7.2 transcription
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•422 views
This document discusses transcription and gene expression. It begins by explaining that transcription occurs from 5' to 3' as RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing mRNA molecule. It then provides understandings about transcription in eukaryotes including that nucleosomes help regulate it, mRNA is modified after transcription through splicing and addition of a cap and tail. Finally, it explains that gene expression is regulated through factors that bind DNA and affect transcription as well as through DNA methylation and modification of chromatin structure.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
7.2 transcription & gene expression slideshare
Information stored in DNA is copied onto mRNA through transcription. Transcription occurs from 5' to 3' in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells further modify mRNA after transcription through splicing and other processes. This increases the number of proteins that can be produced from a single gene. Gene expression is regulated by proteins binding to specific DNA sequences and the cell's environment.
7.2 transcription & gene expression
Transcription is the process where information stored in DNA is copied into mRNA. This involves RNA polymerase adding nucleotides to the growing mRNA molecule in a 5' to 3' direction. In eukaryotes, nucleosomes help regulate transcription by modifying histone tails, which affects how tightly wound the DNA is. Post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA in eukaryotes include splicing of introns. Gene expression can be regulated by proteins binding to specific DNA sequences and by environmental factors that impact processes like DNA methylation and histone modification.
7.3 transcription
Transcription is the process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template. It occurs in the nucleus and proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction. The antisense strand of DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. Eukaryotic mRNA requires introns to be removed through post-transcriptional modification to form mature mRNA.
7.3 translation
The document discusses various aspects of translation, including:
1. Initiation of translation involves assembly of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal components.
2. Synthesis of the polypeptide involves repeated cycles of amino acid attachment and ribosomal movement along the mRNA.
3. Termination occurs when a stop codon enters the ribosomal active site, causing disassembly of the translation components.
Topic 3: Nucleic Acid
The document discusses several key aspects of DNA structure and replication:
1. The Hershey-Chase experiment provided definitive evidence that DNA, not protein, carries the genetic material of organisms. They found that labeled viral DNA entered infected bacteria cells, while labeled viral proteins did not.
2. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography of DNA provided data that helped Watson and Crick discover the double helix structure of DNA. DNA is made of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
3. DNA replication is semi-conservative and relies on complementary base pairing between DNA strands. It involves enzymes that unwind, separate, and replicate both DNA strands.
Microbial genetics lectures 4, 5, and 6
The document discusses the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. It describes the process of DNA replication, including initiation, elongation, and termination. DNA replication is semiconservative and bidirectional, with the leading strand synthesized continuously and the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously in fragments. The mechanisms of DNA replication are largely similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Microbial genetics lectures 1, 2, and 3
1. The document discusses the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and viral genomes. It explains that DNA contains genes which code for RNA and proteins, while RNA has different types that aid in protein production.
2. The key differences between DNA and RNA are that DNA is double-stranded, more stable, and stores genetic information, while RNA is single-stranded and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes.
3. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material within a protein coat, and vary in genome size and structure between linear, circular, single-stranded and double-stranded forms.
7.3 translation
IB Biology HL topic 7.3 Translation Presentation for the new syllabus first exams 2016. Images from the Biology Course Companion have been removed because I do not have permission to reuse them.
Recommended
7.2 transcription & gene expression slideshare
Information stored in DNA is copied onto mRNA through transcription. Transcription occurs from 5' to 3' in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells further modify mRNA after transcription through splicing and other processes. This increases the number of proteins that can be produced from a single gene. Gene expression is regulated by proteins binding to specific DNA sequences and the cell's environment.
7.2 transcription & gene expression
Transcription is the process where information stored in DNA is copied into mRNA. This involves RNA polymerase adding nucleotides to the growing mRNA molecule in a 5' to 3' direction. In eukaryotes, nucleosomes help regulate transcription by modifying histone tails, which affects how tightly wound the DNA is. Post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA in eukaryotes include splicing of introns. Gene expression can be regulated by proteins binding to specific DNA sequences and by environmental factors that impact processes like DNA methylation and histone modification.
7.3 transcription
Transcription is the process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template. It occurs in the nucleus and proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction. The antisense strand of DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. Eukaryotic mRNA requires introns to be removed through post-transcriptional modification to form mature mRNA.
7.3 translation
The document discusses various aspects of translation, including:
1. Initiation of translation involves assembly of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal components.
2. Synthesis of the polypeptide involves repeated cycles of amino acid attachment and ribosomal movement along the mRNA.
3. Termination occurs when a stop codon enters the ribosomal active site, causing disassembly of the translation components.
Topic 3: Nucleic Acid
The document discusses several key aspects of DNA structure and replication:
1. The Hershey-Chase experiment provided definitive evidence that DNA, not protein, carries the genetic material of organisms. They found that labeled viral DNA entered infected bacteria cells, while labeled viral proteins did not.
2. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography of DNA provided data that helped Watson and Crick discover the double helix structure of DNA. DNA is made of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
3. DNA replication is semi-conservative and relies on complementary base pairing between DNA strands. It involves enzymes that unwind, separate, and replicate both DNA strands.
Microbial genetics lectures 4, 5, and 6
The document discusses the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. It describes the process of DNA replication, including initiation, elongation, and termination. DNA replication is semiconservative and bidirectional, with the leading strand synthesized continuously and the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously in fragments. The mechanisms of DNA replication are largely similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Microbial genetics lectures 1, 2, and 3
1. The document discusses the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and viral genomes. It explains that DNA contains genes which code for RNA and proteins, while RNA has different types that aid in protein production.
