reglation of respiration
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•59 views
This document discusses the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. It describes the respiratory centers in the brainstem that control respiration rate and depth. One such center, the pneumotaxic center, controls the switching between inspiration and expiration by inhibiting the dorsal respiratory group. Stimulation or destruction of the pneumotaxic center impacts respiratory patterns. The document also discusses peripheral chemoreceptors that detect low oxygen and stimulate deeper breathing, as well as sleep apnea syndrome where breathing temporarily stops during sleep due to factors like airway obstruction.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes the nervous and chemical mechanisms that regulate respiration. There are two main mechanisms:
1. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that receive input from afferent nerves and control respiration through efferent nerves that stimulate the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
2. The chemical mechanism senses changes in blood gases through central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem detect increased carbon dioxide, while peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic arteries detect low oxygen levels. Both trigger the respiratory centers to increase breathing rate.
Respiratory centers
This document discusses the control of respiration by the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain. It describes three key areas that control respiration: 1) The medullary rhythmicity area controls the rhythm of breathing and generates nerve impulses for inhalation and exhalation. 2) The pneumotaxic area inhibits the inspiratory area to end inhalation before the lungs become too full. 3) The apneustic area stimulates deep, long inhalation by activating the inspiratory area. Together these three areas of the respiratory center precisely regulate the rhythm and depth of breathing.
Regulation of breathing /prosthodontic courses
The document discusses the regulation of breathing through both involuntary and voluntary mechanisms. It describes how breathing is controlled by respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons through motor neurons that stimulate respiratory muscles. The activity of these centers is regulated chemically through feedback from arterial blood gas levels as well as mechanically through stretch receptors in the lungs. Both involuntary automatic breathing and voluntary breathing through cortical control are described.
Respiratory system
The respiratory system takes oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide from it. Oxygen is carried by the bloodstream to tissues where it is exchanged for carbon dioxide, which is then returned to the bloodstream. The lungs are the main organ of respiration and facilitate this gas exchange. The rate and depth of breathing is automatically controlled by both the nervous system and chemical sensors that detect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Regulation of respiration
The respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons regions of the brain controls respiration. It contains the medullary rhythmicity area which controls the basic rhythm of inhalation and exhalation, the pneumotaxic area which coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation by inhibiting the inspiratory area, and the apneustic area which prolongs inhalation. Respiration is also regulated by chemoreceptors which detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and stimulate breathing, by proprioceptors which sense movement and stimulate inhalation, and by the inflation reflex which inhibits inhalation during exhalation to prevent overinflation of the lungs.
Regulation of respiration
1) Respiration is regulated by the nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that collect sensory information and determine signals to respiratory muscles.
2) There are four respiratory centers - the inspiratory and expiratory centers in the medulla, and the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers in the pons. The inspiratory center controls inspiration while the expiratory center controls expiration.
3) The chemical mechanism is operated by central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers.
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes regulation of respiration, including:
1- The respiratory center is located in the medulla and pons and contains three major neuron groups that control inspiration, expiration, and breathing depth. Peripheral chemoreceptors also detect oxygen levels and signal the respiratory center.
2- Chemical control of respiration, mainly by carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, directly stimulates the respiratory center. Oxygen does not directly affect the center but is detected by peripheral chemoreceptors.
3- Other factors like exercise, lung inflation, brain edema, anesthesia, and irritant receptors can also influence respiration. Periodic breathing disorders like Cheyne-Stokes and sleep apnea involve irregular breathing patterns during
Regulation of Respiration - Animal Physiology
This document contain detailed study about The Regulation of Respiration and it covers all of the aspects of terms and topics related to regulation of respiration.
Recommended
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes the nervous and chemical mechanisms that regulate respiration. There are two main mechanisms:
1. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that receive input from afferent nerves and control respiration through efferent nerves that stimulate the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
2. The chemical mechanism senses changes in blood gases through central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem detect increased carbon dioxide, while peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic arteries detect low oxygen levels. Both trigger the respiratory centers to increase breathing rate.
Respiratory centers
This document discusses the control of respiration by the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain. It describes three key areas that control respiration: 1) The medullary rhythmicity area controls the rhythm of breathing and generates nerve impulses for inhalation and exhalation. 2) The pneumotaxic area inhibits the inspiratory area to end inhalation before the lungs become too full. 3) The apneustic area stimulates deep, long inhalation by activating the inspiratory area. Together these three areas of the respiratory center precisely regulate the rhythm and depth of breathing.
Regulation of breathing /prosthodontic courses
The document discusses the regulation of breathing through both involuntary and voluntary mechanisms. It describes how breathing is controlled by respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons through motor neurons that stimulate respiratory muscles. The activity of these centers is regulated chemically through feedback from arterial blood gas levels as well as mechanically through stretch receptors in the lungs. Both involuntary automatic breathing and voluntary breathing through cortical control are described.
