Chain surveying involves only linear measurements for surveying small areas to locate boundaries and existing features, utilizing various methods and tools like chains and tapes. It relies on triangulation principles, dividing the area into triangles, and employs survey stations for accurate measurements. Key instruments include ranging rods, pegs, plumb-bobs, and various types of chains and tapes, each suitable for specific measurement needs.

1. CHAIN SURVEYING
HORIZONTAL MEASUREMENTS

2. CHAIN SURVEYING
 Chain surveying is the type of surveying in
which only linear measurements are taken in
the field.
 This type of surveying is done for surveys of
small extent to describe the boundaries of plot
of land to locate the existing features on them.

3. LINEAR/HORIZONTAL MEASUREMENT
A___________________B
Measurement of horizontal distance between
two points on the surface of the earth.

4. ranging
rod at -A
Distance between A & B ,m
ranging rod
at -B
GROUND

5. It is the method of surveying in
which the area is divided into
network of triangles and the
sides of the various triangles are
measured directly in the field
with a chain or a tape and no
angular measurements are taken.

6. There are three methods for making linear measurement :
v Direct Methods
v Optical Methods
v E.D.M. Methods
Direct Methods without instruments
1)Judging the distance
2)Pacing
3)Time interval

8. Direct Methods with instruments
 Chain
 Odometer
 Passometer
 Pedometer
 Speedometer

9. Engineer’s Chain

10. Odometer
• An Odometer is a simple device which can be attached to the wheel of a
bicycle or any such vehicle.
• The odometer registers the number of revolution made by the wheel.
• The distance covered is equal to the product of the number of revolutions
and the perimeter of the wheel.

11. Passometer
It is a small instrument which counts the number of paces.
The Passometer counts your steps

12. Pedometer
• Pedometer directly gives the distance by multiplying the number of paces with the average pace
length of the person.
• The Pedometer measures distances.

14. Speedometer
• This is used in automobiles for measuring distances.

15. CHAIN
SURVEYING

16. Types of Chain
 Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
 Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as
Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
 Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as
engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq. yard.
 Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
 Steel Band chain : It is more preferable than chains because they are more accurate, but the
disadvantage is that they get broken easily and are difficult to repair in the field.
They are 20 or 30 m long, 12 to 16 mm wide and 0.3 to 0.6 mm thick.

21. Types of Tapes
 Cloth tape or Linen Tape : they are woven linen and varnished to resist moisture.
They are generally 10m, 20m, 30m long and 12 to 15 mm wide.
 Fibre tape : These tapes are similar to linen and plastic coated tapes but these are made of
Glass Fibre.
These tapes are don’t stretch and shrink due to temperature.
It is available in 20m, 30m and 50 m length.
 Metallic Tape : A linen tape reinforced with brass or copper wires to prevent the stretching or
twisting of fibres is called a metallic tape.
It is commonly used for taking offsets in chain surveying.
 Steel tape : It is made up with steel material and commonly available in 20 m, 30m or 50m
length.
 Invar Tape : It is made of an alloy of nickel 36 % and steel 64 % having very low thermal
expansion. These are 6mm wide and generally available in 30m, 50m and 100m.

23. Arrows
 Arrows are made of tempered steel wire of dia 4mm. One end of the
arrow is bent into ring of diameter 50mm and other end is pointed.
 Its overall length is 400mm. Arrows are used for counting the number of
chains while measuring chain line. And it is also used to established a
intermediate station.
Ranging Rods or Offset rods
 Ranging rods are used for ranging some intermediate points on the survey
line.
 It is generally 2 to 3 m in length and are painted with alternate bands of
black and white or red colors with length of each equalizing 20 cm.
 The offset rod is similar to the ranging rod with the expectation that
instead of the hook, a flag is provided at the top.

24. Pegs
 Pegs are made of timber or steel and they are used to mark the position
of the stations or terminal points of survey line.
 Wooden pegs are 15cm long and driven in to the ground with the help of
hammer.
Plumb-Bob
 It is used to transfer points on the ground. It is also used for
fixing the instruments exactly over the station point marked
on the ground by checking the center of the instrument
whether coincides with the center of the peg.

26. ARROW
PEG

27. PLUMB BOB

28. THANKYOU

29. CHAIN SURVEYING
It is the method of surveying in which
the area is divided into network of
triangles and the sides of the various
triangles are measured directly in
the field with a chain or a tape and
no angular measurements are taken.

