of the stages and events of fire as it progresses from the initial stage to its final stage
• Explain the causes of flame over, flashover, and backdraft and review the procedures to prevent and protect against such events
• Describe the various methods by which heat and unburned gases move in a confined environment
• Define the five classes of fires and explain how they are classified
Basic Fire Fighting Training
The document provides information for fire brigade members on firefighting equipment and techniques. It covers the components of fire, classes of fire, fire extinguishing methods, self-contained breathing apparatus, and stages of fire development. Practical firefighting skills like handling hoses and breathing apparatus are also discussed.
Chapter 04
This document provides an overview of the chemistry and physics of fire. It defines the fire triangle and tetrahedron, and describes the key elements of a fire - fuel, heat/energy, and oxidizer. It explains the states of matter and process of pyrolysis. Properties of solid, liquid, and gas fuels are covered. Heat and temperature are differentiated, and the methods of heat transfer are illustrated. The five classifications and four stages of fire are defined. Understanding these chemical and physical properties is important for predicting fire behavior and choosing appropriate extinguishing methods.
Fire behaviour _1.pptx
This document discusses factors that influence wildland fire behavior, including the fire triangle of fuel, heat, and oxygen. It describes four methods of heat transfer - conduction, convection, radiation, and mass transfer - that allow fire to spread from one fuel source to another. Several components of the wildland fire environment are also outlined, such as weather, topography, and fuel characteristics.
Chapter 04
This chapter discusses the chemistry and physics of fire. It defines the fire triangle and fire tetrahedron, and describes the key elements of fire - fuel, heat, and oxygen or oxidizer. It explains the states of matter and process of pyrolysis. Properties that affect different types of solid, liquid, and gas fuels are outlined. Heat and temperature are differentiated, and the methods of heat transfer are illustrated. The five classifications of fire and four stages of fire are described. Understanding the chemical and physical properties of fire allows for better control and prediction of fire behavior and choice of appropriate extinguishing methods.
Bs bab 2
This document provides an overview of fire prevention and protection. It begins by classifying fires into four categories (Class A, B, C, D) based on the type of fuel. It then describes various fire prevention equipment and systems, including different types of fire extinguishers and how to properly use them. The document also explores the three main causes of fire spreading: conduction, radiation, and convection. It provides tips for fire prevention based on the different fire classes. Overall, the document aims to educate readers on fire behavior, prevention, and control through identifying causes of fires and understanding fire prevention rules and symbols.
A BOOK ON BASIC CONCEPT OF MODERN POWER PLANTS by khalid ayaz soomro.pdf
This document provides an overview of health, safety, and fire topics relevant to engineering. It discusses the principles of fire, including the fire tetrahedron elements of oxygen, fuel, heat. It describes different types of fires and appropriate extinguishing methods. The document outlines precautions, safety signs, and management of health and safety regulations. It discusses new employee orientation, safety training, and goals for a manufacturing company's safety program.
Fire
This document provides an overview of fire, including its definition, causes, outcomes, classes, stages, combustion theory, and firefighting mechanisms. It defines fire as a rapid oxidation chemical reaction and notes that fires usually start small due to sparks from neglecting prevention. The main outcomes of fire are combustion gases, heat, flames, and smoke. Fires can be caused by human carelessness, natural causes, or technical failures. Combustion requires fuel, oxygen, heat, and a chain reaction. Firefighting works by removing one of these factors through starvation, smothering, cooling, or stopping the chain reaction.
Truck co tactics
This document discusses considerations and tactics for truck companies at structure fires. It covers primary tasks like search and rescue, laddering, and ventilation. It emphasizes safety, proper equipment, coordination, and conducting a thorough size-up upon arrival. Tactics covered include apparatus positioning, portable ladder selection and placement, ventilation methods and hazards, conducting primary and secondary searches, providing for rescued occupants, and performing overhaul operations.
Lecture 9 -_fire_hazard
Fire hazards can occur when the three elements of the fire triangle - oxygen, heat, and fuel - are present. Common fuel sources in industries include flammable liquids, gases, and solids. To identify fire hazards, work areas should be evaluated to find ignition sources and fuel sources, and those at risk. Hazards can be reduced by removing ignition and fuel sources or using weaker sources. Fire prevention strategies include worksite analysis to identify hazards, maintenance and housekeeping practices, and staff training.
Chapter 09
This document discusses fire safety issues across various modes of transportation. It examines challenges with passenger vehicles, motor homes, buses, trucks, rail vehicles, aircraft, boats and ships. Each category presents unique hazards from their fuel systems, electrical systems, cargo and construction materials. The document emphasizes the importance of pre-planning response tactics for different vehicle types based on an understanding of their designs and potential risks.
Fire modeling performance based technical approach
The performance based approach involves the assessment of three basic components comprising the likely fire behaviour, heat transfer to the structure and the structural response. The overall complexity of the design depends on the assumptions and methods adopted to predict each of the three design components.
1540 Ch 1 PowerPoint.pptx
This document provides an overview of fire behavior and fire protection systems. It describes the fire triangle and tetrahedron, different types of fires, stages of fire, forms of heat transfer, methods of extinguishing fires, and classes of fire. Understanding basic fire chemistry and dynamics is important for assessing fire hazards and ensuring adequate protection systems are in place.