Respiratory system
The respiratory system takes oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide from it. Oxygen is carried by the bloodstream to tissues where it is exchanged for carbon dioxide, which is then returned to the bloodstream. The lungs are the main organ of respiration and facilitate this gas exchange. The rate and depth of breathing is automatically controlled by both the nervous system and chemical sensors that detect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Regulation of respiration
The respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons regions of the brain controls respiration. It contains the medullary rhythmicity area which controls the basic rhythm of inhalation and exhalation, the pneumotaxic area which coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation by inhibiting the inspiratory area, and the apneustic area which prolongs inhalation. Respiration is also regulated by chemoreceptors which detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and stimulate breathing, by proprioceptors which sense movement and stimulate inhalation, and by the inflation reflex which inhibits inhalation during exhalation to prevent overinflation of the lungs.
Regulation of respiration
1) Respiration is regulated by the nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that collect sensory information and determine signals to respiratory muscles.
2) There are four respiratory centers - the inspiratory and expiratory centers in the medulla, and the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers in the pons. The inspiratory center controls inspiration while the expiratory center controls expiration.
3) The chemical mechanism is operated by central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers.
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes regulation of respiration, including:
1- The respiratory center is located in the medulla and pons and contains three major neuron groups that control inspiration, expiration, and breathing depth. Peripheral chemoreceptors also detect oxygen levels and signal the respiratory center.
2- Chemical control of respiration, mainly by carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, directly stimulates the respiratory center. Oxygen does not directly affect the center but is detected by peripheral chemoreceptors.
3- Other factors like exercise, lung inflation, brain edema, anesthesia, and irritant receptors can also influence respiration. Periodic breathing disorders like Cheyne-Stokes and sleep apnea involve irregular breathing patterns during
Regulation of Respiration - Animal Physiology
This document contain detailed study about The Regulation of Respiration and it covers all of the aspects of terms and topics related to regulation of respiration.
Regulaion of Respiration (presentation)
The document discusses the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. It describes the various respiratory centers located in the medulla oblongata and pons that control breathing. These centers receive input from chemoreceptors that detect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and send signals to increase or decrease breathing rate. The document outlines the roles of the dorsal neurons, ventral neurons, apneustic center, and pneumotaxic center in respiratory control and coordination. Factors such as impulses from higher brain centers, lung stretch receptors, thermoreceptors, and pain receptors can also influence the respiratory centers.
Control%20of%20 Breathing
The document discusses the control of breathing through sensors that monitor blood gases and lung mechanics, central pattern generators in the brainstem that establish the breathing rhythm, and effector muscles like the diaphragm. It covers the roles of chemoreceptors in sensing oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to stimulate breathing, as well as mechanoreceptors that provide feedback on lung inflation and irritants. The diaphragm is highlighted as the primary inspiratory muscle, innervated bilaterally by the phrenic nerves to descend during inhalation and elevate the ribs.
Regulation of respiration, mmmp
The document discusses the regulation of respiration through the respiratory control system. It describes the key components of the respiratory control system, including the integrator center in the brainstem, sensors such as chemoreceptors that detect changes in gases, and respiratory muscles as effectors. Specifically, it outlines the respiratory centers located in the medulla and pons that generate the rhythmic breathing pattern through groups of neurons. These centers integrate input from chemoreceptors and other reflexes to control respiration involuntary and allow for some voluntary control.
28. respiratory 3-08-09
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through respiratory centers located in the brainstem and pons. It discusses the dual control of automatic and voluntary respiration, and describes the roles of various centers including the pneumotaxic, apneustic, dorsal respiratory group (DRG), and ventral respiratory group (VRG). Peripheral chemoreceptors like the carotid and aortic bodies that sense blood gases, and pulmonary stretch receptors are also involved in regulating breathing. Higher brain centers and various factors influence respiration.
Regulation of respiration
This document discusses the two main mechanisms that control respiration: the neural and chemical mechanisms. It describes in detail the various centers in the brainstem that control respiration, including the dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group, pneumotaxic center, and apneustic center. It also discusses the voluntary, automatic, and reflex control of respiration, including various reflexes like the Hering-Breuer reflex. Other factors that can affect respiration like sleep and receptors outside the respiratory system are also summarized.
Mechanism of Respiration
The document summarizes the physiology of respiration and the mechanism of breathing. It describes that breathing consists of two phases: inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is the active process of inhaling air which involves contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to enlarge the thoracic cavity and decrease lung pressure, drawing air in. Expiration is the passive process of exhaling air which involves relaxation of these muscles, shrinking the thoracic cavity so lung pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, expelling air out.
Regulation of Respiration
Breathing is controlled by centers in the brain stem which receive input from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. The medulla contains the inspiratory and expiratory centers that control the rhythm of breathing and receive sensory input. The pneumotaxic center limits inspiration while the Hering-Breuer reflex decreases breathing rate through lung stretch receptors. Peripheral and central chemoreceptors detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stimulate breathing through the inspiratory center.