30. In chain surveying - only linear measurement is
taken in the field – no angular measurement
are taken.
Done for small area and work .
1.Locate boundary of plot / land
2.Locate existing features
Area is divided in to network of triangles and
sides of triangles are measured directly with a
Chain or tape.

31. Principle of chain surveying :-
Triangulation is the principle of
chain surveying.
Triangulation means - To divide area in
to network of well conditional triangles
( angles > 30° and < 120°) of suitable
sides.

36.  SURVEY STATIONS
Survey stations are the points at the beginning
and at the end of the chain line. They may
also occur at any convenient position on the chain
line. Such stations may be:
(a) Main stations
(b) Subsidiary stations
(c) Tie stations

37.  (a) Main stations :
Stations taken along the boundary of an area
as controlling points known as ‘main stations’.
The lines joining the main stations are called
‘main survey lines’. The main survey
lines should be cover the whole area to be
surveyed.
The main stations are denoted with letters
A,B,C,D, etc.

38.  (B) Subsidiary stations:
Stations which are on the main survey lines or
any other survey lines are known as
‘Subsidiary stations’. These stations are taken
to run subsidiary lines for dividing the area
into triangles, for checking the accuracy of
triangles and for locating interior details.
these stations are denoted with letters S1, S2,
S3, etc.

39. (c) Tie stations:
These are also subsidiary stations
taken on the main survey lines. Lines
joining the tie stations are known as
‘tie lines’.
Tie lines are taken to locate interior
details. The stations are denoted with
letters T1 , T2 , T3 , etc.

40.  MAIN SURVEY LINES
The lines joining the main stations are called ‘main
survey lines’ or chain lines in fig. AB,BC,CD and DA
are the main survey lines.
 BASE LINE :
The line on which the framework of the survey is
built is known as the ‘base line’. It is the most
important line of the survey. Generally, the longest
of the main survey line is considered as the base
line. This line should be measured very carefully
and accurately. In fig. BD is the base line.

41.  CHECK LINE :
The line joining the apex point of a triangle to some
fixed points on its base is known as the ‘check line’. It
is taken to check the accuracy of the triangle.
Sometimes this line is helps to locate interior details.
In fig. CS1 , AS2 are the check lines.
 TIE – LINE :
A line joining tie stations is termed as a tie line. It
is run to take the interior details which are far
away from the main lines and also to avoid long
offsets. It can also serve as check line. In Fig. T1 T2
is the tie line.

42. Other instruments used for chain surveying
 LINE RANGER
It is an optical instrument used for locating intermediate
points on a line, when the line is longer than a chain.
It consists of two isosceles prisms placed one over the
other and fixed in an instrument with handle.
The diagonals of the prisms are silvered so as to reflect
the rays.

59.  CROSS-STAFF
An instrument consisting of a staff carrying a brass circle divided into
four equal parts or quadrants by two lines intersecting each other at
the center. At the extremity of each line perpendicular sights are
fixed, with holes below each slit for the better discovery of distant
objects.

60. Open cross-staff French cross-staff Adjustable cross-staff

61.  OPTICAL SQUARE
An optical square is a hand instrument used by surveyor's to lay off
right angles that are multiples of 90° or of 45°. They normally
comprise of two optical glass penta prisms in a sturdy housing. Used
for placing points on a line, offset measurements, setting our curves
or determining horizontal plans.

62.  Principle of Optical Square
A ray of light reflected successively from two surfaces undergoes a
deviation of twice the angle between the reflecting surfaces.
 PRISM SQUARE
It is based in the same principle as the
optical square and is used in the
same manner.

63. 1. Fix station A and B at some distance by fixing wooden peg to determine
horizontal distance between them.
2. Position of station A and B is fixed by measuring their position from at
least three permanent objects and location sketch of station A and B
are drawn.
3. The follower holds one handle of the chain in contact with peg at
station A.
4. The leader takes the other handle of the chain, arrows and ranging rod
& walks in the forward direction dragging chain with him.
5. After the chain is stretched completely along the line the follower
steps on one side of the line with the ranging rod touching the handle.
6. The follower directs to leader to stand exactly in the line. The leader
puts a scratch at the position & inserts an arrow. He then moves
forward with the chain handle with the remaining arrows and ranging
rod till the follower reaches the next arrow point.
PROCEEDURE FOR CHAIN SURVEY