Cell Similarities
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All cells share several key components: a cell membrane that acts as a barrier between the interior and exterior of the cell and controls what passes in and out, hereditary material in the form of DNA that is copied when cells divide and directs the cell's activities, cytoplasm and organelles that contain the structures and chemicals that allow the cell to function, and they are generally too small to be seen without a microscope.
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This document summarizes the structures and functions of organelles found within cells. It explains that organelles such as the cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, and nucleus carry out specific functions to keep the cell alive. While plant and animal cells contain these organelles, bacterial cells are smaller and lack a nucleus.
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The cell is a chemical system that can maintain its structure and reproduce.
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All living things are cells or composed of cells.
The interior contents of cells in the cytoplasm.
Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed.
A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast.
Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature.
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The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called mycoplasmas; some of these single-celled organisms are spheres as small as 0.2 μm in diameter.
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The biological science which deals with the study of structure, function, molecular organization, growth, reproduction, and genetics of the cells, is called cytology or cell biology
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3. The document contrasts characteristics of plant and animal cells, noting additional structures in plant cells like the cell wall and central vacuole. It also compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, distinguishing features such as the presence of a nucleus.
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Cells are the basic unit of life and come in two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells do. All cells contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA and have organelles that perform specific functions like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and ribosomes. Plant cells differ from animal cells in that they contain chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and cell walls. The document provides detailed information about the structures and functions of various organelle found in cells.
cell and its structure.pptx
- Cells are the basic unit of life and all living things are made of cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
- Key cell structures include the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, chloroplasts, and cell wall. Each structure has a specialized function important for cell survival.
- The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and controls cell functions. The mitochondria produces energy for cell activities. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Chapter 4
- The document discusses the structure and function of cells, including both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It describes the key components of the cell and their functions.
- The main parts of eukaryotic cells are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria and the nucleus. Plant cells additionally contain chloroplasts and a cell wall.
- The structures and organelles work together to carry out essential functions like respiration, protein production, transport and waste removal that allow the cell to survive.
2. Cells
Cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which have a membrane-bound nucleus. Key differences between plant and animal cells include plant cells having cell walls and chloroplasts. Multicellular organisms have specialized cell types that carry out different functions through the process of cell differentiation. Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into many cell types and are an area of research interest.
Chapter: 2 "Cells"
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It defines the key parts of animal, plant, and bacterial cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It compares the relative sizes of different cell types and the structures present in eukaryotic versus prokaryotic cells. The document also explores specialized cell types and how cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems work together in living organisms.
Research Presentation
This document compares and contrasts plant and animal cells. It notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts, chlorophyll, and cell walls which are not present in animal cells. Animal cells uniquely contain centrioles. Both cell types share several organelles including the nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cell membrane, mitochondria, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and ribosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane are also found in both plant and animal cells.
CELL NOTES BY NURSING TUTORIAL.docx
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms. They vary greatly in size, from the smallest cell Mycoplasma at 0.1 μm to the largest cell the ostrich egg at 18 cm. All cells contain a plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains various organelles that carry out specific functions necessary for cell survival, such as mitochondria which produce energy and the endoplasmic reticulum which synthesizes proteins. The nucleus contains DNA and controls cell activities like metabolism, protein synthesis, growth and cell division.
What is cell
The document discusses the basic components and structures of cells. It defines cells as the fundamental unit of life and outlines several major developments in cell theory over time. The document then describes key cellular structures such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria and lysosomes, and differences in cell size, shape, and components between plant and animal cells. It provides details on the functions of various organelles and cellular components.
Cell structure
This document provides information about cell organelles and their functions. It discusses the basic components that all cells contain, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and organelles. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and highlights some key organelles in plant and animal cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and vacuoles. Throughout, it uses analogies to a turtle to help explain the structures and roles of various organelles.
Cells power point
This document discusses cells and their parts. It describes that there are two primary types of cells - eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Key parts of animal cells are identified as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes. Plant cells contain similar structures but also have chloroplasts, vacuoles and a cell wall. The nucleus is described as the "brain" of the cell and contains the nucleolus and nuclear membrane. Other organelles like mitochondria, Golgi bodies and peroxisomes perform important functions like breaking down molecules and transporting materials. Pictures of example animal and plant cells are also included.
Lecture 3 Cell_structure_function.ppt
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It defines the cell and describes its basic components, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles. It explains the functions of organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and others. It also summarizes the key events and phases of cell division through mitosis and meiosis, and how cells transport materials across the plasma membrane through both passive and active mechanisms.
