This document discusses chain surveying methods. It begins by defining land surveying and its purposes. It then describes the two main methods of surveying - triangulation and traversing. Chain surveying is introduced as a simpler method that uses triangulation but measures sides directly without angles. Key aspects of chain surveying covered include survey stations, base lines, check lines, tie lines, and taking offsets. The document provides details on setting out right angles and booking field notes. Chain surveying is performed through reconnaissance, marking stations, reference sketches, running survey lines, and locating details using offsets.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
Surveying and scale_Surveying, Civil EngineeringA Makwana
It is defined as the process of measuring horizontal distances, vertical distances and included angles to determine the location of points on, above or below the earth surfaces.
The term surveying is the representation of surface features in a horizontal plane.
The process of determining the relative heights in the vertical plane is referred as levelling.
unit I
Introduction and Basic Concepts: Introduction, Objectives, classification and principles of
surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of Map, Conventional symbols and Code of Signals, Surveying
accessories, phases of surveying.
Measurement of Distances and Directions
Linear distances- Approximate methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes, ranging, Tape corrections.
Prismatic Compass- Bearings, included angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination and dip.
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
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Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
First ever open hub for data enthusiasts to collaborate and innovate. A platform to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets. Through robust quality control and innovative technologies like blockchain verification, opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of datasets, empowering users to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to enhance the data exploration, analysis, and discovery experience.
From intelligent search and recommendations to automated data productisation and quotation, Opendatabay AI-driven features streamline the data workflow. Finding the data you need shouldn't be a complex. Opendatabay simplifies the data acquisition process with an intuitive interface and robust search tools. Effortlessly explore, discover, and access the data you need, allowing you to focus on extracting valuable insights. Opendatabay breaks new ground with a dedicated, AI-generated, synthetic datasets.
Leverage these privacy-preserving datasets for training and testing AI models without compromising sensitive information. Opendatabay prioritizes transparency by providing detailed metadata, provenance information, and usage guidelines for each dataset, ensuring users have a comprehensive understanding of the data they're working with. By leveraging a powerful combination of distributed ledger technology and rigorous third-party audits Opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of every dataset. Security is at the core of Opendatabay. Marketplace implements stringent security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular vulnerability assessments, to safeguard your data and protect your privacy.
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
2. Contents
• Land Surveying
• Method of Land Surveying
• Chain Surveying
• Survey Station
• Selection Of Survey Station
• Base Line
• Check Line
• Tie Line
• Offsets
• Taking Offset
2
3. Cont Contents..
• Short offset
• Long offset
• How to take Offsets to different object
• Locating Building
• Booking Field Notes
• Field Work
• Instruments For Setting-Out Right Angles
• Right Angle with Chain Or Tape
3
4. Land Surveying
Purpose of Land Surveying
• To Secure data for exact description of the boundary.
• To determine its area.
• To Secure Necessary data for making a plan.
• To divide a piece of land into a number of units.
4
5. Method of Land Surveying
• Two general methods
1. Triangulation 2. Traversing
• The lines of survey form a
network of triangles .
• Denotes a system of surveying
in which the sides of the various
triangles are computed from :
o (1) a single line measured
directly , called BASE LINE.
o (2) the three angles of triangle
measured accurately with
theodolite.
• Basis for Geodetic or
Triangulation Survey.
• In Traverse Surveying the
direction of survey line are fixed
by angular measurement and not
by forming a network of triangles
as done in chain survey.
• Framework consists of Series of
connected lines
o Length measured by chain or tape
o Angle measured by an angular
instrument.
5
6. Chain Triangulation Or
Chain Surveying
• It is a system of surveying in which sides of various
triangles are measured directly in the field and NO
angular measurement are Taken.
• The simplest kind of Surveying
• When Level of accuracy required is not high.
• Suitable when
• Ground is fairly level and
simple
• Plans are required on large
scale e.g fields
• Area is small in extent.
• Not Suitable
• For Large Area.
• Too many details.
• Wooded countries
• Undulating areas
6
7. Chain Surveying
• Principle of chain survey is Triangulation
• Since the triangle is a simple plane geometrical figure,
it can be plotted from the measured length of its sides
alone.
• In chain surveying, a NETWORK of TRIANGLES is preferred.
•
• Preferably all the sides of a triangle should be nearly equal having each angle
nearly 60 to ensure minimum distortion due to errors in measurement of sides
and plotting.
• Generally such an ideal condition is not practical always. Usually attempt
should be made to have WELL CONDITIONED TRIANGLES.
7
8. Well conditioned and ill-
conditioned triangles.
• A triangle is said to be well conditioned when no angle in
it is less than 30 and greater than 120. an equilateral
triangle is considered to be the best conditioned or ideal
triangle.
Well-conditioned triangle are preferred because their apex
point are very sharp and can be located by a single dot.
8
600
600
600 250
800
400
600
200
1350
9. Reconnaissance survey
• Before starting of any survey work the whole area is to
be surveyed is examined thoroughly by the surveyor,
who then think of possible arrangement of the framework
of survey. The primary examination or investigation of
the area is known as reconnaissance survey.
• During reconnaissance survey the surveyor should walk
over the area and note various details and obstacles and
whether the selected stations are visible or not.
• The surveyor should also take care that the triangle
formed are well conditioned triangles
9
10. MEASUREMENT OF AREA BY CHAIN
TRIANGULATION
• PROCEDURE:
» Let ABCDE be the given field
whose area is to be measured, fix the
pegs at A, B, C, D & E.
