Cell biology Lecture 6
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•1,001 views
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in an advanced cell biology course, including cell signaling pathways. The course covers cell structures like the nucleus and membranes, as well as processes like transcription, splicing, trafficking and the cell cycle. It focuses on how cells use receptor proteins and second messengers to transduce chemical and physical stimuli into responses that regulate gene expression, metabolism, secretion and motility. Specific signaling pathways discussed include G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, cytokine receptors, MAP kinase pathways, insulin signaling, TGF-beta signaling, calcium signaling and visual transduction in vertebrates.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Cell bio3
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in an advanced cell biology course, including the central dogma of molecular biology, nuclear structure and function, nuclear transport, and chromosome structure. The key topics are:
1) DNA replication, transcription, and splicing occur in the nucleus, where the nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complexes, lamina, and nucleolus are located.
2) Nuclear pore complexes act as gateways between the nucleus and cytoplasm, regulating nuclear transport of molecules through nuclear localization and export signals.
3) Chromosome structure involves packaging of DNA into nucleosomes and further into chromatin, with regions of euchromatin and heterochromatin that are differentially transcribed.
Cell Biology Lecture #2
This document provides an overview of advanced cell biology topics covered in a 2014 semester course, including introduction, research strategies, organelles, membranes, trafficking, signaling, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle. It also discusses methods for studying cells, such as determining component lists through expression profiling, proteomics, localization techniques like immunofluorescence, and perturbation methods like RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts. Microscopy techniques like fluorescence, confocal, and live cell imaging are explained. The document concludes with an overview of biochemical characterization and protein structure determination using X-ray crystallography.
Cell Biology Lecture 3
This document provides an overview of a course on advanced cell biology. It focuses on the topic of membranes, including their structure and key components. The main points are:
- Biological membranes act as barriers that compartmentalize the cell and contain lipids, integral proteins, and peripheral proteins.
- The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as a fluid bilayer of lipids with integral proteins embedded. Key lipids include phospholipids and sphingolipids. Cholesterol provides rigidity.
- Integral membrane proteins span the membrane and include transmembrane alpha helices. Their structure can be predicted using hydropathy plots.
- Membranes establish gradients using pumps, carriers, and channels. Pumps actively transport ions using ATP.
3.nucleus.cell biology
The nuclear envelope contains an inner and outer membrane, separated by the perinuclear space. It regulates transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nuclear lamina lies underneath the inner nuclear membrane and provides structural support. Nuclear pore complexes control molecular traffic through the envelope. Small molecules can passively diffuse, while larger cargoes require transport receptors and Ran GTPase. Importins ferry proteins into the nucleus via nuclear localization signals, while exportins use nuclear export signals and RanGTP to transport proteins and RNAs out of the nucleus. This ensures proper distribution and functions of biomolecules in the cell.
4.nucleus2- cell biology
This document provides an overview of cell biology, with a focus on the internal organization and structure of the nucleus and the processing of rRNA. It discusses how chromatin is organized within the nucleus, with individual chromosomes occupying distinct territories. It also describes various nuclear sub-compartments such as nuclear speckles and Cajal bodies. Finally, it summarizes rRNA transcription in the nucleolus and the steps involved in pre-rRNA processing and ribosome assembly.
2. gene to protein
The central dogma of molecular biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. There are three eukaryotic RNA polymerases that transcribe different types of RNA. Polymerase I transcribes ribosomal RNA, polymerase II transcribes messenger RNA and some small RNAs, and polymerase III transcribes transfer RNA. Transcription occurs when DNA is copied into messenger RNA, which then undergoes processing before being exported from the nucleus for translation. Translation is the process by which the codons of messenger RNA are used to specify the amino acid sequence of proteins with the help of transfer RNA and ribosomes. Gene expression is regulated at multiple steps including transcription, translation, and protein turnover by transcription
Microbial genetics lectures 4, 5, and 6
The document discusses the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. It describes the process of DNA replication, including initiation, elongation, and termination. DNA replication is semiconservative and bidirectional, with the leading strand synthesized continuously and the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously in fragments. The mechanisms of DNA replication are largely similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
chloroplast DNA
This document discusses chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). Chloroplasts contain their own circular genome of double-stranded DNA ranging from 140-200kb. The cpDNA contains genes that code for proteins involved in photosynthesis as well as rRNA and tRNA. It has a quadripartite structure containing single copy and inverted repeat regions. Tobacco and liverwort were two of the first chloroplast genomes to be sequenced. Molecular studies of cpDNA regions have been useful for plant systematics. Replication of cpDNA is independent of nuclear DNA and involves enzymes like DNA polymerase and helicase.
Recommended
Cell bio3
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in an advanced cell biology course, including the central dogma of molecular biology, nuclear structure and function, nuclear transport, and chromosome structure. The key topics are:
1) DNA replication, transcription, and splicing occur in the nucleus, where the nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complexes, lamina, and nucleolus are located.
2) Nuclear pore complexes act as gateways between the nucleus and cytoplasm, regulating nuclear transport of molecules through nuclear localization and export signals.
3) Chromosome structure involves packaging of DNA into nucleosomes and further into chromatin, with regions of euchromatin and heterochromatin that are differentially transcribed.
Cell Biology Lecture #2
This document provides an overview of advanced cell biology topics covered in a 2014 semester course, including introduction, research strategies, organelles, membranes, trafficking, signaling, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle. It also discusses methods for studying cells, such as determining component lists through expression profiling, proteomics, localization techniques like immunofluorescence, and perturbation methods like RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts. Microscopy techniques like fluorescence, confocal, and live cell imaging are explained. The document concludes with an overview of biochemical characterization and protein structure determination using X-ray crystallography.
Cell Biology Lecture 3
This document provides an overview of a course on advanced cell biology. It focuses on the topic of membranes, including their structure and key components. The main points are:
- Biological membranes act as barriers that compartmentalize the cell and contain lipids, integral proteins, and peripheral proteins.
- The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as a fluid bilayer of lipids with integral proteins embedded. Key lipids include phospholipids and sphingolipids. Cholesterol provides rigidity.
- Integral membrane proteins span the membrane and include transmembrane alpha helices. Their structure can be predicted using hydropathy plots.
- Membranes establish gradients using pumps, carriers, and channels. Pumps actively transport ions using ATP.
3.nucleus.cell biology
The nuclear envelope contains an inner and outer membrane, separated by the perinuclear space. It regulates transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nuclear lamina lies underneath the inner nuclear membrane and provides structural support. Nuclear pore complexes control molecular traffic through the envelope. Small molecules can passively diffuse, while larger cargoes require transport receptors and Ran GTPase. Importins ferry proteins into the nucleus via nuclear localization signals, while exportins use nuclear export signals and RanGTP to transport proteins and RNAs out of the nucleus. This ensures proper distribution and functions of biomolecules in the cell.
4.nucleus2- cell biology
This document provides an overview of cell biology, with a focus on the internal organization and structure of the nucleus and the processing of rRNA. It discusses how chromatin is organized within the nucleus, with individual chromosomes occupying distinct territories. It also describes various nuclear sub-compartments such as nuclear speckles and Cajal bodies. Finally, it summarizes rRNA transcription in the nucleolus and the steps involved in pre-rRNA processing and ribosome assembly.