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...
The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
Chapter 07
1. The document discusses scientific methodology and fire behavior concepts important for fire investigators to understand, including the fire tetrahedron model, heat transfer mechanisms, and compartment fire dynamics.
2. Key aspects of fire behavior covered include the fire triangle, self-sustained chain reactions of combustion, thermal layering in fires, and fire development stages like flashover.
3. Understanding fundamentals of chemistry, physics, and the scientific method helps fire investigators conduct effective investigations based on proven principles rather than speculation.
Chapter 07
1. The document discusses scientific methodology and key concepts in fire behavior that are important for fire investigators to understand. It describes the scientific method and fire tetrahedron model.
2. Compartment fires are discussed, including how heat rises and forms layers, leading to potential flashover if conditions are right.
3. Different types of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation - are important for investigators to understand fire spread. Understanding fuel, oxygen, and ignition factors also helps determine fire causes.
FIRE AWARENESS SEMINAR
This document discusses fire awareness and prevention. It defines fire awareness as dealing with fire prevention, hazards, and protection. Fire prevention includes education and safety regulations to stop fires from starting. Fire hazards refer to things that could cause or spread a fire. Fire protection methods work to quickly detect, control, and mitigate fires through equipment like sprinklers and training. The seminar aims to provide understanding of fires and the appropriate actions and safety measures to take in the event of a fire risk. It discusses the elements needed for a fire, how fires start and spread, and classification of different fire types.
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Fire modeling performance based technical approach
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Chapter 08
There are different types of fire alarm and detection systems based on factors like occupancy, building characteristics, and technology. Modern systems use addressable technology and intelligent software while older systems relied on conventional technology. Fire alarm systems are classified by NFPA 72 based on how they operate, monitor signals, and report events. Proper installation, inspection, testing and maintenance are required to ensure reliability and prevent false alarms.
Chapter 07
Fire alarm systems serve several important functions: notifying occupants of fire conditions, notifying first responders, signaling other onsite and offsite locations, signaling other building systems, and providing information to first responders. They are comprised of various components like control panels, power sources, initiating devices, and notification appliances. Initiating devices can be manual pull stations or automatic detectors like heat, smoke, and gas detectors. Notification appliances produce audible alarms through devices like horns, speakers, or bells and visible alarms through flashing lights or strobes. Different types of alarm signals include fire alarms, supervisory signals for other system issues, and trouble signals for problems in the system.
Chapter 06
This document discusses specialized water-based fire protection systems as alternatives to standard sprinkler systems. It describes fixed foam, water spray, foam-water, and water mist systems, noting their components, applications, and inspection requirements. These systems provide targeted protection for hazards where sprinklers would be inadequate, such as flammable liquid storage, using methods like foam application or ultra-fine water mist. Proper design, installation, and maintenance are needed to ensure effective performance.
Chapter 05
This document summarizes different types of automatic fire sprinkler systems. It describes wet pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, and deluge systems, explaining their components, design concepts, and applications. The document emphasizes that sprinkler systems are effective for both property protection and life safety when fires occur. Regular inspection, testing and maintenance are required to ensure systems function properly.
Chapter 04
Standpipe and hose systems are required in buildings based on height, area, occupancy, and hazards. NFPA 14 establishes standards for standpipe classifications, types, components, and testing. Regular inspection and testing is essential to ensure standpipe systems will operate properly in an emergency.
Chapter 03
The document discusses water supply systems for fire protection. It describes the components of source/supply networks like water sources, intake, pumping and distribution networks including storage, mains and laterals. It also discusses the difference between public municipal systems and private systems, and types of supply systems like gravity, pumped and combined. It covers factors like pressure, flow and duration that impact water-based fire protection.
Chapter 02
Building and fire codes provide uniform standards to maintain public safety. Model codes, such as those developed by the ICC and NFPA, are adopted by governments and provide minimum requirements. These codes reference other standards and may be amended. The model code development process involves public participation and consensus to establish requirements for fire protection systems based on occupancy hazards and risks.
Chapter 10
This document describes different types of gaseous fire extinguishing systems including carbon dioxide, halons, and clean agents. Carbon dioxide works by displacing oxygen and forming a fog-like cloud to extinguish fires. Halons break down the chemical reaction of fire and were commonly used but are no longer manufactured due to environmental concerns. Clean agents like inert gases are environmentally safe alternatives to halons that effectively extinguish Class A, B, and C fires without leaving residues. All gaseous systems require regular inspection, testing and maintenance to ensure proper operation.
Chapter 13
The document discusses several key aspects of public financial management and budgeting for fire prevention programs. It describes the purpose of public budgets as supplying information to elected officials and the public about government programs and establishing spending policies. It distinguishes between operating budgets, which fund day-to-day expenses, and capital budgets, which fund long-term projects. It also discusses different budget formats, the importance of developing fee structures based on recovery of costs for specific services, and having financial management processes in place to ensure accountability.