» Divide area into three triangles
ADE, ABD and BCD by joining AD
and BD.
» Measure the lengths AB, BC , CD,
DE, EA, AD and BD.
» Calculate the area of the triangles.
» The sum of the areas of the three
triangles is the area of the given field.
• RESULT:
The area of the given field = _______
10
11. Survey Station
• Survey Stations is a point of importance at the beginning
and end of chain line.
• Two kinds
• 1. Main Station
• These are the end of
survey line i.e which
connect boundaries.
• Line joining Main stations
is called Main survey line
or chain line.
• Represented by Circle,
Capital letters A B.. or
number 1 2.. Or (A)
• 2. Subsidiary or Tie
Station
• These are the points
selected on main line,
Where it is necessary to run
axillary lines to locate
interior details such corner,
tree ,building etc.
• Line joining tie station are
called tie lines or subsidiary
lines
• Represented by Small
letters a b
11
12. A B
a b
Main
Survey Line
Tie Line
Tie Station
(on Main survey line)
Main Station Main Station
Building
12
13. The following points should be kept in mind while selecting a
station:
• Should be mutually visible.
• Main principle should b strictly observed
• If possible, line through the whole length of area should b drawn
• All triangles well defined
• A check line should provided each triangle
• Survey lines should be as few.
• A number of tie lines should be drawn
• Position of survey lines should be such that to avoid obstacles to
chaining and ranging
• It should be on level ground
Selection Of Survey Station
13
15. Base Line
• The longest of the chain lines used in making a survey is
generally regarded as Base line.
• Most important line.
• It fixes up direction of all other lines, as on base line, is
built framework of a survey.
• Should be laid on level ground , as possible through the
center and length of the area.
• Should be correctly measured and should be measured
twice or thrice.
•
15
16. Check Line
• A check line also called proof line, is a line joining the
apex of a triangle to some fixed point on the opposite
side.
• A check line is measured to check the accuracy of the
framework.
• Thus there is a complete check on the field
measurement as well as on the accuracy of the plotting
work.
16
17. Tie Line
• A tie line is a line joining fixed points termed as Tie
station on the main survey lines.
• A tie line usually fulfill a dual purpose i.e it checks the
accuracy of the framework and enables the surveyor to
locate the interior details which are far away from the
main chain line
17
18. Offsets
• The Lateral Distance to locate the object / detail to left or
right of the Main survey line is known as Offset.
• To Locate Position of details such as boundary, building
tree, river etc.
• There are Two kinds of
Offsets
1. Perpendicular / Right
angled Offset
2. Oblique Offset/ Tie-
line Offset
18
19. Taking Offset
• For every offset we need two
measurement
• 1. Distance along the chain line
is called Chainage (Ap)
• 2. The length of Offset (pP).
• The follower will hold the zero
end and will swing it along the
chain line until he got the least
reading which will be the
measurement of perpendicular
offset
19
20. Short offset
• The offset are called short when they are less than 15m
in length and long when their length exceeds 15m.
• When offsets are short the perpendicular direction is
judged by eye only or by
• Offset should be as short as possible because they are
less liable to error due to incorrect length of tape or
incorrect direction.
• Short offset can be measured quickly and accurate.
20
21. Long Offset
• Where much accuracy is desired the long offset should
be as far as possible be avoided.
22. How to take Offsets to different
objects
1. Round object
2. If the boundary is straight
3. When object changing direction
4. For irregular boundary
5. If boundary is fair curve
6. When the object such as road crossing the survey line
7. To locate a gate
8. Locating positions of corners and intersections.
9. Locating of building
23. • A. In locating buildings
offset are taken to the
corners only and in
addition, the dimension
of the building are also
measured and recorded.
• B. another method when
building near to chain
line
(aa’ bb’, a’b, b’a are
measured)
Locating Building
A B
a’
a
b
c
b’ c’ a’ b’
b
a
23
Lecture 2 Chain Survey
24. Booking Field Notes
• The book in which survey work
is recorded by measurement
and sketches is called Field
book.
• There are two forms of field
book
1)single line and 2) double line
24
Lecture 2 Chain Survey
25. • A Chain survey may be executed in the following
steps:
1. Reconnaissance
Walk the whole area and thoroughly examine the ground, note position of
boundaries ,road ,river etc, various difficulties to chain lines, select stations,
prepare a neat sketches called index sketches or key plan.
2. Marking stations
With ranging rod , or wooden peg. Driving a nail or spikes if hard surface,
embedding stone with a cross mark.
3. Reference sketches
After marking station they should be referenced i.e located by measurement
called ties taken from 3 permanent point which are easily identified such corner
of building
4. Running survey line
After the preliminary work chaining start from base line and carried throughout
all the line of the framework continuously . Chaining and locating nearby detail.
So chain is laid and kept lying , offset are taken .
Field Work
25
26. Instruments For Setting-Out
Right Angles
• The following instruments may be used for
• 1. Finding the foot of perpendicular from a given point to a line
• 2. Setting out a right angle at a given point on a line.
• Cross Staff
1) The open 2) The French 3) The adjustable
• Optical square
• With chain or tape
26
Lecture 2 Chain Survey
27. Right Angle with Chain Or Tape
• 3 4 5 method
A B
E C
D
40 links
80th links
30th links
50 links
27
Lecture 2 Chain Survey
28. Open cross-staff
• The open cross-staff consists of four metal arms with
vertical slit. The two pairs of arms (AB and BC) are at
right angles to each other. the vertical slits are meant for
sighting the object and the ranging rods.
28