2. gene to protein
The central dogma of molecular biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. There are three eukaryotic RNA polymerases that transcribe different types of RNA. Polymerase I transcribes ribosomal RNA, polymerase II transcribes messenger RNA and some small RNAs, and polymerase III transcribes transfer RNA. Transcription occurs when DNA is copied into messenger RNA, which then undergoes processing before being exported from the nucleus for translation. Translation is the process by which the codons of messenger RNA are used to specify the amino acid sequence of proteins with the help of transfer RNA and ribosomes. Gene expression is regulated at multiple steps including transcription, translation, and protein turnover by transcription
Microbial genetics lectures 4, 5, and 6
The document discusses the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. It describes the process of DNA replication, including initiation, elongation, and termination. DNA replication is semiconservative and bidirectional, with the leading strand synthesized continuously and the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously in fragments. The mechanisms of DNA replication are largely similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
chloroplast DNA
This document discusses chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). Chloroplasts contain their own circular genome of double-stranded DNA ranging from 140-200kb. The cpDNA contains genes that code for proteins involved in photosynthesis as well as rRNA and tRNA. It has a quadripartite structure containing single copy and inverted repeat regions. Tobacco and liverwort were two of the first chloroplast genomes to be sequenced. Molecular studies of cpDNA regions have been useful for plant systematics. Replication of cpDNA is independent of nuclear DNA and involves enzymes like DNA polymerase and helicase.
Microbial genetics lectures 1, 2, and 3
1. The document discusses the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and viral genomes. It explains that DNA contains genes which code for RNA and proteins, while RNA has different types that aid in protein production.
2. The key differences between DNA and RNA are that DNA is double-stranded, more stable, and stores genetic information, while RNA is single-stranded and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes.
3. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material within a protein coat, and vary in genome size and structure between linear, circular, single-stranded and double-stranded forms.
9.chloroplasts - cell biology
1. Chloroplasts contain circular DNA molecules that encode about 150 genes. They import over 95% of their proteins from the cell's nucleus.
2. Chloroplasts use light energy from photosynthesis to generate ATP through electron transport chains located on their thylakoid membranes. They fix carbon through the Calvin cycle located in their stroma.
3. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that carry out important metabolic reactions like fatty acid oxidation, photorespiration, and the synthesis of bile acids and plasmalogens. They replicate independently through division.
Genes and Proteins Combined
DNA contains the genetic code and is made of nucleotides that pair together in a double helix structure. DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and copies DNA into mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes and uses mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins based on the genetic code of three nucleotide codons. Mutations in the genetic code can cause changes in proteins that result in genetic disorders or diseases.
Microbial Genetics
Microbial genetics is a subject area within microbiology and genetic engineering. This involves the study of the genotype of microbial species and also the expression system in the form of phenotypes
MICROBIAL GENETICS
This document discusses the structure and function of genetic material in microbes. It covers the basics of DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the genetic code, and mechanisms of genetic transfer in bacteria. DNA is made of nucleotides with a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. It takes the form of a double helix. Bacterial DNA replication occurs via a replication fork that uses the parental DNA strands as templates. Transcription converts DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Mutation, transformation, conjugation, and transduction allow for genetic variation in bacteria.
5.ER - cell biology
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large organelle that helps process and transport proteins within cells. It has two main domains: the rough ER, where proteins are synthesized, and the smooth ER, where lipids are produced. Newly synthesized proteins enter the ER through translocon channels in the membrane. In the ER, proteins undergo modifications like folding, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, and lipid additions to help them mature and prepare for transport to other organelles like the Golgi apparatus via transport vesicles. Integral membrane proteins are inserted into the ER membrane through translocon complexes and can span the membrane multiple times. The ER plays a key role in protein sorting and transport within eukaryotic cells
GENOME ORGANISATION IN EUKARYOTES
The document discusses genome organization in eukaryotes. It begins by defining the genome as an organism's entire hereditary information, encoded in DNA or RNA. In eukaryotes, DNA is associated with histone proteins to form chromatin fibers, which condense into chromosomes. The document then discusses various levels of chromatin organization, from DNA wrapping around nucleosomes to form beads on a string, to higher-order folding forming metaphase chromosomes. Chromatin exists in two types - loosely packed euchromatin and tightly packed heterochromatin. Overall, the document provides an overview of eukaryotic genome and chromatin organization from nucleosomes to chromosomes.
Microbial genetics lectures 7, 8, and 9
This document discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of how gene expression in E. coli and Serratia marcescens is dependent on environmental conditions. It also summarizes the key steps in transcription, including initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, and termination. Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with eukaryotic mRNA undergoing additional processing before translation.
Chromatin structure
Chromatin is composed of DNA wound around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes contain 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) with a linker histone (H1) between nucleosomes. Nucleosomes further compact to form a 10nm fiber, then a 30nm fiber through interactions with histone H1, and finally form highly condensed metaphase chromosomes through additional folding. The structure of chromatin impacts gene expression, with tightly wound heterochromatin generally transcriptionally inactive and loosely wound euchromatin generally active. Histone modifications such as acetylation and methylation also influence chromatin structure and gene expression.
eukaryotic genome
This document discusses eukaryotic genomes. It begins by defining a genome and noting that eukaryotic DNA is associated with histone proteins to form chromatin fibers. These fibers condense into chromosomes during cell division. Histone modification through acetylation and methylation can relax or tighten chromatin structure to increase or decrease gene transcription. The document then discusses transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, and post-translational modification of proteins in eukaryotic cells.
Genome organisation
Genetic Organisation:
All cellular activities are encoded within a cell’s DNA.
The sequence of bases within a DNA molecule represents the genetic information of the cell.
Segments of DNA molecules are called genes, and individual genes contain the instructional code necessary for synthesizing various proteins, enzymes, or stable RNA molecules.
Microbiology Bio 127 Microbial Genetics
Microbial genetics involves the transmission of hereditary traits in microorganisms. It plays a role in developing fields like molecular and cell biology. Bacteria contain a single circular chromosome made of DNA that is compacted. Bacteria can also contain plasmids. DNA replication copies the parental DNA. Variability in microorganisms comes from changes in genotype and phenotype from factors like mutation and recombination. Mutation rates depend on type and can be increased by mutagens. Recombination involves processes like transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Plasmids can confer traits like antibiotic resistance and are transferred by conjugation. Gene expression in bacteria is regulated through mechanisms like induction and repression that control operons.
7.2 transcription
This document discusses transcription and gene expression. It begins by explaining that transcription occurs from 5' to 3' as RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing mRNA molecule. It then provides understandings about transcription in eukaryotes including that nucleosomes help regulate it, mRNA is modified after transcription through splicing and addition of a cap and tail. Finally, it explains that gene expression is regulated through factors that bind DNA and affect transcription as well as through DNA methylation and modification of chromatin structure.
ORGANELLAR GENOME AND ORGANELLAR INHERITENCE
This document summarizes organellar genomes and inheritance. It discusses the history of discovering DNA in chloroplasts and mitochondria in the 1960s. Key points:
- Chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA are found in plant and animal cells and are inherited separately from nuclear genes.
- Endosymbiotic theory proposes that chloroplasts and mitochondria originated from engulfed photosynthetic and aerobic bacteria, respectively.
- Organellar DNA replication and gene expression occur within the organelles. Uniparental, non-Mendelian inheritance is observed.
- Differences exist between organellar and nuclear DNA as well as between chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes.