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla and pons that receive sensory information and control respiratory muscles. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels. Central chemoreceptors in the brainstem are sensitive to increased carbon dioxide levels, while peripheral chemoreceptors respond to decreased oxygen levels. Together the nervous and chemical mechanisms work to regulate breathing and maintain appropriate gas exchange.
Regulation of respiration
1. The respiratory center located in the medulla contains inspiratory and expiratory neurons that generate rhythmic breathing movements.
2. Respiration is regulated by peripheral reflexes like the Hering-Breuer reflex, chemical factors like carbon dioxide and oxygen levels that influence the respiratory center, and higher brain centers.
3. An increase in carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, or decrease in oxygen stimulates respiration to maintain homeostasis, while stretch receptors in the lungs inhibit inspiration when full.
Neural regulation of resp by Dr. Mrs Sunita M. Tiwale Professor Dept of Phys...
Describe Nervous mechanism of regulation of respiration & significance of dual control.
Describe the different respiratory centres in brain stem with their interconnections & functions.
Describe the genesis of basic rhythm of respiration
Describe the clinical relevance of the nervous control of respiration
10 regulation and 11 . disturbances of respiration
The document discusses the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla and pons that control inspiration and expiration. These centers integrate input from peripheral chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and pulmonary stretch receptors. The chemical mechanism involves central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stimulate respiration as needed. Together, the nervous and chemical mechanisms maintain appropriate gas exchange and acid-base balance through regulating respiratory rate, depth, and muscle activity.
Control of breathing
This document discusses the control of breathing and the neural mechanisms that regulate respiration. There are two main mechanisms - voluntary control located in the cerebral cortex, and automatic control driven by pacemaker cells in the medulla. The medulla contains respiratory centers that generate the rhythmic pattern of breathing through inspiratory and expiratory motor neurons. Breathing is regulated by chemical and non-chemical stimuli that act on central and peripheral chemoreceptors to modulate the respiratory centers. Abnormalities in the respiratory rhythm can occur due to lesions or diseases that disrupt the control centers.
Regulation of ventilation Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGY
The document summarizes the regulation of ventilation through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that control respiratory muscles. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels in the blood and stimulate the respiratory centers. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla are sensitive to increased hydrogen ions, while peripheral chemoreceptors detect reduced oxygen levels and stimulate breathing to rectify the lack of oxygen. Together the nervous and chemical mechanisms tightly regulate breathing to maintain appropriate gas exchange.
Control of breathing
This document discusses control of breathing. It begins by defining breathing and respiration, noting that breathing is the process of inhaling and exhaling air while respiration involves cellular oxidation reactions. It then describes the mechanics of breathing, including inspiration driven by diaphragm and intercostal muscle contraction, and expiration triggered by relaxation of these muscles. The document outlines three levels of nervous control over breathing: primary control by the medulla oblongata in response to rising blood CO2 and H+ levels, secondary control via chemoreceptors responding to blood O2, and alveolar control through stretch receptors signaling full alveoli to the medulla.
Chemical regulation
The document summarizes chemical regulation of respiration. It discusses how carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and oxygen levels regulate breathing through central and peripheral chemoreceptors. The central chemoreceptors in the brainstem are stimulated by increased carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in the bloodstream. The peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and aortic arch are stimulated by decreased oxygen levels. Together, the chemoreceptors detect changes in gas levels and stimulate breathing to maintain homeostasis.
Regulation of respiration ap-converted
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers located in the medulla and pons that control inspiration and expiration. Chemical regulation occurs through central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers. Factors like exercise, voluntary control, and lung irritants can also affect respiration.
Regulation of respiration 2020 ms
PHYSIOLOGY BASICS IN RESPIRATION
TRYING TO MAKE A MILE STONE IN SIMPLIFIED WAY
FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS
Control Of Ventilation
This document summarizes control of ventilation through both voluntary and involuntary mechanisms. Voluntary control allows us to override the automatic breathing rhythm, while involuntary control is mediated by brainstem centers that generate rhythmic breathing patterns. These centers are sensitive to chemical signals from the blood, especially carbon dioxide levels, such that increases in CO2 or decreases in pH trigger higher ventilation rates to maintain homeostasis.
Chapter 22: Respiratory System (#4)
The document summarizes control of respiration and factors that influence breathing rate and depth. It describes how the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla generates the basic breathing rhythm and how the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) integrates sensory input. It discusses how changes in arterial CO2, O2, and pH levels detected by central and peripheral chemoreceptors signal the respiratory centers to adjust ventilation. Higher brain centers, lung stretch receptors, and exercise can also influence breathing.
Control Of Respiratory Function
The document discusses various topics related to respiratory function including:
1) The main functions of the lungs are to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide through gas exchange in the alveoli.