2. The key differences between DNA and RNA are that DNA is double-stranded, more stable, and stores genetic information, while RNA is single-stranded and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes.
3. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material within a protein coat, and vary in genome size and structure between linear, circular, single-stranded and double-stranded forms.
7.3 translation
IB Biology HL topic 7.3 Translation Presentation for the new syllabus first exams 2016. Images from the Biology Course Companion have been removed because I do not have permission to reuse them.
Genome organization ,gene expression sand regulation
The hereditary material of organisms is DNA, which contains genetic information in the form of a specific nucleotide sequence. This DNA is organized into chromosomes that make up an organism's genome. Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into RNA, which may undergo processing before being translated into proteins. The proteins then fold and are transported within the cell. Regulation of gene expression controls when and how much of gene products are made to allow cells to adapt. Gene expression can be measured to provide insight into cellular processes.
Microbial genetics lectures 10, 11, and 12
The document discusses the genetic code and process of translation. It explains that DNA or mRNA carries the genetic code to produce proteins using codons. There are 64 possible codon combinations that code for 21 amino acids, with some codons coding for the same amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules contain anticodons that bind to codons and attach the corresponding amino acid. The ribosome then synthesizes proteins using the mRNA template through reading the codons and incorporating amino acids.
Central dogma
The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is first replicated to produce two identical DNA molecules. Transcription then produces mRNA from DNA, which differs in that only one DNA strand is used as a template. Translation follows, using the mRNA to direct protein synthesis on ribosomes with the help of tRNA. Mutations can occur in genes and chromosomes, altering DNA sequences and potentially changing protein functions or structures. Common gene mutations include substitutions, insertions, deletions, duplications, and frameshifts, while chromosome mutations involve translocations, deletions, duplications, inversions, and isochromosomes.
Molecular genetics
This document provides an overview of basic molecular genetic methodologies and their applications in studying atherosclerosis. It describes several key techniques used in molecular genetics research, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, Southern blotting, and DNA sequencing. It also discusses methods for detecting genetic variations like single nucleotide polymorphisms. The document then covers various applications of these techniques in genomic analysis and molecular studies of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis.
17 - From Gene to Protein
This document provides an overview of the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis through transcription and translation. It discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA to protein. Key points include: transcription produces messenger RNA from DNA templates in the nucleus; eukaryotic pre-mRNA is processed before translation; translation occurs in the cytoplasm using tRNA to add amino acids to growing polypeptide chains on ribosomes according to mRNA codons. The genetic code is nearly universal and specifies 20 amino acids using triplets of nucleotides.
Mutation, repair, recombination
The document discusses the organization and structure of the human genome. It notes that the genome contains DNA arranged into genes on chromosomes within the cell nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA containing 37 genes. The human genome consists of 24 chromosomes in the nucleus plus the mitochondrial genome. DNA is organized into nucleosomes and packaged into chromatin and chromosomes. Genes encode instructions to make proteins and are regulated differently between cell types.
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is converted into structures and functions within cells. It involves three main steps: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA to produce identical daughter molecules. Transcription converts the DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation then uses the mRNA to produce proteins through the joining of amino acids specified by the mRNA's codon sequence. These three steps together allow genetic information to direct the production of the RNA and protein molecules that drive cellular functions and inheritance of traits.
7.1 dna structure & replication
DNA is a double-stranded helix that can be replicated semi-conservatively, with each new strand pairing with an existing "old" strand. This allows DNA to be copied and passed on to future generations of cells. While DNA is highly stable, its double helix structure allows it to be efficiently replicated through base pairing between strands.
gene to protein
The document summarizes key concepts about how genetic information flows from DNA to protein. It discusses how genes specify proteins through transcription and translation. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making an RNA copy of a gene. This RNA then undergoes processing in eukaryotes before being translated into a protein by ribosomes. The genetic code was discovered to be a triplet code of nucleotides that specifies which amino acid will be added during translation.
Dna damage and repair
DNA damage, Types of damage, Agents causing DNA damage, DNA repair system, Implications of defective DNA repair system
Gene Structure
This document provides an overview of basic molecular biology concepts including:
1) DNA structure including nucleotides, base pairing, and the double helix formation.
2) Genes and genomes, including definitions of a gene, genome size comparisons, and that genes encode proteins.
3) The genetic code and mutations, including how the DNA sequence is translated into proteins and different types of mutations.
7.4 translation
Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is used to direct the assembly of amino acids into proteins. It involves tRNA molecules that recognize codons on mRNA and bind specific amino acids. Ribosomes, composed of RNA and proteins, provide the site for protein synthesis and contain binding sites for mRNA and tRNA. Translation occurs in three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination - and proceeds from the 5' to 3' end of mRNA.
Modern Concept of Gene
Genes are regions of DNA that encode for proteins. They contain coding and non-coding regions. There are three main types of genes - simple, variable, and transposons. Gene expression involves two main stages - transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins. Transcription and translation are tightly regulated by various control regions that determine when and how much of a protein is produced from a gene.
MICROBIAL GENETICS
This document discusses the structure and function of genetic material in microbes. It covers the basics of DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the genetic code, and mechanisms of genetic transfer in bacteria. DNA is made of nucleotides with a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. It takes the form of a double helix. Bacterial DNA replication occurs via a replication fork that uses the parental DNA strands as templates. Transcription converts DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Mutation, transformation, conjugation, and transduction allow for genetic variation in bacteria.
Central Dogma, Gene, Genetic Code, Codon, Genome, Genotype, Phenotype , Trai...