Genome concept, types, and function
The document discusses different types of genomes, including viral, bacterial, plant, and animal genomes. It provides details on the structure and size of these genomes. Some key points include:
- A genome is the complete set of DNA or RNA in an organism, including all its genes. It provides all the information needed to build and maintain the organism.
- Viral genomes can be single or double-stranded DNA or RNA and range in size from 2kb to 2500kb. Bacterial genomes are generally smaller than eukaryotic genomes, ranging from 130kb to 14Mbp.
- Plant genomes can vary greatly in size from 15Mbp in green algae to much larger and complex genomes in
AP Biology Genetic Diversity and Operons in bacteria
The document discusses the genetics of bacteria, including that bacteria become genetically diverse through mutation, transformation, transduction, and conjugation. It explains that bacteria regulate gene expression through operons, which allow genes to be turned on or off in response to environmental conditions via feedback inhibition, repressors, and inducers. Individual bacteria can thus adapt their metabolism and gene expression to changing environments through these genetic processes and regulation mechanisms.
Genome organisation in eukaryotes...........!!!!!!!!!!!
This document discusses the organization of eukaryotic genomes. It explains that eukaryotic genomes are much larger than prokaryotic genomes, with most of the DNA being non-coding. Eukaryotic genomes contain multiple linear chromosomes, introns, repetitive sequences, and both coding and non-coding RNA genes. The document also describes different types of repetitive elements like tandem repeats, transposons, retrotransposons, LINEs, SINEs and their roles in increasing genome size. Overall, the document provides an overview of the complex structure of eukaryotic genomes compared to simpler prokaryotic genomes.
Cromatin Remodeling
1. Chromatin remodeling is the process by which chromatin structure is dynamically modified to allow access of DNA for processes like transcription.
2. There are two main types of chromatin remodeling - covalent histone modification and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes.
3. ATP-dependent complexes use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move, eject, or restructure nucleosomes, allowing access to DNA.
4. Examples of chromatin remodeling complexes include SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, and INO80 families, which have different activities like nucleosome sliding or histone variant exchange.
MITOCHONDRIA AND RIBOSOME
This document provides information about mitochondria and ribosomes. It discusses the structure, composition, and functions of mitochondria and ribosomes. Some key points:
- Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm that generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation. They have an outer and inner membrane and contain enzymes for cellular respiration.
- Ribosomes are subcellular particles found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that facilitate protein synthesis. They consist of RNA and protein subunits.
- Both mitochondria and ribosomes play essential roles in cellular metabolism and protein production. Mitochondria generate energy through respiration while ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins.
Repetitive sequences in the eukaryotic genome
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
Cell signalling 2
This document discusses G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are the largest family of membrane receptors in the human genome. GPCRs have seven transmembrane domains and signal by interacting with G proteins. They regulate many important physiological processes and are involved in many diseases. The document outlines the structure and function of GPCRs and G proteins, including how GPCRs activate G proteins, the different classes of GPCRs, mechanisms of GPCR regulation like phosphorylation and desensitization, and the roles of GTPases in general.
Dissertation Talk 2009
The document summarizes research on the polarized trafficking of neuronal proteins like syntaxins and potassium channels. It finds that syntaxin 3 mediates the trafficking of NgCAM to axons, while potassium channel Kir2.3 is clustered in dendritic spines through its interaction with PSD-95. Precise localization of proteins through trafficking mechanisms is important for neuronal polarity and function.
More Related Content
What's hot
Microbial genetics lectures 1, 2, and 3
1. The document discusses the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and viral genomes. It explains that DNA contains genes which code for RNA and proteins, while RNA has different types that aid in protein production.
2. The key differences between DNA and RNA are that DNA is double-stranded, more stable, and stores genetic information, while RNA is single-stranded and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes.
3. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material within a protein coat, and vary in genome size and structure between linear, circular, single-stranded and double-stranded forms.
9.chloroplasts - cell biology
1. Chloroplasts contain circular DNA molecules that encode about 150 genes. They import over 95% of their proteins from the cell's nucleus.
2. Chloroplasts use light energy from photosynthesis to generate ATP through electron transport chains located on their thylakoid membranes. They fix carbon through the Calvin cycle located in their stroma.
3. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that carry out important metabolic reactions like fatty acid oxidation, photorespiration, and the synthesis of bile acids and plasmalogens. They replicate independently through division.
Genes and Proteins Combined
DNA contains the genetic code and is made of nucleotides that pair together in a double helix structure. DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and copies DNA into mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes and uses mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins based on the genetic code of three nucleotide codons. Mutations in the genetic code can cause changes in proteins that result in genetic disorders or diseases.
Microbial Genetics
Microbial genetics is a subject area within microbiology and genetic engineering. This involves the study of the genotype of microbial species and also the expression system in the form of phenotypes
MICROBIAL GENETICS
This document discusses the structure and function of genetic material in microbes. It covers the basics of DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the genetic code, and mechanisms of genetic transfer in bacteria. DNA is made of nucleotides with a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. It takes the form of a double helix. Bacterial DNA replication occurs via a replication fork that uses the parental DNA strands as templates. Transcription converts DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Mutation, transformation, conjugation, and transduction allow for genetic variation in bacteria.
5.ER - cell biology
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large organelle that helps process and transport proteins within cells. It has two main domains: the rough ER, where proteins are synthesized, and the smooth ER, where lipids are produced. Newly synthesized proteins enter the ER through translocon channels in the membrane. In the ER, proteins undergo modifications like folding, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, and lipid additions to help them mature and prepare for transport to other organelles like the Golgi apparatus via transport vesicles. Integral membrane proteins are inserted into the ER membrane through translocon complexes and can span the membrane multiple times. The ER plays a key role in protein sorting and transport within eukaryotic cells
GENOME ORGANISATION IN EUKARYOTES
The document discusses genome organization in eukaryotes. It begins by defining the genome as an organism's entire hereditary information, encoded in DNA or RNA. In eukaryotes, DNA is associated with histone proteins to form chromatin fibers, which condense into chromosomes. The document then discusses various levels of chromatin organization, from DNA wrapping around nucleosomes to form beads on a string, to higher-order folding forming metaphase chromosomes. Chromatin exists in two types - loosely packed euchromatin and tightly packed heterochromatin. Overall, the document provides an overview of eukaryotic genome and chromatin organization from nucleosomes to chromosomes.
Microbial genetics lectures 7, 8, and 9
This document discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of how gene expression in E. coli and Serratia marcescens is dependent on environmental conditions. It also summarizes the key steps in transcription, including initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, and termination. Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with eukaryotic mRNA undergoing additional processing before translation.
Chromatin structure
Chromatin is composed of DNA wound around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes contain 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) with a linker histone (H1) between nucleosomes. Nucleosomes further compact to form a 10nm fiber, then a 30nm fiber through interactions with histone H1, and finally form highly condensed metaphase chromosomes through additional folding. The structure of chromatin impacts gene expression, with tightly wound heterochromatin generally transcriptionally inactive and loosely wound euchromatin generally active. Histone modifications such as acetylation and methylation also influence chromatin structure and gene expression.
eukaryotic genome
This document discusses eukaryotic genomes. It begins by defining a genome and noting that eukaryotic DNA is associated with histone proteins to form chromatin fibers. These fibers condense into chromosomes during cell division. Histone modification through acetylation and methylation can relax or tighten chromatin structure to increase or decrease gene transcription. The document then discusses transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, and post-translational modification of proteins in eukaryotic cells.