2) The respiratory system includes conducting airways that warm and humidify air, and respiratory airways ending in alveoli where gas exchange occurs through membranes.
3) Respiratory muscles such as the diaphragm and intercostals muscles control inhalation and exhalation. Lung compliance depends on factors like elastin and collagen as well as surfactant levels.
4) Damage to alveoli from smoke inhalation can reduce compliance and surfactant leading to respiratory distress,
7) regulation of respiration
lecture 7: every system in our body should be controlled by nervous system, certain chemical in the blood also alter the respiratory cycle.
Regulation of respiration
This document summarizes the regulation of respiration through two main mechanisms: nervous and chemical. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the brainstem that control breathing rate and depth. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, stimulating the respiratory centers to increase or decrease breathing. Central chemoreceptors in the brain are more sensitive to increased carbon dioxide while peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid body strongly respond to decreased oxygen levels. Together these mechanisms maintain appropriate gas exchange and pH levels in the blood through adjustments to respiratory rate and depth.
More Related Content
What's hot
Regulaion of Respiration (presentation)
The document discusses the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. It describes the various respiratory centers located in the medulla oblongata and pons that control breathing. These centers receive input from chemoreceptors that detect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and send signals to increase or decrease breathing rate. The document outlines the roles of the dorsal neurons, ventral neurons, apneustic center, and pneumotaxic center in respiratory control and coordination. Factors such as impulses from higher brain centers, lung stretch receptors, thermoreceptors, and pain receptors can also influence the respiratory centers.
Control%20of%20 Breathing
The document discusses the control of breathing through sensors that monitor blood gases and lung mechanics, central pattern generators in the brainstem that establish the breathing rhythm, and effector muscles like the diaphragm. It covers the roles of chemoreceptors in sensing oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to stimulate breathing, as well as mechanoreceptors that provide feedback on lung inflation and irritants. The diaphragm is highlighted as the primary inspiratory muscle, innervated bilaterally by the phrenic nerves to descend during inhalation and elevate the ribs.
Regulation of respiration, mmmp
The document discusses the regulation of respiration through the respiratory control system. It describes the key components of the respiratory control system, including the integrator center in the brainstem, sensors such as chemoreceptors that detect changes in gases, and respiratory muscles as effectors. Specifically, it outlines the respiratory centers located in the medulla and pons that generate the rhythmic breathing pattern through groups of neurons. These centers integrate input from chemoreceptors and other reflexes to control respiration involuntary and allow for some voluntary control.
28. respiratory 3-08-09
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through respiratory centers located in the brainstem and pons. It discusses the dual control of automatic and voluntary respiration, and describes the roles of various centers including the pneumotaxic, apneustic, dorsal respiratory group (DRG), and ventral respiratory group (VRG). Peripheral chemoreceptors like the carotid and aortic bodies that sense blood gases, and pulmonary stretch receptors are also involved in regulating breathing. Higher brain centers and various factors influence respiration.
Regulation of respiration
This document discusses the two main mechanisms that control respiration: the neural and chemical mechanisms. It describes in detail the various centers in the brainstem that control respiration, including the dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group, pneumotaxic center, and apneustic center. It also discusses the voluntary, automatic, and reflex control of respiration, including various reflexes like the Hering-Breuer reflex. Other factors that can affect respiration like sleep and receptors outside the respiratory system are also summarized.
Mechanism of Respiration
The document summarizes the physiology of respiration and the mechanism of breathing. It describes that breathing consists of two phases: inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is the active process of inhaling air which involves contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to enlarge the thoracic cavity and decrease lung pressure, drawing air in. Expiration is the passive process of exhaling air which involves relaxation of these muscles, shrinking the thoracic cavity so lung pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, expelling air out.
Regulation of Respiration
Breathing is controlled by centers in the brain stem which receive input from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. The medulla contains the inspiratory and expiratory centers that control the rhythm of breathing and receive sensory input. The pneumotaxic center limits inspiration while the Hering-Breuer reflex decreases breathing rate through lung stretch receptors. Peripheral and central chemoreceptors detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stimulate breathing through the inspiratory center.
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla and pons that receive sensory information and control respiratory muscles. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels. Central chemoreceptors in the brainstem are sensitive to increased carbon dioxide levels, while peripheral chemoreceptors respond to decreased oxygen levels. Together the nervous and chemical mechanisms work to regulate breathing and maintain appropriate gas exchange.
Regulation of respiration
1. The respiratory center located in the medulla contains inspiratory and expiratory neurons that generate rhythmic breathing movements.
2. Respiration is regulated by peripheral reflexes like the Hering-Breuer reflex, chemical factors like carbon dioxide and oxygen levels that influence the respiratory center, and higher brain centers.
3. An increase in carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, or decrease in oxygen stimulates respiration to maintain homeostasis, while stretch receptors in the lungs inhibit inspiration when full.