Central dogma, gene, gene expression, genetic code, genome, genotype, phenotype, trait, allele, mutation
Introns: structure and functions
"Introns: Structure and Functions" during November, 2011 (Friday Seminar activity, Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) by Yogesh S Bhagat (Ph D Scholar)
Epigenetics- Transcription regulation of gene expression
This document provides information about epigenetics and histone modifications. It defines epigenetics as heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. It discusses how histone modifications such as acetylation and methylation regulate gene expression by altering chromatin structure and recruiting other proteins. DNA methylation is also described as an important epigenetic modification that typically represses transcription. Several families of enzymes that establish these modifications, such as DNA methyltransferases and histone methyltransferases/acetyltransferases, are outlined.
Ch 17: From Gene to Protein
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on gene expression from DNA to protein. It discusses:
1) How genes specify proteins via transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. RNA acts as the bridge between genes and proteins.
2) Experiments by Beadle and Tatum showing that mutations in neurospora resulted in inability to synthesize specific enzymes, supporting the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis.
3) The genetic code is cracked - codons of 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA specify 20 different amino acids or stop signals in proteins. The code is nearly universal across life.
Genetics and Cellular Function
The document provides information about genetics and cellular function, including:
1) It describes DNA and RNA as the nucleic acids and discusses genes, DNA replication, chromosomes, and heredity.
2) Modern genetics such as Mendelian genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and genomic medicine are examined.
3) The molecular structure of DNA is explained, including that it is a double helix composed of nucleotides with nitrogenous bases of either purines or pyrimidines.
Nucleic acids and central dogma theory
The presentation covers the basic information of the genetic codes, importance of nucleic acids and central dogma
7.3 translation
Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It involves three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA start codon along with initiator tRNA. In elongation, amino acids are added one by one to form the polypeptide chain. Termination occurs when a stop codon enters the ribosomal A site and the protein is released. The primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary structures of proteins are determined by the sequence of amino acids and various bonding interactions.
IB Biology HL Transcription and Translation
I am a IB HL Biology Student. Our teacher asks students to give lectures, I gave my lecture on Transcription and Translation. Please read through slide notes, should be quite helpful. Also contains some past paper questions.
More Related Content
What's hot
Genome organization ,gene expression sand regulation
The hereditary material of organisms is DNA, which contains genetic information in the form of a specific nucleotide sequence. This DNA is organized into chromosomes that make up an organism's genome. Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into RNA, which may undergo processing before being translated into proteins. The proteins then fold and are transported within the cell. Regulation of gene expression controls when and how much of gene products are made to allow cells to adapt. Gene expression can be measured to provide insight into cellular processes.
Microbial genetics lectures 10, 11, and 12
The document discusses the genetic code and process of translation. It explains that DNA or mRNA carries the genetic code to produce proteins using codons. There are 64 possible codon combinations that code for 21 amino acids, with some codons coding for the same amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules contain anticodons that bind to codons and attach the corresponding amino acid. The ribosome then synthesizes proteins using the mRNA template through reading the codons and incorporating amino acids.
Central dogma
The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is first replicated to produce two identical DNA molecules. Transcription then produces mRNA from DNA, which differs in that only one DNA strand is used as a template. Translation follows, using the mRNA to direct protein synthesis on ribosomes with the help of tRNA. Mutations can occur in genes and chromosomes, altering DNA sequences and potentially changing protein functions or structures. Common gene mutations include substitutions, insertions, deletions, duplications, and frameshifts, while chromosome mutations involve translocations, deletions, duplications, inversions, and isochromosomes.
Molecular genetics
This document provides an overview of basic molecular genetic methodologies and their applications in studying atherosclerosis. It describes several key techniques used in molecular genetics research, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, Southern blotting, and DNA sequencing. It also discusses methods for detecting genetic variations like single nucleotide polymorphisms. The document then covers various applications of these techniques in genomic analysis and molecular studies of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis.
17 - From Gene to Protein
This document provides an overview of the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis through transcription and translation. It discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA to protein. Key points include: transcription produces messenger RNA from DNA templates in the nucleus; eukaryotic pre-mRNA is processed before translation; translation occurs in the cytoplasm using tRNA to add amino acids to growing polypeptide chains on ribosomes according to mRNA codons. The genetic code is nearly universal and specifies 20 amino acids using triplets of nucleotides.
Mutation, repair, recombination
The document discusses the organization and structure of the human genome. It notes that the genome contains DNA arranged into genes on chromosomes within the cell nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA containing 37 genes. The human genome consists of 24 chromosomes in the nucleus plus the mitochondrial genome. DNA is organized into nucleosomes and packaged into chromatin and chromosomes. Genes encode instructions to make proteins and are regulated differently between cell types.
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is converted into structures and functions within cells. It involves three main steps: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA to produce identical daughter molecules. Transcription converts the DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation then uses the mRNA to produce proteins through the joining of amino acids specified by the mRNA's codon sequence. These three steps together allow genetic information to direct the production of the RNA and protein molecules that drive cellular functions and inheritance of traits.
7.1 dna structure & replication
DNA is a double-stranded helix that can be replicated semi-conservatively, with each new strand pairing with an existing "old" strand. This allows DNA to be copied and passed on to future generations of cells. While DNA is highly stable, its double helix structure allows it to be efficiently replicated through base pairing between strands.
gene to protein
The document summarizes key concepts about how genetic information flows from DNA to protein. It discusses how genes specify proteins through transcription and translation. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making an RNA copy of a gene. This RNA then undergoes processing in eukaryotes before being translated into a protein by ribosomes. The genetic code was discovered to be a triplet code of nucleotides that specifies which amino acid will be added during translation.