Chapter 12
This document discusses personnel considerations for fire prevention bureaus. It notes that bureaus are often made up of a combination of uniformed firefighters and civilian specialists. Uniformed staff bring fire service experience while civilians have specific skills and education. The document emphasizes that training and certification are critical for all positions, and it outlines various national standards and certifying organizations. Retention of qualified staff is also highlighted as important for an effective fire prevention program.
Chapter 11
Fire prevention records generated by government agencies are considered public records and subject to freedom of information laws. These records must be retained according to state-mandated schedules and are generally stored using an information management system. When developing an electronic records system, fire bureaus must carefully consider their operational needs, legal requirements, and ensure the system can integrate with standard procedures. Proper planning and implementation of a records system is crucial to the effective functioning of a fire prevention program.
Chapter 8
Fire prevention bureaus have taken on additional functions beyond traditional fire prevention due to their relevant expertise in areas like construction, hazardous materials, and emergency response. These expanded roles can benefit public safety but also risk distracting from the core mission of fire prevention. Key expanded roles discussed include construction code enforcement, property maintenance inspections, investigating hazardous waste and vacant building issues, and assisting with homeland security and civil defense.
Chapter 7
This document discusses the importance of testing fire protection systems to ensure reliability. It describes how unreliable systems can negatively impact public safety and businesses. The document emphasizes that proper design, equipment, installation, and maintenance are necessary for reliability. It also explains that acceptance tests after installation, along with regular inspections and retests, are required by fire codes to maintain system integrity over time.
Chapter 6
The document discusses the importance and objectives of fire inspections. It notes that the level of acceptable risk is constantly evolving and that inspection programs have been proven effective in reducing fire incidence by around 50%. The purpose of inspections is to ensure life safety and compliance with fire codes. Jurisdictions must establish priorities for inspections based on risks associated with occupancy classes and permits required by fire codes. Inspections of existing and new buildings are necessary to identify hazards and ensure safety.
Chapter 5
The document discusses the importance of fire departments reviewing construction plans before construction begins. It outlines the key reasons for plan review, including verifying compliance with fire codes to prevent tragic incidents. The summary lists some of the main items fire departments typically review in site and building plans such as fire department vehicle access, fire protection systems, means of egress, and construction type and location. The benefits of fire department involvement in the review process for both public safety and the business community are also highlighted.
Chapter 4
The document discusses the history and development of model building and fire codes in the United States. It describes how early fire insurance organizations established codes and standards to help prevent fires. Over time, major model code organizations like BOCA, ICBO, SBCCI consolidated to form the International Code Council (ICC) in 1994. The ICC and NFPA are now the primary publishers of model codes and standards adopted by states and local governments. The code change process involves stakeholder groups proposing and voting on revisions through each organization's consensus process.
Chapter 3
Private organizations play an important role in fire prevention and protection efforts. There are three categories of private fire prevention programs: those that are part of business risk management, profit-making business services, and not-for-profit organizations serving the public interest. Key players in fire prevention include the insurance industry, which helped establish early regulatory systems, as well as private contractors, consultants, and trade and standards organizations that develop codes and best practices to reduce fire risks.
Chapter 2
The document discusses the roles of federal, state, and local governments in fire prevention. It outlines key federal fire prevention programs and agencies, tracing the expansion of federal involvement from initially protecting federal assets to broader public protection efforts. Major catalysts for increased federal action included World War II, the 1947 Fire Prevention Conference, and the 1973 America Burning report, which led to the creation of agencies like the U.S. Fire Administration. The document also lists various state and federal agencies involved in fire prevention, protection, research, training, and code development.
Chapter 1
The document discusses the history of fire prevention efforts in the United States from ancient times to present day. It notes that while the U.S. fire record is one of the worst in the Western world, there has been a downward trend in recent decades in numbers of fires, injuries, and direct dollar loss. Early fire prevention attempts date back to Roman times, but the U.S. has been slow to adopt and enforce regulations compared to other countries. Various organizations over time have worked to professionalize firefighting and standardize fire codes and equipment to reduce losses from fires.
Chapter 9
Fire investigation is important for fire prevention and determining whether fires are accidental or criminal. Various local, state, and federal agencies are involved in fire investigation, along with fire departments. Effective fire investigation requires trained personnel who can thoroughly process the fire scene, conduct interviews and follow-up investigations, secure evidence, and provide testimony in court. Measures like case closure rates can indicate the effectiveness of a fire investigation unit.
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Chapter 08
- 1. Wildland Fires Chapter 8
- 7. The Fire Triangle for Wildland Fires (cont’d.) Figure 8-1 The fire triangle shows the wildland fire combustion process
- 9. Heat Removal (cont’d.) Table 8-1 Foam expansion rate and drain time
- 13. Wildland Heat Movement (cont’d.) Figure 8-4 A wildland fire can move uphill quickly when the flames lean to an angle and heat the fuel by convection currents and direct flame
- 20. Figure 8-5 Elevation changes fuel types
- 24. Fire Behavior- Identifying Parts of a Wildland Fire Figure 8-7 Parts of a wildland fire
- 34. Rotary-Wing Helicopters (cont’d.) Figure 8-10 Rotary-wing aircraft