Neural regulation of resp by Dr. Mrs Sunita M. Tiwale Professor Dept of Phys...
Describe Nervous mechanism of regulation of respiration & significance of dual control.
Describe the different respiratory centres in brain stem with their interconnections & functions.
Describe the genesis of basic rhythm of respiration
Describe the clinical relevance of the nervous control of respiration
10 regulation and 11 . disturbances of respiration
The document discusses the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla and pons that control inspiration and expiration. These centers integrate input from peripheral chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and pulmonary stretch receptors. The chemical mechanism involves central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stimulate respiration as needed. Together, the nervous and chemical mechanisms maintain appropriate gas exchange and acid-base balance through regulating respiratory rate, depth, and muscle activity.
Control of breathing
This document discusses the control of breathing and the neural mechanisms that regulate respiration. There are two main mechanisms - voluntary control located in the cerebral cortex, and automatic control driven by pacemaker cells in the medulla. The medulla contains respiratory centers that generate the rhythmic pattern of breathing through inspiratory and expiratory motor neurons. Breathing is regulated by chemical and non-chemical stimuli that act on central and peripheral chemoreceptors to modulate the respiratory centers. Abnormalities in the respiratory rhythm can occur due to lesions or diseases that disrupt the control centers.
Regulation of ventilation Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGY
The document summarizes the regulation of ventilation through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that control respiratory muscles. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels in the blood and stimulate the respiratory centers. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla are sensitive to increased hydrogen ions, while peripheral chemoreceptors detect reduced oxygen levels and stimulate breathing to rectify the lack of oxygen. Together the nervous and chemical mechanisms tightly regulate breathing to maintain appropriate gas exchange.
Control of breathing
This document discusses control of breathing. It begins by defining breathing and respiration, noting that breathing is the process of inhaling and exhaling air while respiration involves cellular oxidation reactions. It then describes the mechanics of breathing, including inspiration driven by diaphragm and intercostal muscle contraction, and expiration triggered by relaxation of these muscles. The document outlines three levels of nervous control over breathing: primary control by the medulla oblongata in response to rising blood CO2 and H+ levels, secondary control via chemoreceptors responding to blood O2, and alveolar control through stretch receptors signaling full alveoli to the medulla.
Chemical regulation
The document summarizes chemical regulation of respiration. It discusses how carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and oxygen levels regulate breathing through central and peripheral chemoreceptors. The central chemoreceptors in the brainstem are stimulated by increased carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in the bloodstream. The peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and aortic arch are stimulated by decreased oxygen levels. Together, the chemoreceptors detect changes in gas levels and stimulate breathing to maintain homeostasis.
Regulation of respiration ap-converted
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers located in the medulla and pons that control inspiration and expiration. Chemical regulation occurs through central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers. Factors like exercise, voluntary control, and lung irritants can also affect respiration.
Regulation of respiration 2020 ms
PHYSIOLOGY BASICS IN RESPIRATION
TRYING TO MAKE A MILE STONE IN SIMPLIFIED WAY
FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS
Control Of Ventilation
This document summarizes control of ventilation through both voluntary and involuntary mechanisms. Voluntary control allows us to override the automatic breathing rhythm, while involuntary control is mediated by brainstem centers that generate rhythmic breathing patterns. These centers are sensitive to chemical signals from the blood, especially carbon dioxide levels, such that increases in CO2 or decreases in pH trigger higher ventilation rates to maintain homeostasis.
Chapter 22: Respiratory System (#4)
The document summarizes control of respiration and factors that influence breathing rate and depth. It describes how the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla generates the basic breathing rhythm and how the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) integrates sensory input. It discusses how changes in arterial CO2, O2, and pH levels detected by central and peripheral chemoreceptors signal the respiratory centers to adjust ventilation. Higher brain centers, lung stretch receptors, and exercise can also influence breathing.
Control Of Respiratory Function
The document discusses various topics related to respiratory function including:
1) The main functions of the lungs are to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide through gas exchange in the alveoli.
2) The respiratory system includes conducting airways that warm and humidify air, and respiratory airways ending in alveoli where gas exchange occurs through membranes.
3) Respiratory muscles such as the diaphragm and intercostals muscles control inhalation and exhalation. Lung compliance depends on factors like elastin and collagen as well as surfactant levels.
4) Damage to alveoli from smoke inhalation can reduce compliance and surfactant leading to respiratory distress,
What's hot (20)
Neural regulation of resp by Dr. Mrs Sunita M. Tiwale Professor Dept of Phys...
Neural regulation of resp by Dr. Mrs Sunita M. Tiwale Professor Dept of Phys...
10 regulation and 11 . disturbances of respiration
10 regulation and 11 . disturbances of respiration
Regulation of ventilation Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGY
Regulation of ventilation Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGY
Similar to reglation of respiration
7) regulation of respiration
lecture 7: every system in our body should be controlled by nervous system, certain chemical in the blood also alter the respiratory cycle.