Dna damage and repair
DNA damage, Types of damage, Agents causing DNA damage, DNA repair system, Implications of defective DNA repair system
Gene Structure
This document provides an overview of basic molecular biology concepts including:
1) DNA structure including nucleotides, base pairing, and the double helix formation.
2) Genes and genomes, including definitions of a gene, genome size comparisons, and that genes encode proteins.
3) The genetic code and mutations, including how the DNA sequence is translated into proteins and different types of mutations.
7.4 translation
Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is used to direct the assembly of amino acids into proteins. It involves tRNA molecules that recognize codons on mRNA and bind specific amino acids. Ribosomes, composed of RNA and proteins, provide the site for protein synthesis and contain binding sites for mRNA and tRNA. Translation occurs in three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination - and proceeds from the 5' to 3' end of mRNA.
Modern Concept of Gene
Genes are regions of DNA that encode for proteins. They contain coding and non-coding regions. There are three main types of genes - simple, variable, and transposons. Gene expression involves two main stages - transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins. Transcription and translation are tightly regulated by various control regions that determine when and how much of a protein is produced from a gene.
MICROBIAL GENETICS
This document discusses the structure and function of genetic material in microbes. It covers the basics of DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the genetic code, and mechanisms of genetic transfer in bacteria. DNA is made of nucleotides with a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. It takes the form of a double helix. Bacterial DNA replication occurs via a replication fork that uses the parental DNA strands as templates. Transcription converts DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Mutation, transformation, conjugation, and transduction allow for genetic variation in bacteria.
Central Dogma, Gene, Genetic Code, Codon, Genome, Genotype, Phenotype , Trai...
Central dogma, gene, gene expression, genetic code, genome, genotype, phenotype, trait, allele, mutation
Introns: structure and functions
"Introns: Structure and Functions" during November, 2011 (Friday Seminar activity, Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) by Yogesh S Bhagat (Ph D Scholar)
Epigenetics- Transcription regulation of gene expression
This document provides information about epigenetics and histone modifications. It defines epigenetics as heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. It discusses how histone modifications such as acetylation and methylation regulate gene expression by altering chromatin structure and recruiting other proteins. DNA methylation is also described as an important epigenetic modification that typically represses transcription. Several families of enzymes that establish these modifications, such as DNA methyltransferases and histone methyltransferases/acetyltransferases, are outlined.
Ch 17: From Gene to Protein
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on gene expression from DNA to protein. It discusses:
1) How genes specify proteins via transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. RNA acts as the bridge between genes and proteins.
2) Experiments by Beadle and Tatum showing that mutations in neurospora resulted in inability to synthesize specific enzymes, supporting the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis.
3) The genetic code is cracked - codons of 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA specify 20 different amino acids or stop signals in proteins. The code is nearly universal across life.
Genetics and Cellular Function
The document provides information about genetics and cellular function, including:
1) It describes DNA and RNA as the nucleic acids and discusses genes, DNA replication, chromosomes, and heredity.
2) Modern genetics such as Mendelian genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and genomic medicine are examined.
3) The molecular structure of DNA is explained, including that it is a double helix composed of nucleotides with nitrogenous bases of either purines or pyrimidines.
Nucleic acids and central dogma theory
The presentation covers the basic information of the genetic codes, importance of nucleic acids and central dogma
What's hot (20)
Genome organization ,gene expression sand regulation
Genome organization ,gene expression sand regulation
Central Dogma, Gene, Genetic Code, Codon, Genome, Genotype, Phenotype , Trai...
Central Dogma, Gene, Genetic Code, Codon, Genome, Genotype, Phenotype , Trai...
Epigenetics- Transcription regulation of gene expression
Epigenetics- Transcription regulation of gene expression
Viewers also liked
7.3 translation
Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It involves three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA start codon along with initiator tRNA. In elongation, amino acids are added one by one to form the polypeptide chain. Termination occurs when a stop codon enters the ribosomal A site and the protein is released. The primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary structures of proteins are determined by the sequence of amino acids and various bonding interactions.
IB Biology HL Transcription and Translation
I am a IB HL Biology Student. Our teacher asks students to give lectures, I gave my lecture on Transcription and Translation. Please read through slide notes, should be quite helpful. Also contains some past paper questions.
7.1 dna structure and replication
DNA contains the genetic information that is passed from parents to offspring. It is made up of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a double helix structure. DNA replication involves unwinding of the helix by helicase, addition of RNA primers by primase, and synthesis of new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerase. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand involves discontinuous synthesis of Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase.
IB Biology AHL 10.1: Meiosis
The document provides information about several key concepts in meiosis and genetics:
1) It describes the behavior of chromosomes during the phases of meiosis and explains how crossing over results in genetic variation through the formation of chiasmata during prophase I.
2) It states Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, which is that each pair of alleles segregates independently into gametes during meiosis.
3) It explains the relationship between Mendel's law and random orientation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis, which results in independent assortment.
3.5 7.3 Dna Transcription
This document summarizes key aspects of DNA transcription. It describes the three main types of RNA - rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA. Transcription is the process by which RNA is made from a DNA template in order to convey genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions and synthesizes a complementary RNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction until reaching a terminator region. The RNA codons formed during transcription correspond to DNA triplets. RNA processing occurs after transcription and involves splicing out introns and joining exons to form mature mRNA.
