Ch 42[1]
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Gills and lungs are specialized respiratory surfaces that facilitate gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial organisms, respectively. In mammals, respiration occurs through negative pressure breathing controlled by brain centers in the medulla oblongata and pons. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body while regulating pH.
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In this ppt, the components of respiratory system, mechanism of breathing and how the regular exercise habits benefits our respiratory system.
Control of respiration
The document summarizes the control of respiration by brainstem centers. It describes three main areas - the medullary rhythmicity area in the medulla controls basic breathing rhythm through inspiratory and expiratory centers. The pneumotaxic area in the upper pons regulates breath duration. The apneustic area in lower pons prolongs inhalation. Peripheral chemoreceptors and proprioceptors provide feedback to modulate the breathing centers. Stretch receptors in the lungs trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex to regulate exhalation. Various other factors like emotions, temperature, pain also influence the respiratory centers.
Respiratory system
This document summarizes the respiratory system. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the developmental anatomy, functions including ventilation and gas exchange, and regulation of respiration through neural control centers in the brainstem. It also covers applied topics like effects of altitude and diving. The respiratory system works to oxygenate tissues and remove carbon dioxide through four main functions: ventilation, gas diffusion, transport, and regulation. Respiration is regulated by chemoreceptors sensitive to oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, as well as pH levels, to maintain homeostasis.
group 3.pptx
The document discusses the nervous system and its components. It is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit nerve impulses. The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic, sensory, and autonomic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Common disorders of the brain include cerebral hypoxia and dementia.
Coordination & control
Organisms detect changes in their internal and external environments using specialized sensory receptors. These receptors detect stimuli like pressure, light, sound, temperature and chemicals. The stimuli are transmitted by sensory neurons to the central nervous system which coordinates the organism's response. Key sensory receptors include mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors and pain receptors. Sensory information is processed to elicit either involuntary or voluntary responses for maintaining homeostasis.
Regulation of lungs respiration
The respiratory centers in the brainstem control both involuntary and voluntary respiration. The medulla and pons are the primary centers, with the medulla containing groups that stimulate inspiration and expiration. The pons controls respiratory rate. Chemoreceptors in the brainstem and body sense pH in the blood and provide feedback to adjust ventilation. Proprioceptors in the lungs called stretch receptors trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex to prevent overinflation by inhibiting inspiration. This reflex can also cause the heart rate to briefly increase during inhalation in a phenomenon called sinus arrhythmia.
Respiratory System PDF Slide @.pdf
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the environment in which it lives and its evolutionary history. In land animals the respiratory surface is internalized as linings of the lungs. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs; in mammals and reptiles these are called alveoli, and in birds they are known as atria. These microscopic air sacs have a very rich blood supply, thus bringing the air into close contact with the blood.These air sacs communicate with the external environment via a system of airways, or hollow tubes, of which the largest is the trachea, which branches in the middle of the chest into the two main bronchi. These enter the lungs where they branch into progressively narrower secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch into numerous smaller tubes, the bronchioles. In birds the bronchioles are termed parabronchi. It is the bronchioles, or parabronchi that generally open into the microscopic alveoli in mammals and atria in birds. Air has to be pumped from the environment into the alveoli or atria by the process of breathing which involves the muscles of respiration.
In most fish, and a number of other aquatic animals (both vertebrates and invertebrates) the respiratory system consists of gills, which are either partially or completely external organs, bathed in the watery environment. This water flows over the gills by a variety of active or passive means. Gas exchange takes place in the gills which consist of thin or very flat filaments and lammelae which expose a very large surface area of highly vascularized tissue to the water.
Other animals, such as insects, have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features, and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange. Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals. The respiratory system in plants includes anatomical features such as stomata, that are found in various parts of the plant.
Chapter37.3 lungstructure&breathing
The document discusses the human respiratory system. It lists the main parts including the nose, trachea, lungs, bronchus, and diaphragm. It explains that respiration at the cellular level is the breakdown of food to release energy, while at the organism level it is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between red blood cells and alveoli in the lungs. It describes how breathing works through the contraction of the diaphragm and ribs, causing inhalation and exhalation. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli where oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
Peripheral nerve system
The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the limbs and organs. It consists of the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movement, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions. The autonomic nervous system has two divisions - the sympathetic nervous system, which activates the fight or flight response, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes rest and digestion. Together these systems allow the nervous system to control and coordinate the body's activities.
Biology project (Organ system)
The document discusses four major human organ systems - the nervous system, respiratory system, excretory system, and circulatory system. It provides details on the structure and functions of each system. The nervous system coordinates behavior and signal transmission using neurons and neural pathways. The respiratory system involves gas exchange in the lungs and respiratory structures. The excretory system maintains homeostasis by filtering and removing waste from the blood. The circulatory system uses the heart to pump blood through vessels to tissues throughout the body.
CNS PART 2.pptx
The document summarizes key information about the structure and function of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It describes the four ventricles that produce CSF and how it circulates through the brain and spinal cord. It discusses the formation of CSF by the choroid plexus and its absorption. The structure and functions of structures like the basal ganglia, thalamus, and blood-brain barrier are also summarized briefly.
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla and pons that receive sensory information and control respiratory muscles. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels. Central chemoreceptors in the brainstem are sensitive to increased carbon dioxide levels, while peripheral chemoreceptors respond to decreased oxygen levels. Together the nervous and chemical mechanisms work to regulate breathing and maintain appropriate gas exchange.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Salivary glands
Origin: Medulla oblongata
Opening to the skull: Jugular foramen
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
Component: Mixed
Function:
Motor: Muscles of larynx
Sensory: Larynx, trachea, pharynx,
tongue
Parasympathetic: Bronchial tree,
heart
Origin: Medulla oblongata
Opening to the skull: Jugular foramen
VAGUS NERVE
Component: Motor
Function:
Human respiratory system
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the human respiratory system. It discusses the main organs involved, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles. It explains the functions of these organs in oxygenation of the blood and removal of carbon dioxide through breathing and gas exchange. The primary function of the respiratory system is to oxygenate the blood enabling supply of oxygen to all parts of the body.
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