Regulation of respiration
This document summarizes the regulation of respiration through two main mechanisms: nervous and chemical. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the brainstem that control breathing rate and depth. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, stimulating the respiratory centers to increase or decrease breathing. Central chemoreceptors in the brain are more sensitive to increased carbon dioxide while peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid body strongly respond to decreased oxygen levels. Together these mechanisms maintain appropriate gas exchange and pH levels in the blood through adjustments to respiratory rate and depth.
Respiratory system 3.pdf
The document discusses regulation of respiration, including:
1. The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and consists of inspiratory and expiratory neurons that generate rhythmic breathing patterns.
2. Breathing is also regulated by centers in the pons and hypothalamus as well as reflexes from lung stretch receptors, irritant receptors, and J-receptors in the lungs.
3. The tone and rhythm of breathing is controlled by chemoreceptors sensitive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and the autonomic nervous system through the vagus nerves.
Regulation of respiration (the guyton and hall physiology)
Normal respiration is spontaneous and unconscious.
There are 4 groups of neurons on each side in the Pons and medulla oblongata which are involved in regulation of respiration. These include
1. Medullary centers
Dorsal respiratory group of neurons
Ventral respiratory group of neurons
2. Pontine centers
Pneumotaxic centre
Apneustic centre.
It contains “I”neurons which are inspiratory neurons.
It’s located in dorsal portion of medulla oblongata.
It also includes the nucleus of tractus solitarius which is the sensory termination of afferent fibers in 9th ( GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE) and 10th (VAGUS NERVE) cranial nerves.
They receive impulses from peripheral chemoreceptors, carotid and aortic baroreceptors and also other receptors in the lungs.
In this group inspiratory ramp signals are produced spontaneously.
If we cut the medulla oblongata from other parts of brain and also the afferent nerves which enter the medulla, still inspiratory ramp signals are produced which indicate it’s the inherent property of medulla.
Initially the signal is weak and then it progressively increases and then fades away.
Each ramp signal’s duration is 2 sec and then for 3 seconds there is no ramp signal.
So each cycle lasts for 5 seconds and there are 12 cycles /minute which is the respiratory rate.
Significance of the signal in the form of ramp is that it causes progressive expansion of the lungs. After production, these ramp signals are transmitted to the contra lateral motor neurons supplying the inspiratory muscles.
Rate and duration of inspiratory ramp signals is controlled by impulses from the Pneumotaxic centre and impulses from the lungs via vagi.
Control o
The document summarizes the neural control of breathing. It discusses how breathing is regulated by central neuronal networks in the brainstem and spinal cord to meet metabolic demands. The central neurons in the medulla and pons form the basic respiratory center that produces and controls respiration. These centers integrate input from higher brain areas, mechanoreceptors, and peripheral chemoreceptors. They regulate breathing frequency and tidal volume through motor neurons that control respiratory muscles. Chemical control of breathing also occurs through central and peripheral chemoreceptors that sense changes in blood gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide to modulate ventilation.
Control of Ventilation /Lung Physiology by Nahid Sherbini
The document summarizes the neural control of breathing. It discusses how breathing is regulated by central neuronal networks in the brainstem and spinal cord to meet metabolic demands. The central neurons in the medulla and pons form the basic respiratory center that produces and controls respiration. These centers integrate input from higher brain areas, mechanoreceptors, and peripheral chemoreceptors. They regulate breathing frequency and tidal volume through motor neurons that control respiratory muscles. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies also influence breathing in response to changes in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
Control of respiration
Like heartbeat, breathing must occur in a continuous, cyclic pattern to sustain life processes.
Inspiratory muscles must rhythmically contract and relax to alternately fill the lungs with air and empty them.
The rhythmic pattern of breathing is established by cyclic neural activity to the respiratory muscles
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes regulation of respiration, including:
1- The respiratory center is located in the medulla and pons and contains three major neuron groups that control inspiration, expiration, and breathing depth. Peripheral chemoreceptors also detect oxygen levels and signal the respiratory center.
2- Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions directly stimulate the respiratory center, with CO2 having a more potent effect. Low oxygen is detected by peripheral chemoreceptors and signals increased breathing.
3- During exercise, respiration increases to match oxygen needs through both chemical and neural signals to the respiratory center and muscles. Other factors like lung inflation and brain edema can also affect respiration. Periodic breathing disorders like Cheyne-S
Neural regulation of Respiration
This document discusses the neural regulation of respiration. It begins by outlining the respiratory centers located in the brainstem, including the dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group, pneumotaxic center, and apneustic center. These centers generate the rhythmic pattern of breathing and control the rate and depth of respiration. The document then describes various inputs that affect the respiratory centers, including peripheral chemoreceptors, lung stretch receptors, and irritant receptors. It concludes by explaining how disrupting different parts of the respiratory control system, such as through brainstem transections or anesthesia overdose, can impact breathing patterns and potentially cause respiratory arrest.