Transcription of DNA to RNA
RNA has the function of copying genetic information from DNA and transporting it to be used for protein synthesis. It differs from DNA in that RNA is single-stranded, contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose, and contains the base uracil instead of thymine. The length of mRNA is much shorter than DNA as it only contains the code for a single protein, while DNA contains the full genome.
Essential Biology 7.3 7.4 Transcription Translation ahl
This document provides instructions and questions for a biology assignment on transcription and translation. It includes 15 multiple choice and short answer questions covering topics like DNA structure, transcription, mRNA, tRNA, and the ribosome. Students are asked to complete the questions, cite sources, and fill out a self-assessment rubric before submitting. Additional resources like online articles and videos are provided to help with research.
IB Biology 7.2-7.3 Slides: AHL Transcription & Translation
Slides covering Additional Higher Level (AHL) material from Topic 7.2 and 7.3 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams
Multitasking and study
The document summarizes several studies that examined the effects of multitasking on learning and task performance. One study found that students who texted during a lecture scored lower on a quiz compared to students who did not text. Another study found that students who used instant messaging while reading a passage took significantly longer to read it than students who did not multitask. The studies suggest that multitasking hinders performance and learning due to the problem of continuous partial attention. It is difficult for the brain to focus on multiple tasks simultaneously.
Epigenetics
Epigenetics is the study, in the field of genetics, of cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. -Wikipedia
Protein Synthesis: 7.3 & 7.4 Transcription and Translation AHL (IB)
The document appears to be about animations but does not contain any text. It contains a clickable link or button labeled "Click for animations" suggesting the document is meant to display animations when clicked or contains animations that need to be accessed by clicking. However, without clicking the link or button, the document provides no other context or information beyond the prompt to click for animations.
Epigenetics
Epigenetics refers to modifications to DNA that change gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. These modifications, such as methylation, can be inherited and influence traits in offspring. Experiments show that environmental factors like chemical exposure, diet, and stress experienced by parents or grandparents can cause epigenetic changes leading to disease in subsequent generations, despite those generations not directly experiencing the original stressor. Further research on epigenetics may lead to new treatments for diseases and insights into disorders that differ between identical twins.
Epigenetics
This document defines epigenetics as heritable changes in gene expression that are not caused by changes in DNA sequence. It discusses genomic imprinting, where alleles from the father and mother are expressed differently. Genomic imprinting is explained by the parental conflict theory, which posits that genes have evolved conflicting interests in how much they provision offspring depending on whether they are inherited from the father or mother. Imprinting marks on DNA are established differently depending on the parent of origin and can be erased in germ line cells, but reestablished in offspring. Problems can occur if imprinting marks are defective or the wrong parental alleles are inherited.
Transcription and Translation PowerPoint
Transcription is the process of making mRNA from DNA. It involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA complementary copy of the DNA strand. Translation is the process of using the mRNA to produce a polypeptide by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. During transcription, introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined to form mature mRNA. If the parent DNA strand is A A T G C A G T, the complementary mRNA strand will be U U A C G U C A.
DNA Transcription- Part-1
The document discusses DNA transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription involves initiation at a promoter region, elongation of RNA polymerase along the DNA, and termination. Initiation requires binding of RNA polymerase and sigma factor to the promoter. Elongation follows base pairing rules. Termination can be rho-dependent or independent. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, occurring in the nucleus with three RNA polymerases and more elaborate promoter and regulatory elements that control transcription.
Viewers also liked (15)
Essential Biology 7.3 7.4 Transcription Translation ahl
Essential Biology 7.3 7.4 Transcription Translation ahl
IB Biology 7.2-7.3 Slides: AHL Transcription & Translation
IB Biology 7.2-7.3 Slides: AHL Transcription & Translation
Protein Synthesis: 7.3 & 7.4 Transcription and Translation AHL (IB)
Protein Synthesis: 7.3 & 7.4 Transcription and Translation AHL (IB)
Similar to 7.2 transcription
7 nucleic acids syllabus statements
The document discusses topics related to nucleic acids, including DNA structure and replication, transcription and gene expression, and translation. It provides essential ideas, understandings, and applications for each topic. For DNA structure and replication, it describes the double helix structure of DNA and the enzyme-driven process of replication. For transcription and gene expression, it explains how DNA is transcribed into mRNA and how gene expression is regulated. For translation, it outlines how mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain through the process of protein synthesis.
central-dogma-of-dna-1201627180232055-2.pdf
The document describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It discusses DNA replication, transcription, and translation. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces one new strand and one parent strand. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA. Translation uses mRNA to produce proteins using tRNA and ribosomes by reading the mRNA codons. Mutations can occur through errors in replication or environmental mutagens and can change amino acid sequences or cause frameshifts.
7 nucleic acids syllabus statements
DNA contains the genetic code and is able to replicate itself with high fidelity. It takes the form of a double helix with nucleotides on the inside bonded together. During replication, DNA unwinds and each strand serves as a template to create a new complementary strand. RNA carries copies of genes to the ribosomes for protein production through the process of transcription. Transcribed mRNA undergoes processing before translation. During translation, mRNA is read three nucleotides at a time by the ribosome which links matching tRNA and amino acids to produce a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code.
Genetic control of protein synthesis
The document describes the genetic control of protein synthesis. It discusses how genes in the cell nucleus control protein synthesis through the processes of transcription and translation. There are approximately 30,000 genes in each cell, each composed of DNA. During transcription, the DNA code is transferred to an RNA code, which then directs protein synthesis. The main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and miRNA - are described along with their roles in protein synthesis. Translation and the genetic code are also summarized.