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The document identifies four basic sampling techniques: random sampling which uses chance methods to select samples, systematic sampling which selects every k-th subject, stratified sampling which divides the population into groups and samples from each, and cluster sampling which divides the population into clusters and randomly selects some clusters. The objective is to identify these four basic sampling techniques for collecting data.
1.5 Observational vs. Experimental
This document explains the key differences between observational and experimental studies. Observational studies involve observing phenomena as they occur naturally, while experimental studies involve manipulating variables and determining their effects. It defines related concepts like independent and dependent variables, treatment and control groups. It notes advantages of experimental studies like controlling subject selection and variable manipulation, and disadvantages like artificial settings and potential confounding variables.
1 3 Variables and Types of Data
This document discusses different types of variables and levels of measurement. It defines qualitative and quantitative variables, as well as discrete and continuous variables. There are four levels of measurement for variables: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal variables classify without order, ordinal can be ranked but differences are unknown, interval are ranked with precise differences but no true zero, and ratio have a true zero and allow for ratios. The document provides examples for each variable type and level of measurement.
1.6 Uses and Misuses
The document discusses the proper and improper uses of statistics. It explains how statistics can be used to describe data, compare data sets, determine relationships, and test hypotheses. However, it also outlines several ways statistics can be misused, such as to sell ineffective products, prove false claims, or induce fear in audiences. Specifically, it describes how using small, biased, or inconvenient samples, ambiguous averages, detached statistics without comparisons, implied connections without proof, misleading graphs, and biased survey questions can distort the truth.
1.1-1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Statistics involves collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions. Descriptive statistics summarize and describe data, while inferential statistics generalize from samples to populations through estimation, hypothesis testing, and prediction. The chapter introduces key concepts including variables, data, random variables, data sets, data values, populations, samples, descriptive statistics, probability, and inferential statistics. Students are assigned problems applying these statistical concepts.
2.3 Histogram/Frequency Polygon/Ogives
This document discusses different types of graphs used to represent frequency distributions: histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives. It provides examples and instructions for constructing each graph type. Histograms use vertical bars to represent frequencies, frequency polygons connect points plotted for class midpoints, and ogives show cumulative frequencies. The document also discusses relative frequency graphs and common distribution shapes like bell-shaped, uniform, and skewed. It assigns practice constructing different graph types from example data.
2.4 Other Types of Graphs
This document discusses different types of graphs used to represent data including Pareto charts, time series graphs, and pie charts. It provides details on how to construct each graph type, including arranging bars from largest to smallest frequency for a Pareto chart and dividing a circle into wedges according to category percentages for a pie chart. Examples and steps are given for drawing each graph. Additional topics covered include stem and leaf plots and comparing data sets using different graph types.
2.1-2.2 Organizing Data
This document discusses organizing raw data from a study on employee commute distances into a grouped frequency distribution. The raw data consists of the number of miles each employee traveled to work each day. To draw useful conclusions, the data is organized into a table with class intervals, tallies of data points within each interval, and cumulative frequencies. The document provides guidelines for determining class limits and widths to properly categorize the data while maintaining mutually exclusive and exhaustive classes of equal size. Organizing data into a frequency distribution in this way facilitates analysis and presentation of the distribution's shape.
3.5 Exploratory Data Analysis
This document discusses exploratory data analysis techniques including boxplots and five-number summaries. It explains how to organize and graph data using histograms, frequency polygons, stem-and-leaf plots, and box-and-whisker plots. The five important values used in a boxplot are the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum. An example constructs a boxplot for a stockbroker's daily client numbers over 11 days.
3.3 Measures of Variation
This document discusses measures of variation in data, including range, variance, and standard deviation. It provides examples of calculating these measures for both individual data points and grouped data. The key measures are:
- Range is the highest value minus the lowest value.
- Variance is the average of the squared distances from the mean.
- Standard deviation is the square root of the variance, measuring average deviation from the mean.
- Coefficient of variation allows comparison of variables with different units by expressing standard deviation as a percentage of the mean.
- Chebyshev's theorem and the empirical rule specify what proportion of data falls within a given number of standard deviations of the mean.
3.4 Measures of Position
This document discusses various measures of position such as percentiles, quartiles, and standard scores. It provides examples of how to calculate percentiles, quartiles, z-scores, and identify outliers. Key points covered include how to interpret percentiles and z-scores, how to calculate quartiles and find values corresponding to specific percentiles, and the procedure for identifying outliers in a data set.