Genome organisation
Genetic Organisation:
All cellular activities are encoded within a cell’s DNA.
The sequence of bases within a DNA molecule represents the genetic information of the cell.
Segments of DNA molecules are called genes, and individual genes contain the instructional code necessary for synthesizing various proteins, enzymes, or stable RNA molecules.
Microbiology Bio 127 Microbial Genetics
Microbial genetics involves the transmission of hereditary traits in microorganisms. It plays a role in developing fields like molecular and cell biology. Bacteria contain a single circular chromosome made of DNA that is compacted. Bacteria can also contain plasmids. DNA replication copies the parental DNA. Variability in microorganisms comes from changes in genotype and phenotype from factors like mutation and recombination. Mutation rates depend on type and can be increased by mutagens. Recombination involves processes like transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Plasmids can confer traits like antibiotic resistance and are transferred by conjugation. Gene expression in bacteria is regulated through mechanisms like induction and repression that control operons.
7.2 transcription
This document discusses transcription and gene expression. It begins by explaining that transcription occurs from 5' to 3' as RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing mRNA molecule. It then provides understandings about transcription in eukaryotes including that nucleosomes help regulate it, mRNA is modified after transcription through splicing and addition of a cap and tail. Finally, it explains that gene expression is regulated through factors that bind DNA and affect transcription as well as through DNA methylation and modification of chromatin structure.
ORGANELLAR GENOME AND ORGANELLAR INHERITENCE
This document summarizes organellar genomes and inheritance. It discusses the history of discovering DNA in chloroplasts and mitochondria in the 1960s. Key points:
- Chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA are found in plant and animal cells and are inherited separately from nuclear genes.
- Endosymbiotic theory proposes that chloroplasts and mitochondria originated from engulfed photosynthetic and aerobic bacteria, respectively.
- Organellar DNA replication and gene expression occur within the organelles. Uniparental, non-Mendelian inheritance is observed.
- Differences exist between organellar and nuclear DNA as well as between chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes.
Genome concept, types, and function
The document discusses different types of genomes, including viral, bacterial, plant, and animal genomes. It provides details on the structure and size of these genomes. Some key points include:
- A genome is the complete set of DNA or RNA in an organism, including all its genes. It provides all the information needed to build and maintain the organism.
- Viral genomes can be single or double-stranded DNA or RNA and range in size from 2kb to 2500kb. Bacterial genomes are generally smaller than eukaryotic genomes, ranging from 130kb to 14Mbp.
- Plant genomes can vary greatly in size from 15Mbp in green algae to much larger and complex genomes in
AP Biology Genetic Diversity and Operons in bacteria
The document discusses the genetics of bacteria, including that bacteria become genetically diverse through mutation, transformation, transduction, and conjugation. It explains that bacteria regulate gene expression through operons, which allow genes to be turned on or off in response to environmental conditions via feedback inhibition, repressors, and inducers. Individual bacteria can thus adapt their metabolism and gene expression to changing environments through these genetic processes and regulation mechanisms.
Genome organisation in eukaryotes...........!!!!!!!!!!!
This document discusses the organization of eukaryotic genomes. It explains that eukaryotic genomes are much larger than prokaryotic genomes, with most of the DNA being non-coding. Eukaryotic genomes contain multiple linear chromosomes, introns, repetitive sequences, and both coding and non-coding RNA genes. The document also describes different types of repetitive elements like tandem repeats, transposons, retrotransposons, LINEs, SINEs and their roles in increasing genome size. Overall, the document provides an overview of the complex structure of eukaryotic genomes compared to simpler prokaryotic genomes.
Cromatin Remodeling
1. Chromatin remodeling is the process by which chromatin structure is dynamically modified to allow access of DNA for processes like transcription.
2. There are two main types of chromatin remodeling - covalent histone modification and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes.
3. ATP-dependent complexes use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move, eject, or restructure nucleosomes, allowing access to DNA.
4. Examples of chromatin remodeling complexes include SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, and INO80 families, which have different activities like nucleosome sliding or histone variant exchange.
MITOCHONDRIA AND RIBOSOME
This document provides information about mitochondria and ribosomes. It discusses the structure, composition, and functions of mitochondria and ribosomes. Some key points:
- Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm that generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation. They have an outer and inner membrane and contain enzymes for cellular respiration.
- Ribosomes are subcellular particles found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that facilitate protein synthesis. They consist of RNA and protein subunits.
- Both mitochondria and ribosomes play essential roles in cellular metabolism and protein production. Mitochondria generate energy through respiration while ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins.
Repetitive sequences in the eukaryotic genome
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
What's hot (20)
AP Biology Genetic Diversity and Operons in bacteria
AP Biology Genetic Diversity and Operons in bacteria
Genome organisation in eukaryotes...........!!!!!!!!!!!
Genome organisation in eukaryotes...........!!!!!!!!!!!
Viewers also liked
Cell signalling 2
This document discusses G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are the largest family of membrane receptors in the human genome. GPCRs have seven transmembrane domains and signal by interacting with G proteins. They regulate many important physiological processes and are involved in many diseases. The document outlines the structure and function of GPCRs and G proteins, including how GPCRs activate G proteins, the different classes of GPCRs, mechanisms of GPCR regulation like phosphorylation and desensitization, and the roles of GTPases in general.
Dissertation Talk 2009
The document summarizes research on the polarized trafficking of neuronal proteins like syntaxins and potassium channels. It finds that syntaxin 3 mediates the trafficking of NgCAM to axons, while potassium channel Kir2.3 is clustered in dendritic spines through its interaction with PSD-95. Precise localization of proteins through trafficking mechanisms is important for neuronal polarity and function.
An overexpression screen to determine how Legionella pneumophila effector pro...
I examine the relationship between LegC7 and the Class C Tethering Complexes – CORVET (class C Core vacuole/endosome tethering) and HOPS (homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting). The CORVET and HOPS complexes have been identified as a set of universally conserved proteins which are essential for early-to-late endosome transition and endo-lysosomal trafficking pathways by tethering membranes, activating and proof-reading SNARE assembly to drive membrane fusion and interact with Rab GTPases. Using homologous recombination, 4 different genes will be overexpressed in yeast: vps8, vps16, vps21 and vps41. By assaying whether overexpression of CORVET/HOPS subunits can suppress LegC7 toxicity we can determine which specific subunit(s) LegC7 may have binding interactions with.
Sigmaxi presentation final
1) The study examines the role of the GTPase hGBP-1 in glioblastoma prognosis and finds that elevated expression of hGBP-1 correlates with poorer survival outcomes.
2) Analysis of patient data shows that glioblastomas have higher hGBP-1 expression than lower grade astrocytomas and that patients with tumors expressing high hGBP-1 levels have shorter survival times.
3) In glioblastoma cell lines, EGF induces both hGBP-1 and MMP-1 expression, whereas IFN-γ only induces hGBP-1, suggesting hGBP-1 functions differently depending on EGF or IFN-γ signaling.
Rho GTPases as regulators of morphological neuroplasticity
Rho GTPases play a key role in regulating neuronal morphology by mediating interactions between cell adhesion molecules and the cytoskeleton. Specifically, Rho inhibits neurite extension while Rac and Cdc42 promote neurite outgrowth and dendritic spine formation. In glial cells, Rho GTPases are involved in myelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. The role of RhoA in particular contributes to the inhibitory environment of the CNS that prevents axon regeneration.