Molecular Genetics
The document provides an overview of molecular genetics concepts including DNA structure and packaging, transcription, translation, genetic variation, and types of polymorphisms and mutations. It discusses key discoveries such as Miescher discovering DNA, Levene proposing the nucleotide structure of DNA, and Watson and Crick deriving the double helix model. It describes DNA packaging into nucleosomes and chromatin and compaction into chromosomes. The processes of transcription, mRNA processing, alternative splicing, and translation are summarized. Different types of genetic variation such as SNPs, indels, and CNVs are defined as well as point mutations, insertions, deletions and other mutations.
Mv management of genetic information
The document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. It explains that DNA replication is semi-conservative and bidirectional, with the leading strand synthesized continuously and the lagging strand as Okazaki fragments. RNA synthesis involves transcription of DNA into RNA. Protein synthesis uses the genetic code to translate mRNA into amino acid sequences. The flow of genetic information and processes of replication, transcription, and translation are described.
AP Biology Ch. 14 part 1 Transcription
The document outlines the plans and objectives for AP Biology lessons during the week of January 25th through January 29th, 2016. The schedule includes notes on chapters 13 and 14 about transcription and translation on different days. Students are assigned to study figure 14.24 and there will be a quiz on transcription on February 1st. The document then reviews key concepts about transcription, including the three stages of initiation, elongation, and termination. It describes differences between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and how pre-mRNA is modified through capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before becoming functional mRNA in eukaryotic cells.
Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biology
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that DNA is replicated, then transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein. It provides details on DNA replication, transcription, and translation. DNA replication involves DNA polymerase copying DNA in the 5'-3' direction. Transcription involves RNA polymerase transcribing DNA into RNA. Translation occurs on ribosomes and involves mRNA being read in triplets to produce a polypeptide chain. The processes are generally conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes but have structural and mechanistic differences.
Dna replication transcription and translation
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogen bases, sugars and phosphates. The bases on two DNA strands bond together through complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine. DNA replicates semi-conservatively through initiation, elongation, and termination steps. RNA carries instructions from DNA for protein production. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making mRNA from DNA. Translation uses mRNA, tRNAs, and ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code of three-base codons. Mutations in DNA can alter codons and cause changes in protein sequences.
Mv management of genetic information
This document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. It covers DNA replication, which is semi-conservative and bidirectional. RNA synthesis involves transcription of DNA into RNA. Protein synthesis uses the genetic code to translate mRNA into proteins with initiation, elongation, and termination steps. The flow of genetic information and processes of replication, transcription, and translation are described.
BiologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document provides an overview of biology concepts related to cellular control, biotechnology, environments, and responding to the environment. It covers topics such as how DNA codes for proteins through gene expression and protein synthesis, cellular control mechanisms like the lac operon, genetic inheritance and mutations, developmental biology processes like apoptosis and meiosis, and more. The document is organized into 8 sections that describe these concepts through explanatory text, diagrams, and lists.
G10 q3 w3_heredity-inheritance-and-variation-1_removed
This document provides learning materials on heredity and genetics for a 10th grade science class. It includes activities and questions to help students understand how protein is made from DNA information, and how mutations can cause changes in protein structure and function. The first activity involves building a DNA model to demonstrate replication. The second has students labeling DNA and RNA components in a comparison table. The third analyzes gene sequences to identify mutations. The document explains the central dogma of biology and how DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into protein. It also describes different types of genetic mutations and their effects.
RNA Synthesis and Splicing.pptx
This document discusses RNA synthesis and splicing. It begins by introducing transcription, the process by which DNA is copied into RNA, and the central dogma of molecular biology. It then describes the key features of transcription, including transcription units, RNA polymerase, and the three main stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination. The document also discusses eukaryotic transcription and additional processing steps like capping, tailing, and splicing. RNA splicing removes non-coding introns from pre-mRNA and joins coding exons to produce mature mRNA. Applications of RNA splicing include generating protein diversity and regulating genes. In conclusion, RNA synthesis and splicing are essential for gene expression and understanding genetic diseases.
DNA Presentation
This document covers DNA replication, transcription, translation and gene expression. It discusses how DNA is copied through semi-conservative replication involving enzymes like DNA polymerase and how genes are expressed through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins. It also summarizes control of gene expression in prokaryotes through operons and in eukaryotes at multiple stages. Finally, it briefly touches on gene mutations, cancer and genetic modification of plants.
Protein Synthesis.pptx
1. Protein synthesis involves the translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains. It requires several components including DNA, RNA, amino acids, ribosomes and enzymes.
2. mRNA carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. The mRNA code is translated by ribosomes with the help of tRNA molecules.
3. Protein synthesis begins with the initiation of mRNA binding to the ribosome followed by the elongation process where amino acids are linked together through the formation of peptide bonds, and ends with termination when the polypeptide chain is released.
Microbial genetics lectures 7, 8, and 9
This document discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of how gene expression in E. coli and Serratia marcescens is dependent on environmental conditions. It also summarizes the key steps in transcription, including initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, and termination. Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with eukaryotic mRNA undergoing additional processing before translation.
4.Bacterial Genetics.pptx
The document outlines key concepts in bacterial genetics including:
- The structure and functions of bacterial genetic material including DNA, chromosomes, and plasmids.
- The processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and gene expression that allow bacteria to inherit and express traits.
