This document describes the structures and organelles found within cells. It compares the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and then defines and explains the functions of various cell organelles including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, vacuoles, and lysosomes. It concludes by explaining how cells work together in tissues, organs, and organ systems within multicellular organisms.

1. Chapter 8, Section 3

2. EUKARYOTIC
 Membrane bound
structures
PROKARYOTIC
 No membrane
bound structures

3.  Take in nutrients
 Store, produce, and breakdown
substances
 Take in and use energy

4. Cell
Organization
 Tough, rigid outer covering
 Protects cells; gives them shape
 Found in plants, fungi, most
bacteria
 Made up mostly of cellulose
(threadlike fibers that allow
materials to pass through)
 May also contain pectin and
lignin
CellWall

5.  Pectin
 Aids in cell growth
 Development
 Defense
 Strength
 Thick texture in
jams and jellies
 Lignin
 Compound
 Makes cell walls
rigid
 Help with support

6. Cell
Organization
 Outermost covering of a cell (if
no cell wall)
 Regulates interactions between
cell and environment
 Allows nutrients to move into
cell, while waste products leave
Cell
membrane

7. Cell
Organization
 Gelatin- like substance
 Constantly flows inside cell
 Most of cells life processes
occur here
 Hereditary material here in
prokaryotic cells
 Framework called cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm

8.  Thin, hollow tubes of protein combined with
solid protein fibers
 Helps maintain shape
 Helps some cells move

9.  Organic molecules made up of amino acids
 Part of cell membranes
 Needed for chemical reactions in the
cytoplasm
 Cells make protein on ribosomes---float
freely in the cytoplasm
 Ribosomes receive directions from the
hereditary material on the manufacturing of
proteins

10. Cell
Organization
 Usually the largest organelle in
the cell.
 Directs all cell activities
 Contains DNA (chemical that
contains the code for the cell’s
structure and activities.
 Nucleolus inside—where most
ribosomes are made
 Materials go in and out through
membrane
Nucleus

11. Cell
Organization
 Organelle that process energy
 Plant cell only
 Contain green pigment called
chlorophyll
 Chlorophyll captures light energy
used to make glucose.
 The light energy is changed and
stored in glucose as chemical
energy.
 Contain ribosomes and hereditary
material
Chloroplasts

12. Cell
Organization
 Organelle that processes
energy
 Energy is released when food is
broken down into carbon
dioxide and water.
 Some cells have more
mitochondria than others
 In animal cell
 Contain ribosomes and
hereditary material
Mitochondria

13. Cell
Organization
 ER
 Series of folded membranes in
which materials can be processed
and moved around inside of cell
 Process organelle
 May be smooth or rough
 Extend from nucleus to cell
membrane= takes up a lot of
space.
 Ribosomes attach to rough ER
 Smooth ER processes lipids and
other substances
Endoplasmic
reticulum

14. Cell
Organization
 Stacked, flattened membranes
 After proteins are made, they
are transferred here
 Sort proteins and other
substances and package them
into vesicles.
Golgi
bodies

15. Cell
Organization
 Deliver cellular substances to
areas inside the cell
 Carry substances to the cell
membrane where they are
released to the outside of the
cell.
Vesicle

16. Cell
Organization
 Membrane bound space
 Temporary storage of materials
 Stores water, waste products,
food, and other materials.
 In plant cells it makes up most
of the cell’s volume
Vacuole

17. Cell
Organization
 Organelle that recycles
 Contain digestive chemicals that
help break down food molecules,
cell wastes, worn-out cell parts,
and viruses and bacteria that
enter
 Membrane prevents chemicals
inside from leaking into the
cytoplasm and destroying the cell
 Cell dies-membrane disintegrates
releasing digestive chemicals
…why?
Lysosomes

18.  Cells in these organisms do not work alone
 Each cell carries on life functions, while
depending on other cells
 Tissue—group of similar cells that work
together to do one job
 Tissues make up organs—like the heart
 Organs make up an organ system—
cardiovascular system