GTPase hGBP-1 involvement in glioblastoma malignancy
This document summarizes research on the role of the GTPase hGBP-1 in glioblastoma malignancy. Key findings include:
1) hGBP-1 increases glioblastoma invasiveness and is correlated with shorter patient survival.
2) hGBP-1 is not sufficient or required to cause resistance to the drug Temozolomide in glioblastoma cells.
3) During periods of stress, hGBP-1 associates with autophagosomal membranes in glioblastoma cells, indicating a potential new role in autophagy. Further research is needed to understand hGBP-1's function in autophagy and glioblastoma progression.
26 transl
This document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in bacteria. It describes the roles of initiation factors like IF-1, IF-2, and IF-3 in initiating translation. Elongation requires elongation factors EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G, which are GTP-binding proteins that help deliver aminoacyl-tRNAs and catalyze peptide bond formation. Termination factors release the completed polypeptide. The document focuses on structural aspects and compares bacterial and mammalian translation mechanisms.
G pro پروتئین جی
G protein - G-pro
Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Protein
molecular pathway cell transe membranus protein
receptor Enzyme Channel GPCR GTP 7TM heptahelical receptors
serpentine receptor
ligand Signal transduction pathway cascade
IP3 & DAG
cAMP
Adenylate Cyclase
phosphodiesterase Smooth muscle contraction, Depress neuronal activity
Gi-family
NEP ( α2 receptor)
Somatostatin (GHRIH)
PIH (Prolactin Inhibiting H.)
Histamin (H3,H4 Receptor)
Acetylcholine M2 & M4 receptors
Dopamine D2, D3, D4 receptors
GABA receptors
Prostaglandin receptors
Serotonin receptors
cochlear fluid
Gs
Golf
Gt
Ggust
Glucagon
ADH (Kidney receptor)
LH & FSH
Histamin (H2 Receptor)
NEP (B1-Adrenergic receptor)
CRH (Corticotropin(ACTH) RH receptors)
ACTH receptors
GHRH
Dopamine receptors (D1 & D5)
Calcitonin receptors
Secretin receptors
Thyrotropin (TSH) receptors
Prostaglandin receptors
Prostacyclin receptors
Parathyroid (PTH) receptors
Melanocortin receptors
Go
Gt
Ggust
3.Gq-family
NEP ( α1 receptor)
TRH receptors
GnRH receptors
Vasopressin (ADH in all organ except kidney receptors)
Histamin (H1 receptor)
Acetylcholine M1, M3, M5 muscarinic receptors
Angiotensin II receptor (type 1)
Calcitonin receptor
Polimerization microtubule & microfilament (Actin)
Remoding Sytoskeleton & Changing cell shape (& regulating cell migration, phagocytosis,…)
Function in cell cycle (mitosis & cytokinesis)
Controling cell polarity
Vesicular trafficking
Apoptosis
Wound healing
Inhibition of the Gα subunit
Activate G protein coupled Inward-Rectifying Potassium Channels (Kir, GIRK)
Activation of PLA2 when bound to histamine receptors
Activating PLC, as a minor mechanism of GHRH
Activation L-type calcium channels
Diabetes
Blindness
Allergies
Depression
Cardiovascular defects
certain forms of Cancer
In some disease Like : Cholera
translation RNA
The document summarizes key aspects of protein synthesis, including the roles of initiation, elongation, and termination factors. Many factors involved are GTP-binding proteins whose conformations change depending on whether GTP or GDP is bound. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) stimulate the release of GDP and binding of GTP to reactivate GTP-binding proteins. Initiation requires initiation factors IF-1, IF-2, and IF-3. Elongation involves elongation factors EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G, which are GTP-binding proteins that deliver aminoacyl-tRNAs and catalyze translocation.
Molecular pharmacology of cell signling
molecular biology and pharmacology G protein, receptor, transport of drug ankoring protein, adapter protein, cell signal
Biochemistry (protein synthesis)
This document provides information about protein synthesis and the role of genes in controlling cellular activities. It discusses how DNA contains instructions in genes that are used to produce mRNA through transcription. The mRNA then directs protein synthesis through translation with the help of tRNA. Proteins fold into complex 3D structures determined by amino acid sequences that allow them to perform specific functions. Issues can arise if errors occur during protein production.
Post trans mod-and_protein sorting
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key mechanisms that increase proteomic diversity and regulate cellular activity. PTMs such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination occur through the addition of functional groups to specific amino acids on a protein by enzymes. These modifications can regulate protein activity, stability, localization, and degradation. Proteins are targeted to different intracellular compartments through sorting signals and transport mechanisms like gated transport, transmembrane transport, and vesicular transport.
Cell transport
1. The document summarizes various processes involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins within cells, including the synthesis of secretory and integral membrane proteins in the ER and their transport through the secretory pathway to their destinations.
2. Key details covered include the roles of signal sequences, SRP, and the translocon in targeting proteins to the ER, and the roles of vesicles, SNARE proteins, and Rabs in intracellular transport.
3. Mechanisms for transporting proteins and other molecules across membranes like diffusion, channels, carriers, and endocytosis/exocytosis are also summarized.
Cell signaling
- Cell signaling pathways regulate nearly all cellular functions through cascades of signaling events involving receptors, signal transducers, and effector proteins. Receptors include G-protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, cytokine receptors, and intracellular receptors.
- Signaling proteins that act as transducers include kinases, GTPases, adaptor proteins, and second messengers like cyclic nucleotides, calcium, lipids, and nitric oxide. These relay, integrate, and distribute signals within cells.
- Feedback loops allow cells to adapt their sensitivity to signaling and respond appropriately to their environment. Understanding cell signaling pathways is challenging due to their complexity, branching, and convergence.
G protein coupled receptor
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors and the target of many drugs. They have seven transmembrane domains and signal through G proteins and second messengers like cAMP or IP3. Upon ligand binding, the GPCR activates a G protein that then activates or inhibits downstream effectors to produce a cellular response. GPCRs regulate many physiological functions and half of all drugs target these receptors. Recent research focuses on deorphaning orphan GPCRs and understanding how GPCR mutations can cause disease.
Cell Signaling
Cell signaling involves chemical signals binding to cell surface receptors and activating intracellular signal transduction pathways. There are two main ways signals work: by changing the activity of existing proteins or by changing the amount of proteins in the cell. Common types of signals include hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters. Signal transduction involves second messengers such as cAMP and IP3 that activate downstream effector proteins like protein kinases. G-protein coupled receptors are a major class of receptors that activate intracellular signaling pathways.
Cell Signalling
Cell signaling involves the transmission and reception of information between cells through signal molecules. Signal molecules can act through direct cell contact, over long distances via neurons, locally through paracrine signaling, or systemically through endocrine signaling. Signal molecules bind to membrane receptors on target cells and initiate intracellular responses through ion channels, enzymes, or G-proteins. This allows for complex and specific cell communication critical to multicellular organism function.
Cell signaling
Cell signalling,cell transduction,cell-cell interactions mechanisms,Science,Cell biology topic for cell transduction or signalling
Signal Transduction Revised
The document discusses signal transduction, which is the process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses. There are six main steps: 1) synthesis and release of signaling molecules, 2) transport to target cell, 3) detection by receptor, 4) change in cell function triggered by receptor-signal complex, 5) removal of signal, and 6) termination of response. Signal transduction involves cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors that bind ligands and mediate specific cellular responses. Major types of signaling include endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling.