3.1-3.2 Measures of Central Tendency
This document discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It provides examples of calculating the mean from raw data sets and frequency distributions. The median and mode are defined as the middle value and most frequent value, respectively. Methods for calculating each from both types of data are shown. Other measures covered include the midrange and the effects of outliers. Shapes of distributions are discussed including positively and negatively skewed and symmetric. Practice problems are provided to reinforce the concepts.
4 3 Addition Rules for Probability
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4.1-4.2 Sample Spaces and Probability
The document defines key concepts in probability theory, such as probability experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, events, classical probability, empirical probability, and subjective probability. It provides examples of how to calculate probabilities of simple and compound events using classical probability methods, including determining probabilities using fractions or decimals and interpreting "and" and "or" probabilities.
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This document discusses displacement, velocity, and related concepts. It begins by defining displacement as the straight-line change in an object's position, measured in meters. Displacement is distinguished from distance traveled, as displacement considers only the net change in position regardless of path. Equations for calculating average velocity from displacement and time are provided. Positive and negative displacement and velocity are described based on direction of motion. Instantaneous velocity is defined as the velocity at a specific point and can be determined from the slope of a tangent line on a position-time graph. Sample problems and practice questions are included for students to calculate displacement and average velocity in various scenarios.
2.2 Phy I - Acceleration
This document discusses acceleration and kinematic equations for objects experiencing constant acceleration. It defines acceleration as the rate of change of velocity and introduces the average acceleration equation. It then derives and explains the equations for displacement given constant acceleration using the relationships between velocity, acceleration, displacement and time. Sample problems demonstrate applying the equations to calculate values when given acceleration, initial/final velocities, displacement or time. The key equations covered are for average and final velocity, and displacement given constant acceleration.
1.2 Measurements in Experiments
This document provides an overview of measurements and significant figures in physics experiments. It defines key terms like accuracy, precision, and significant figures. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision describes the exactness of a measurement. Significant figures indicate the precision of a measuring device. The document reviews proper techniques for measurements, unit conversions using dimensional analysis, and calculating with significant figures in additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions. Students are expected to learn the basic SI units, prefixes, and how to determine the number of significant figures in given values and calculations.
1.1 What is Physics?
Physics is the study of the physical world and how it behaves. It can be broken down into seven main categories including mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, and electromagnetism. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, testing with experiments, and drawing conclusions. Models are used to simplify complex physical systems and guide hypothesis building and experimental design by focusing only on relevant characteristics.
1.3 The Language of Physics
This document provides an introduction to the language of physics. It discusses how mathematical equations are used to describe physical phenomena and symbols commonly used in equations. Examples are provided on how to interpret equations and use dimensional analysis to check if equations are dimensionally consistent by evaluating the dimensions on each side. Students are assigned textbook problems evaluating physics expressions using these concepts.
AP Physics 1 - Introduction
This document provides an introduction to physics, covering several key topics:
- The main areas of physics are mechanics, thermodynamics, vibrations and waves, optics, electromagnetism, relativity, and quantum mechanics.
- Dimensional analysis is used to determine whether equations are valid by checking that quantities with the same dimensions can be combined and that both sides of an equation have the same dimensions.
- Symbols like Δ, Σ, g, x are commonly used in physics equations to represent concepts like change, sum, gravitational acceleration, and displacement.
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Cell Similarities
- 2. come in many different shapes Cells and sizes and perform a wide variety of function, but they all have the following things in common: Cell Membrane Hereditary Material Cytoplasm and Organelles Small Size
- 3. CELL MEMBRANE all cells Surround between inside of cell and the Barrier cell’s environment passage of materials in and Controls out of cell
- 4. HEREDITARY MATERIAL Part of the cell theory states that all cells are made from existing cells. When new cells are made, they receive a copy of DNA of the original cells. DNA controls all of the activities of a cell and contains the information needed for that cell to make new cells.
- 5. ORGANELLES cells have chemicals and structures All that enable the cell to live, grow, and reproduce. structures are called organelles. All The cells have organelles, but they don’t all have the same kind. organelles are surrounded by Some membranes, but others are not.
- 6. CYTOPLASM fluid and almost everything in it The that surround the chemicals and structures of a cell
- 7. SMALL SIZE all cells are too small to be Almost seen with the naked eye. are made up of 100 trillion cells. You