- Mechanisms of genetic variation in bacteria such as mutation, which can be spontaneous or induced, and horizontal gene transfer processes like transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
Lab 1
This document reviews the central dogma of molecular biology including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. DNA replication involves initiation, elongation, and termination to produce copies of DNA within the cell nucleus. Transcription includes initiation where RNA polymerase binds to DNA, elongation to create an RNA copy of the coding DNA strand, and termination of RNA synthesis. Translation is the process where messenger RNA is used as a template to assemble amino acids in the correct order to produce a protein, involving initiation, elongation, and termination stages.
Central Dogma Of Dna
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It covers DNA replication, transcription, translation, and how mutations can occur during these processes. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces two identical DNA molecules from one original. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur during replication, transcription or translation and result in changes to the amino acid sequence or reading frame of proteins.
Central Dogma and Protein Synthesis
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It covers DNA replication, transcription, translation, and how mutations can occur during these processes. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces two identical DNA molecules from one original. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur during replication, transcription or translation and result in changes to the amino acid sequence or reading frame of proteins.
Similar to 7.2 transcription (20)
Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biology
Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biology
G10 q3 w3_heredity-inheritance-and-variation-1_removed
G10 q3 w3_heredity-inheritance-and-variation-1_removed
More from lucascw
6.6 hormones, homeostasis, and reproduction
Insulin, glucagon, thyroxine, leptin, melatonin, and reproductive hormones help regulate homeostasis and reproduction. Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels. Thyroxine regulates metabolism. Leptin regulates appetite. Melatonin regulates circadian rhythms. Reproductive hormones like testosterone and estrogen influence sexual development and control the menstrual cycle through feedback mechanisms. New technologies like IVF involve manipulating hormone levels to induce superovulation and establish pregnancies.
10.3 gene pools and speciation
This document discusses gene pools, speciation, and mechanisms of reproductive isolation. It defines key terms such as allele frequency, gene pool, and types of reproductive isolation like geographical, temporal, and behavioral isolation. Mechanisms of speciation discussed include gradual divergence of isolated populations and abrupt speciation. Examples of natural selection pressures like directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection are provided, as well as speciation through polyploidy in plants. The document contrasts theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium in the rate of speciation. Homework questions are assigned related to defining terms and challenging concepts.
10.2 inherritance
This document discusses inheritance and related concepts. It defines key terms like linked genes, which are genes located on the same chromosome. When genes are linked, they may assort independently during meiosis leading to recombinants. It also discusses polygenic inheritance where multiple genes influence traits, often resulting in continuous variation. The document provides examples of dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares and sex-linked inheritance from Thomas Morgan's experiments with fruit flies. Homework includes defining terms and working exercises on linked genes and dihybrid crosses.
10.1 meiosis
Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division that results in four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate and non-sister chromatids may exchange DNA through crossing over. This leads to new combinations of parental alleles in offspring. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four unique gametes. Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis contributes further to genetic variation between offspring.
3.5 part 2
Gene transfer involves taking a gene from one organism and placing it into another. Examples given are genes from fish that have been inserted into plants to make them resistant to freezing, and Bt corn which contains genes from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that produce toxins killing insect pests. Cloning techniques allow for precise copying of genes. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing genes to be removed and inserted into other organisms using DNA ligase. Transgenic plants and animals are created this way, with potential uses including producing crops resistant to pests or dairy animals with higher milk output. Cloning can also be used for therapeutic purposes like stem cell research. There is debate around the ethics of altering organisms' genetic identities
3.5 part 1
The document discusses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and how it is used to amplify small amounts of DNA, allowing researchers to generate large quantities of identical DNA copies. It explains the basic steps in PCR, including separating DNA strands, adding primers and nucleotides, and repeating the process for multiple cycles to exponentially replicate the target DNA. The document also describes some common applications of PCR like DNA profiling, gene cloning, and detecting genetically modified organisms.
3.4 inheritance
Mendel discovered inheritance principles through pea plant experiments. Gametes contain one allele per gene. During meiosis, alleles separate and recombine in offspring. Dominant alleles mask recessives. Many human genetic diseases are recessive traits on autosomes, though some are dominant, codominant, or sex-linked. Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes from parental alleles. Test crosses determine if an individual is homozygous or heterozygous dominant. Multiple alleles exist for some traits like blood type.
3.3 meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces haploid gametes from a diploid cell for sexual reproduction. It involves two rounds of division and has four main stages - prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I make up the first meiotic division while prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II make up the second. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over. Then the homologous chromosomes separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. Errors in meiosis can cause non-disjunction and
3.2 chromosomes
Chromosomes are linear DNA molecules found in eukaryotes that are associated with histone proteins and carry genetic information. Prokaryotes like bacteria have a single circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are usually diploid, containing two copies of each chromosome, while gametes like eggs and sperm are haploid with one copy. The number and structure of chromosomes is consistent within a species but can vary between species. Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome.
3.1 genes (2)
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein which influences a heritable characteristic. Genes are located on chromosomes at a specific locus and can exist in different alleles that vary in their DNA sequence by one or a few bases. Mutations, or permanent changes in DNA, can occur via mutagens and result in new alleles. The genome is the complete set of genetic material of an organism, such as the human genome which was fully sequenced by the Human Genome Project in 2003.
6.3 defense against infectious diseases
The document summarizes the body's primary defenses against infectious disease. The skin and mucous membranes form the first line of defense through physical and chemical barriers. Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting initiated by platelets. Phagocytic white blood cells provide non-specific immunity by ingesting pathogens. Lymphocytes produce specific antibodies in response to antigens that provide long-term immunity. Antibiotics target bacterial rather than viral or eukaryotic cells. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to resistant bacterial strains.