Introduction of cell signaling
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and respond to their environment. Extracellular signaling molecules bind to receptors on cells, which then activate intracellular responses. Prokaryotes use quorum sensing to coordinate behaviors based on population density. Eukaryotic signaling is more complex, with over 1500 receptor types in humans. Signaling pathways are classified by the signaling molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter, cytokine) and can cause changes like gene expression, enzyme activity, or cell movement. Defects in signaling can lead to diseases, making cell signaling an important area of research.
Viewers also liked (20)
An overexpression screen to determine how Legionella pneumophila effector pro...
An overexpression screen to determine how Legionella pneumophila effector pro...
Rho GTPases as regulators of morphological neuroplasticity
Rho GTPases as regulators of morphological neuroplasticity
GTPase hGBP-1 involvement in glioblastoma malignancy
GTPase hGBP-1 involvement in glioblastoma malignancy
Similar to Cell biology Lecture 6
Signal Transduction.ppsx
This chapter explains about detail mechanism of signal transduction in a cell and shows the possible targets of pharmacological agents.
Protein phosphorylation, kinases and phosphatases
This document summarizes protein phosphorylation and the enzymes involved in this process. It discusses serine/threonine kinases and tyrosine kinases that add phosphate groups to proteins, as well as phosphatases that remove phosphate groups. It provides examples of important kinases like mitogen-activated protein kinases, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, protein kinase C, and AMP-activated protein kinase. The document emphasizes that phosphorylation is a key cellular regulatory mechanism controlled by kinases and phosphatases.
DentalProteinkinase_04.ppt
Protein kinases are the most important biochemical regulatory system in animal cells and comprise about 1.7% of the human genome. They are classified into major groups including serine/threonine kinases, tyrosine kinases, dual specificity kinases, and atypical protein kinases. Key protein kinases include PKA, PKG, PKC, calcium/calmodulin dependent kinases, MAP kinases, and receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Dysregulation of protein kinases contributes to diseases like cancer, and many cancer therapies target abnormal protein kinase signaling pathways.
Cell Signaling through GCPRs and intracellular receptors.pptx
Cell- Cell communication
Cell surface receptors
GPCRs
Intracellular signaling mechanisms
Second messenger system
Cell signaling
This document summarizes an evaluation seminar on cell signaling and signal transduction pathways presented by Mrutyunjay B Bellad of the Department of Pharmacology at H.S.K. College of Pharmacy in Bagalkot. The seminar covered various topics related to cell signaling including introduction, types of cell signaling, signal molecules and their actions, signaling through different receptor types, second messengers, G-protein coupled receptors, and signal transduction pathways. References included standard pharmacology textbooks.
2008 Zing Small Molecule Drug Discovery Talk
This document discusses kinase inhibitors and p38 MAP kinase as a drug target. It provides background on kinases and their role in disease. Many kinase inhibitors have been developed and some have been approved to treat cancers. The document discusses challenges with developing kinase inhibitors and strategies to increase selectivity, such as targeting inactive kinase conformations. It describes a compound called KC706 that was developed by Kemia to selectively inhibit p38α kinase in a time-dependent manner. KC706 shows potent and selective inhibition of p38α kinase activity and cytokine production in vitro.
G protein coupled receptors (Type II Hormone Signaling)
G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that are activated by extracellular signaling molecules and activate intracellular secondary messenger pathways. They have seven transmembrane domains and activate heterotrimeric G proteins upon ligand binding. The G protein then activates downstream effector enzymes like adenylyl cyclase, which generates secondary messengers like cAMP. These messengers go on to activate pathways that ultimately alter cell function. The beta-adrenergic receptor pathway is a key example, with epinephrine binding and cAMP production leading to protein kinase A activation. PKA then phosphorylates target proteins to produce effects like increased heart rate. GPCRs are major drug targets, and their deregulation
Cell signaling
This document discusses cell signaling and communication between cells. It describes how cells use various signaling modes like contact-dependent signaling, paracrine signaling, autocrine signaling, synaptic signaling, and endocrine signaling to communicate. It also discusses receptor proteins that bind to signal molecules and initiate intracellular responses, as well as intracellular mechanisms like phosphorylation, G-proteins, feedback loops, and cell sensitization that allow cells to respond to signals.
signal transduction
g protein coupled receptors, ion channels, types of receptors, wnt signalling, cell signalling, tranduction pathway, disorders regarding the signalling
Proteinkinase
This document discusses protein tyrosine phosphorylation and protein kinases. It provides information on:
1) There are over 500 protein kinases in the human genome that phosphorylate proteins on serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues and regulate many cellular processes like cell division and apoptosis.
2) Protein kinases are classified into groups like ACG, CaMK, CMGC, and PTK. Receptor PTKs include receptors for EGF, insulin, and PDGF while non-receptor PTKs include Src and Abl.
3) Second messengers like cAMP and cGMP activate protein kinases like PKA and PKG which phosphorylate downstream targets and regulate processes like
intracellular receptors ,signaling,transcription factors , nucleic acids
This document provides an overview of intracellular receptors, enzymes, signals, transcription factors, structural proteins, and nucleic acids. It discusses in detail the structures and functions of DNA, RNA, nuclear receptors, IP3 receptors, intracellular enzymes, transcription factors, and structural proteins like collagen, keratin, myosin, and actin. The presentation was given by S. Dinakar from the Department of Pharmacology at PSG College of Pharmacy in Coimbatore, India.
Unit 1 receptors as drug target
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WHAT IS A RECEPTOR
3. HISTORY
4. CONCEPT OF CELL SIGNALLING
5. RECEPTOR SUPER FAMILIES
6. GPCRs- SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION & ITS SECOND MESSENGERS
Chaperones
Chaperones are a functionally related group of proteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures.
Jessica torres
This document discusses incorporating unnatural amino acids into proteins to expand their functions. It describes how pyrrolysine is used as an orthogonal system to incorporate unnatural amino acids specified by an amber stop codon. Various unnatural amino acids containing alkene and norbornene functional groups were successfully incorporated into GFP and other proteins in E. coli and mammalian cells. These modified proteins could then be site-specifically labeled using bioorthogonal reactions like the thiol-ene and Diels-Alder reactions. This allows proteins to be labeled and studied in live cells with new functions.
Leptin
Leptin is a hormone that regulates appetite and energy expenditure. It is produced in fat cells and signals the brain to reduce food intake and increase burning of calories. Obesity develops when leptin resistance occurs, where high leptin levels fail to properly regulate weight. Leptin resistance has many contributing factors including impaired leptin transport to the brain, attenuation of leptin signaling pathways in the brain, endoplasmic reticulum stress, deficiencies in autophagy, and inflammation in fat tissue. Further research is still needed to fully understand how leptin resistance develops and how to overcome it for obesity treatment.
Chapter 15 - principle of metabolic regulation - Biochemistry
The document discusses metabolic pathways and their regulation in living cells. It notes that biochemical reactions are organized into metabolic pathways that have dedicated purposes like extracting energy, storing fuels, and eliminating waste. Pathways work to maintain homeostasis by keeping metabolite concentrations at a steady state. Regulation of pathway flux occurs through changing the number or activity of regulatory proteins in response to various factors. This allows pathways to rapidly adapt flux as needed to environmental changes while maintaining homeostasis.