Regulation of respiration.pptx
1. Regulation of respiration involves nervous and chemical mechanisms, with respiratory centers in the brainstem controlling breathing via nerves and chemoreceptors detecting blood gas levels.
2. Fetal respiration relies on oxygen transfer through the plumbcenta rather than lung function. Neonatal respiration requires adaptations as the lungs begin gas exchange and breathing independently.
3. Respiration can be modified in unusual environments through adaptations like increased lung capacity at high altitudes or anaerobic pathways in low oxygen conditions.
Neural regulation of_respiration
IT INCLUDES ALL THE RESPIRATORY CENTER IDENTIFIED TILL NOW AND THEIR MODULATION VIA DIFFERENT FACTORS. OVERALL IT EMPHASIS ON HOW CNS CAN ALTER THE FREQUENCY OF RESPIRATION
regulation of respiration 1.pptx
This a presentation on regulation of respiration, control of the rate of increase of the the ramp signal, control of the limiting point at which ramp suddenly ceases
CONTROL OF VENTILATION - PART 2
The document discusses control of ventilation in health and disease. It covers topics like the controller-effector-sensor model of ventilation control, the concept of loop gain and how it relates to breathing stability, the impact of sleep state on breathing regulation and disorders like sleep apnea, and several factors that influence central and obstructive apnea like age, sex, genetics, and obesity. Feedback regulation of breathing is particularly important during non-REM sleep when behavioral influences are reduced. Disorders occur when the loop gain is too high or the carbon dioxide reserve is narrowed, making breathing unstable.
Control of respiration
The document summarizes the control of respiration by brainstem centers. It describes three main areas - the medullary rhythmicity area in the medulla controls basic breathing rhythm through inspiratory and expiratory centers. The pneumotaxic area in the upper pons regulates breath duration. The apneustic area in lower pons prolongs inhalation. Peripheral chemoreceptors and proprioceptors provide feedback to modulate the breathing centers. Stretch receptors in the lungs trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex to regulate exhalation. Various other factors like emotions, temperature, pain also influence the respiratory centers.
Regulation of Respiration
The document summarizes the neural and chemical regulation of respiration. It describes the key respiratory centers in the medulla and pons that control breathing. These include the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups in the medulla and the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers in the pons. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid body and aortic body and central chemoreceptors in the medulla detect changes in blood gases like CO2 and pH to modulate breathing. Increased CO2 and H+ stimulate these chemoreceptors to enhance the activity of the respiratory centers and increase ventilation.
Regulation of temperature,respiration and cardiac output and
This PPT includes reguation of temperature,respiration and gross pictorial description of cardiac cycle and and cardiac output withits pedodontic implications
Regulation of respiration
Respiration is regulated by both nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that collect sensory information and control respiratory muscles. There are four respiratory centers - the inspiratory and expiratory centers in the medulla, and the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers in the pons. The chemical mechanism involves central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers.
Respiration Regulation.pdf
Respiration is regulated by both nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that collect sensory information and control respiratory muscles. There are four respiratory centers - the inspiratory and expiratory centers in the medulla, and the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers in the pons. The chemical mechanism involves central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels in the blood and stimulate the respiratory centers.
Regulation of lungs respiration
The respiratory centers in the brainstem control both involuntary and voluntary respiration. The medulla and pons are the primary centers, with the medulla containing groups that stimulate inspiration and expiration. The pons controls respiratory rate. Chemoreceptors in the brainstem and body sense pH in the blood and provide feedback to adjust ventilation. Proprioceptors in the lungs called stretch receptors trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex to prevent overinflation by inhibiting inspiration. This reflex can also cause the heart rate to briefly increase during inhalation in a phenomenon called sinus arrhythmia.
Mechanism (mechanics) of_breathing
Breathing is controlled by respiratory centers located in the brain stem and spinal cord. The medullary respiratory centers include the dorsal respiratory group (DRG), ventral respiratory group (VRG), and Botzinger complex. The DRG contains inspiratory neurons that promote inspiration, while the VRG contains expiratory neurons that promote expiration. The pontine respiratory group in the pons modulates the medullary centers. Rhythmic breathing occurs through reciprocal inhibition between inspiratory and expiratory neurons. Inspiration is an active process involving contraction of the diaphragm and rib muscles, while expiration is usually passive due to lung elasticity.