6.2 bloodflow
The document describes the structure and function of the blood system, including the three main types of blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins), how blood flows through the circulatory system from the heart to tissues and back again, and some pathologies that can occur like atherosclerosis and heart attacks. The heart functions as a pump to circulate blood through the arteries and veins, with capillaries allowing for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the blood and body tissues. Valves in the veins and heart prevent backflow of blood and ensure forward circulation.
6.1 digestion
The document discusses the process of digestion and absorption in the small intestine, including how enzymes break down macromolecules, how villi and microvilli increase absorption surface area, and how different transport methods absorb breakdown products across the intestinal epithelium into capillaries and lacteals. It also provides examples of homework assignments related to the topic, such as producing a diagram of the digestive system and explaining starch digestion and transport to the liver.
2.7 replication, transcription, translation
1. DNA replication is semi-conservative. Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, DNA polymerase links nucleotides to form new strands using the existing strands as templates.
2. Transcription creates mRNA from DNA templates using RNA polymerase.
3. Translation uses the genetic code to synthesize polypeptides from mRNA. tRNAs with anticodons complementary to mRNA codons carry amino acids which are linked by the ribosome.
2.5 enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering their activation energy. They have an active site that binds to specific substrate molecules. The rate of enzymatic reactions is affected by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. Temperature and pH can cause enzymes to denature and lose their structure and function. Immobilized enzymes are used widely in industry, such as lactase to produce lactose-free milk for those who are lactose intolerant. Students should design experiments to test how temperature, pH, and substrate concentration impact enzyme activity rates.
2.4 proteins
Proteins are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by genes. There are 20 common amino acids that make up proteins, though some organisms have exceptions. Proteins have a variety of functions in living organisms and each person has a unique set of proteins.
2.3 carbohydrates and lipids
This document discusses carbohydrates and lipids. It defines monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It provides examples of monosaccharides like glucose and examples of disaccharides like sucrose. It discusses cellulose, starch, and glycogen as important polysaccharides. It also defines saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, as well as cis and trans fatty acid isomers. Triglycerides are formed from fatty acids and glycerol. Lipids provide more energy storage than carbohydrates. The document also provides formulas for calculating body mass index.
2.1 molecules to metabolism
The document discusses key concepts in molecular biology and metabolism. It explains that life is based on carbon compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Metabolism is defined as the set of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in cells and organisms, including both anabolism, the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, and catabolism, the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. Macromolecules are formed from monomers through condensation reactions, and broken down through hydrolysis reactions. Examples of molecular structures are provided for glucose, ribose, a fatty acid, and an amino acid.
8.3 photosynthesis
The document summarizes photosynthesis, including both the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. It explains that the light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH through the absorption of light by photosystems. The light-independent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma and use ATP and NADPH to produce glucose through the Calvin cycle. The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to efficiently carry out these two stages of photosynthesis through the stacking of thylakoids and positioning of the stroma.
2.2 properties of water
This document discusses the properties of water molecules and how those properties allow water to serve important functions. It covers the following key points:
1) Water molecules are polar due to their molecular structure, and they form hydrogen bonds between each other. This explains water's cohesive, adhesive, thermal, and solvent properties.
2) Substances can be either hydrophilic ("water-loving") if they are polar, or hydrophobic ("water-fearing") if they are nonpolar. Polar substances like glucose and phospholipids can dissolve in water due to hydrogen bonding.
3) Water has high specific heat and heat of vaporization, allowing it to effectively absorb and release heat. This contributes to temperature regulation
More from lucascw (20)
Recently uploaded
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptx
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Recently uploaded (20)
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
7.2 transcription
- 1. 7.2 Transcription and Gene Expression
- 2. Guidance RNA polymerase adds the 5’ end of the free RNA nucleotide to the 3’ end of the growing mRNA molecule Understandings - Transcription occurs in a 5’ to 3’ direction - Nucleosomes help to regulate transcription in eukaryotes - Eukaryotic cells modify mRNA after transcription - Splicing of mRNA increases the number of different proteins an organism can produce - Gene expression is regulated by proteins that bind to specific base sequences in DNA - The environment of a cell and of an organism has an impact on gene expression Applications/Skills - A: the promoter as an example of non-coding DNA with a function - S: Analysis of changes in the DNA methylation patterns
- 4. Transcription: Initiation • RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the promoter and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases, separating the strands • A transcription bubble opens Helicase
- 5. Transcription: Elongation • RNA nucleotides are added (5’3’ direction) http://geneed.nlm.nih.gov/images/transcription_sm.jpg
- 6. Transcription: Termination • Terminator signals for the release of RNA polymerase • Transcription stops • RNA detaches • This is the primary mRNA transcript
- 7. mRNA Modification • Primary transcript has introns removed (splicing) • Exons are put together to form mature mRNA • These can be arranged in multiple orders, increasing the number of possible proteins • 5’ cap and poly-A tail are added to protect the mRNA in the cytoplasm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Rna_splicing.JPG
- 8. Control of gene expression • Addition of methyl groups to segments of DNA/chromosomes • Transcription factors to help bind RNA polymerase • Transcription activators that loop DNA between the activator and promoter • Repressor proteins that prevent transcription of a segment of DNA http://mcubed.umich.edu/sites/default/files/projects/Slide1_6.jpg DNA Methylation http://xarquon.jcu.cz/edu/zbb/prednasky/09nucleus/092function/images/activation3.jpg