Chapter15 160419075517
The document discusses metabolic pathways and their regulation in living cells. It notes that biochemical reactions are organized into metabolic pathways that have dedicated purposes like extracting energy, storing fuels, and eliminating waste. Pathways work to maintain homeostasis by keeping metabolite concentrations at a steady state. Regulation of pathway flux occurs through changing the number or activity of regulatory proteins in response to various factors. This allows pathways to rapidly adapt flux as needed to environmental changes while maintaining homeostasis.
PPARs
PPARs are transcriptional factors that regulate gene expression and belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. The three main PPAR isoforms are α, β, and γ, which vary in ligand specificity, tissue distribution, and biological functions. PPARs control processes like cellular differentiation, development and metabolism. They are activated by ligands such as fatty acids and eicosanoids and regulate energy homeostasis by initiating transcription of genes involved. Each PPAR isoform has distinct roles such as PPAR-γ promoting adipogenesis and insulin sensitization while PPAR-α stimulates fatty acid oxidation.
Kinase recognition site
This document summarizes protein kinases and kinase recognition sites. It discusses that protein kinases modify other proteins by attaching phosphate groups and are involved in key cellular processes like glucose metabolism and cell proliferation. It then describes various types of kinases like PKA, PKC, PDK1 and their functions. The document further classifies kinases and discusses kinase recognition motifs. Finally, it summarizes different types of crosstalk between kinases, such as arginine methylation blocking phosphorylation and vice versa, as well as distal crosstalk impacts.
Rna processing
maturation of different types of rRNA,tRNA,mRNA and mechanisms involved in it with clear description and clear pictures and explanation
Similar to Cell biology Lecture 6 (20)
Cell Signaling through GCPRs and intracellular receptors.pptx
Cell Signaling through GCPRs and intracellular receptors.pptx
G protein coupled receptors (Type II Hormone Signaling)
G protein coupled receptors (Type II Hormone Signaling)
intracellular receptors ,signaling,transcription factors , nucleic acids
intracellular receptors ,signaling,transcription factors , nucleic acids
Chapter 15 - principle of metabolic regulation - Biochemistry
Chapter 15 - principle of metabolic regulation - Biochemistry
More from Suk Namgoong
Cell bio8
The document discusses the cell cycle and its regulation. It begins by outlining the four main phases: G1, S, G2, and M. Checkpoints exist to monitor DNA damage and proper chromosome attachment before transitions. Research led to the discovery of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that control cell cycle progression. Specifically, maturation promoting factor (MPF), composed of cyclin B and CDK1, induces mitosis. Protein destruction via the anaphase promoting complex (APC) also regulates the cell cycle. Growth and DNA integrity checkpoints in G1 determine whether a cell divides.
Cell bio7
This document provides an overview of a lecture on cytoskeleton. It discusses the three main components of the cytoskeleton - microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. It focuses on actin and microfilaments, describing their roles in cell motility, cytokinesis, phagocytosis, vesicle transport, and asymmetric cell division. It explains how actin polymerizes to form microfilaments and the roles of actin nucleators like Arp2/3 and formins in determining filament structure. It also discusses actin regulatory proteins involved in polymerization, capping, depolymerization, and monomer binding.
Cell biology Lecture 5
1. Membrane trafficking allows the transfer of cargo between organelles through transport vesicles that form and fuse with target membranes.
2. Transport vesicles are coated with protein complexes that help generate the vesicles and select cargo for transport. Vesicles move cargo between organelles like the ER, Golgi apparatus, and endosomes.
3. Rab GTPases and SNARE proteins ensure vesicles dock and fuse with the correct target membrane, delivering cargo to its destination compartment.
Crispr/cas9 101
This document provides an overview of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. It discusses the history and limitations of prior genome engineering techniques like recombinant DNA and zinc finger nucleases. It then explains how CRISPR/Cas9 works as a RNA-guided DNA endonuclease and how this allows it to efficiently and specifically edit genomes. The document outlines several applications of CRISPR/Cas9 like generating knockout animals and cell lines. It also notes some concerns about using the technique for human genome editing.
Cell biology
This document provides information about an advanced cell biology course including the lecturer's contact details, textbook, course objectives, topics, and syllabus. The course will cover basic cell components and structures like the nucleus, membrane, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle. It will focus on the molecular basis of life at the cellular level and general principles and mechanisms. The first week will be an introduction and subsequent weeks will cover specific topics like transcription, signaling, and trafficking. Cells are introduced as the basic functional units of living organisms and their evolution is briefly outlined.
Cell culture 07
This document appears to be the syllabus for a 7th lecture course on Advanced Animal Cell Culture offered in the 2nd semester of 2013 at Chungbuk National University's Department of Animal Science. The syllabus lists 8 topics that will be covered across 8 class dates from September to December 2013. These topics include introductions to cell culture, using cell culture as a research model, antibody/protein production in cell culture, protein production and purification, stem cells, and generating transgenic/knockout animals and genome engineering techniques. It also lists which students will present on certain topics and dates.
Cell culture 06
This document contains the syllabus for an advanced animal cell culture course from the Department of Animal Science at Chungbuk National University. The syllabus lists 8 topics that will be covered between September 2013 and December 2013, including introductions to cell culture and stem cells, using cell culture for antibody and protein production, transgenic and knockout animals, and genome engineering. Student groups are assigned to present on specific dates, including topics like stem cell I and II and protein production/purification. The document also includes an excerpt from the November 14th lecture on stem cell II, discussing the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming and how induced pluripotent stem cells were discovered.
Cell culture 04
This document appears to be the syllabus for a course titled "Advanced Animal Cell Culture" offered in the second semester of 2013 at Chungbuk National University's Department of Animal Science. The syllabus lists 8 topics that will be covered across 8 class dates from September to December. These topics include introductions to cell culture, using cell culture as a research model, producing antibodies and proteins through cell culture, protein production and purification techniques, and stem cell research. The document also provides details on assignments and presentations related to specific class dates.
Cell culture 05
This document contains the syllabus for an advanced animal cell culture course offered in the second semester of 2013 at Chungbuk National University's Department of Animal Science. The syllabus lists 8 topics that will be covered across 8 class meetings from September to December, including introductions to cell culture, stem cells, transgenic animals, and genome engineering. It also provides details on assigned student presentations and the date of the final exam.
Cell culture 03
This document contains the syllabus for an advanced animal cell culture course offered in the second semester of 2013 at Chungbuk National University's Department of Animal Science. The syllabus lists 8 topics that will be covered across 8 classes between September and December, including introductions to cell culture, stem cells, transgenic animals, and genome engineering. It also provides the dates and instructors for the classes on cell culture for antibody and protein production, and protein production/purification.
Advanced Cell Culture Lecture 2 - CBNU
This document outlines the syllabus for an Advanced Animal Cell Culture course. It lists the topics that will be covered in each class, including introductions to cell culture, stem cells, transgenic and knockout animals, and genome engineering. It also provides details about some of the topics, such as commonly used cell lines and model organisms, cell culture techniques like subculture and cryopreservation, and research methods using cultured cells like microscopy, staining, and molecular biology techniques. The document emphasizes that cultured cells can serve as useful model systems to study specific cell types and biological phenomena while avoiding complications from whole organisms.