Similar to reglation of respiration (20)
Regulation of respiration (the guyton and hall physiology)
Regulation of respiration (the guyton and hall physiology)
Control of Ventilation /Lung Physiology by Nahid Sherbini
Control of Ventilation /Lung Physiology by Nahid Sherbini
Regulation of temperature,respiration and cardiac output and
Regulation of temperature,respiration and cardiac output and
Recently uploaded
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneConstructing Your Course Container for Effective Communication
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdYour Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.Solutons Maths Escape Room Spatial .pptx
Solutions of Puzzles of Mathematics Escape Room Game in Spatial.io
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Recently uploaded (20)
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
IGCSE Biology Chapter 14- Reproduction in Plants.pdf
IGCSE Biology Chapter 14- Reproduction in Plants.pdf
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Constructing Your Course Container for Effective Communication
Constructing Your Course Container for Effective Communication
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
reglation of respiration
- 1. REGLATION OF RESPIRATION MARYAM MOHAMMADZADEHSARI
- 2. Respiration is a reflex process. But it can be controlled voluntarily for a short period of about 40 seconds. However, by practice, breathing can be withheld for a long period. At the end of that period, the person is forced to breathe. Respiration is subjected to variation, even under normal physiological conditions. For example, emotion and exercise increase the rate and force of respira- tion. But the altered pattern of respiration is brought back to normal, within a short time by some regulatory mechanisms in the body.
- 3. Normally, quiet regular breathing occurs because 1. Nervous or neural mechanism 2. Chemical mechanism.
- 4. NERVOUS MECHANISM Nervous mechanism that regulates the respiration includes: 1. Respiratory centers 2. Afferent nerves 3. Efferent nerves.
- 5. RESPIRATORY CENTERS Respiratory centers are group of neurons, which control the rate, rhythm and force of respiration. These centers are bilaterally situated in reticular formation of the brainstem Depending upon the situation in brainstem, the respiratory centers are classified into two groups: A. Medullary centers consisting of 1. Dorsal respiratory group of neurons 2. Ventral respiratory group of neurons B. Pontine centers 3. Apneustic center 4. Pneumotaxic center.
- 6. PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER Pneumotaxic center is situated in the dorsolateral part of reticular formation in upper pons. It is formed by neurons of medial parabrachial and subparabrachial nuclei. Subparabrachial nucleus is also called ventral parabrachial or Kölliker-Fuse nucleus. Function: Primary function of pneumotaxic center is to control the medullary respiratory centers, particularly the dorsal group neurons. It acts through apneustic center. Pneumotaxic center inhibits the apneustic center so that the dorsal group neurons are inhibited. Because of this, inspiration stops and expiration
- 7. Thus, pneumotaxic center influences the switching between inspiration and expiration. Pneumotaxic center increases respiratory rate by reducing the duration of inspiration. Experimental evidence Stimulation of pneumotaxic center does not produce any typical effect, except slight prolongation of expiration, by inhibiting the dorsal respiratory group of neurons through apneustic center. Destruction or inactivation of pneumotaxic center results in apneusis.
- 8. SLEEPAPNEA SYNDROME Sleep apnea is the temporary stoppage of breathing repeatedly during sleep. Sleep apnea syndrome is the disorder that involves fluctuations in the rate and force of respiration during REM sleep with short apneic episode. Apnea is due to decreased stimulation of respiratory centers, arrest of diaphragmatic movements, airway obstruction or the combination of all these factors. When breathing stops, the resultant hypercapnia and hypoxia stimulate respiration. Sleep apnea syndrome occurs in obesity, myx- edema, enlargement of tonsil and lesion in brainstem. Common features of this syndrome are loud snoring restless movements, nocturnal insomnia, daytime sleepiness, morning headache and fatigue. In severe conditions, hypertension, right heart failure and stroke occur
- 10. PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS Peripheral chemoreceptors are the chemoreceptors present in carotid and aortic region. Mechanism of Action: Hypoxia is the most potent stimulant for peripheral chemoreceptors. It is because of the presence of oxygen sensitive potassium channels in the glomus cells of peripheral chemoreceptors. Hypoxia causes closure of oxygen sensitive potassium channels and prevents potassium efflux. This leads to depolarization of glomus cells (receptor potential) and generation of action potentials in nerve ending
- 11. These impulses pass through aortic and Hering nerves and excite the dorsal group of neurons. Dorsal group of neurons in turn, send excitatory impulses to respiratory muscles, resulting in increased ventilation. Thisprovidesenoughoxygenandrectifiesthelackof oxygen. In addition to hypoxia, peripheral chemoreceptors are also stimulated by hypercapnea and increased hydrogen ion concentration. However, the sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors to hypercapne
- 12. PROTECTIVE REFLEXES OR FLEXOR REFLEXES : Protective reflexes are the reflexes which protect the body from nociceptic (harmful) stimuli. These reflexes are also called withdrawal reflexes or flexor reflexes. Protective reflexes involve flexion at different joints hence the name flexor reflexes.
- 13. AIRWAY RESISTANCE Airway resistance is the resistance offered to the passage of air through respiratory tract. Resistance increases during bronchiolar constriction, which in creases the work done by the muscles during breathing. Work done to overcome the airway resistance is called airway resistance work.