Advanced Cell Culture Lecture 1 - CBNU
This document provides information about an advanced animal cell culture course. It includes details about the course such as the lecturer, meeting times, grading structure, and syllabus. The syllabus covers topics like cell culture models, protein production, stem cells, transgenic and knockout animals, and genome engineering. It also provides background on why animal cells are cultured, the history of cell culture, types of primary and established cell lines, cell culture techniques like adherent and suspension cultures, and uses of cell culture including basic research, toxicity screening, protein production, and tissue engineering. Students in the course will present papers during seminars.
Structural Basis of Actin Nucleation
VopL is a bacterial actin nucleator protein that utilizes a unique C-terminal dimerization domain (VCD) to robustly nucleate actin filament formation. Single molecule studies show that VopL generates new actin filament seeds and rapidly dissociates from the filaments. The VCD domain is required for dimerization of VopL and binding to actin filaments. Crystallization of VCD proved challenging due to sensitivity of the crystals. SAXS and the crystal structure revealed that VCD forms a coiled-coil dimer that can bind two actin subunits, suggesting it acts as a platform for actin nucleation. Dimerization of actin nucleators may
Goode
The document summarizes research presented on the role of Adenomanous Polyposis Coli (APC) in regulating actin assembly. APC is a key component of the Wnt signaling pathway and acts as a tumor suppressor. When mutations occur in the APC gene, it can lead to familial adenomatous polyposis. Research shows that APC directly nucleates actin assembly through its C-terminal basic domain without any known actin-binding motifs. Studies using fluorescence probes indicate that unlike other actin nucleators like Arp2/3 or formins, APC remains bound to the pointed end of actin filaments during nucleation and elongation.
Rocket Launcher Mechanism of Collaborative Actin Assembly Defined by Single-M...
This document summarizes a presentation on Adenomanous Polypolis Coli (APC) and its role in the Wnt signaling pathway and actin assembly. APC is a main component of the Wnt signaling pathway that regulates β-catenin levels and target gene expression. Mutations in APC are associated with colorectal cancers. The presentation shows that APC can directly nucleate actin assembly through its C-terminal basic domain, without sequence homology to known actin binding domains. APC and mDia1 synergistically promote actin assembly in the presence of profilin and capping protein. While the formin mDia1 remains processively bound to actin filament bar
역전야매액틴
Actin exists in two forms: monomeric G-actin and filamentous F-actin. G-actin monomers polymerize to form F-actin filaments. F-actin filaments are essential components of the cytoskeleton that give cells their shape and allow cellular movement.
More from Suk Namgoong (16)
Rocket Launcher Mechanism of Collaborative Actin Assembly Defined by Single-M...
Rocket Launcher Mechanism of Collaborative Actin Assembly Defined by Single-M...
Recently uploaded
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsThornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingRecently uploaded (20)
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Cell biology Lecture 6
- 1. Advanced Cell Biology 2014 1nd Semester Department of Animal Science Chungbuk National University 6th Lecture
- 2. 1st week : Introduction 3rd week :Research Strategies For Cell Biology 5nd week : Nucleus, Transcription and Splicing 7nd week : Membrane and Channel 9nd week : Membrane Trafficking 11nd week : Cell Signaling 13nd week : Cytoskeleton 15nd week : Cell Cycle
- 3. • Eukaryotic cells need to adapt to changing environmental conditions • Transducing chemical or physical stimuli -> activity • Short term responses mediates changes in – Metabolic activity – Secretion – Cell motility • Long Term responses mediates changes in - Gene Expression Why cell need Cell Signaling?
- 5. • Cell uses about 20 different families of receptor proteins to detect and respond to the different incoming chemical and physical stimuli Receptors
- 8. • GPCR : uses trimeric GTP-binding proteins to relay signals to effector protein insie cells • Mammals has ~2,000 different seven-helix receptors to discriminate odorants, light, amino acids, peptide, hormones, lipids. • S375 orphan receptors : Receptors with unknown ligands Seven-Helix Receptors
- 9. Ligands: alkaloids (opioids), biogenic amines (epinephrine), lipids (prostaglandins), neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, glutamate, dopamine), organic molecules (odorants), peptide hormones (glucagon, ACTH), proteins (parathyroid hormone, thrombin, interleukin- 8), rhodopsin (photoreceptor pigment activated by light). Many useful drugs.
- 19. Ligands : All ligands are proteins - Insulin - EGF - Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) - Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) Activation - Unbounded (Inactive) receptor diffuse in the membrane - Ligands bring together two receptor molecules - Activation of tyrosin kinase - transphosphorylation of kinase domains Receptor Tyrosin Kinase
- 20. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase Effectors Phospholipase C gamma : bind P-tyr, produced IP3 and diacylgycerol GEF : binds P-tyr and activate Ras or Map Kinase
- 21. Cytokine Receptor associated with Cytoplasmic Tyrosin Kinase
- 25. Protein Phosphorylation Protein Kinase Protein Phosphatase Most common posttranslational modifications
- 26. Effects of Phosphorylation on Protein Structure and Function - Interference of substrate binding
- 28. Serine/Threonine Kinase and Tyrosine Kinase
- 29. Regulation of Protein Kinase • Activation by phosphorylation - Src-family tyrosine kinase - MAP kinase - cyclin-dependent kinase - calcium-depenent kinase • Inhibition by phosphorylation - Phosphorylation of Myosin-Light Chain Kinase by PKC : inhibit activity • Regulation of substrate binding - binding of regulatory subunit : inhibit substrate binding - autoinhibtion
- 30. Regulation of Protein Kinase • Targeting - PKA location was determined by RI and RII subunit = Kinase-anchoring proteins • PH Domain and lipid tag : target some kinase to lipid bilayer • Scaffolding Proteins : Cellular ‘Matchmaker’
- 32. Number of Protein Kinase Genes in Human/Mouse Genome - Serine/Threonine Kinase : 289 - Tyrosine Kinase : 123 ~= more than 500 Number of Protein Phosphatases - Serine/Threonine phosphatase : 18 - Tyrosine phosphatase : 40 Total Number of Protein Phosphtase : less than 60
- 33. Substrate Targeting Subunit of PP Protein Phosphatase 1 + Myosin Light Chain Kinase Targeting Subunits (MYPT1) Catalytic subunit of Protein Phosphatase relies on Targeting Subunit for substrate specifities
- 34. GTP binding protein (GTPase) Small GTPase Ras family Rho family : Rho, Rac, cdc42.. Rab family Ran
- 37. Linker between signaling molecules Small-conserved domains can be utilized as protein-protein linker between signaling proteins
- 40. Second Messengers in signaling pathway - Cyclic Nucleotide Activated by Adenylate/Guanylyl cyclase Deactivated by Phosphodiesterase
- 42. cAMP level up: 1. PKA activation 2. CDC25b phospho 3. Inactive CDC25b 4. Maintain GV Milirone dbcAMP
- 46. PKC family of Protein Kinases Activated by binding of lipid second messangers
- 49. Calcium (Ca2+) - ATP-driven calcium pump (SERCA) remove calcium from cytoplasm (0.1uM) - Activated Inositol Triphosphate Receptor release ER-calcium into cytoplasm
- 53. Calcium binding of calmodulin - Calcium binding of calmodulin change protein structure of calmodulin - Ca2+ bound calmodulin regulate various protein targets CaM Kinase (Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase)
- 54. Detection of Odors by the Olfactory System
- 57. Signaling Modulating gene expression