Cell biology
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This document provides information about an advanced cell biology course including the lecturer's contact details, textbook, course objectives, topics, and syllabus. The course will cover basic cell components and structures like the nucleus, membrane, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle. It will focus on the molecular basis of life at the cellular level and general principles and mechanisms. The first week will be an introduction and subsequent weeks will cover specific topics like transcription, signaling, and trafficking. Cells are introduced as the basic functional units of living organisms and their evolution is briefly outlined.
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Lymphoid organs such as the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen are involved in conducting immune responses. The bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid organs that produce naïve lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen facilitate interactions between antigens and lymphocytes. Tertiary lymphoid organs are sites of infection that immune cells must survey and regulate the influx of effector cells to. The document then discusses the cells and processes involved in the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
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Every tissue in every body of every organism is made of cells. The complexity of life ranges from the single-celled amoeba to large mammals containing innumerable cells, with many distinct types performing specific functions. This module will introduce you to the structure and function of cells and will describe the two major types—prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. You will then be introduced to the various types and functions of specific protein molecules called enzymes, which facilitate cellular processes.
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Identify the typical organelles associated with eukaryotic cells.
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Examine the differences in organelles found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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Describe the function of each of the organelles associated with eukaryotic cells.
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Name examples of organisms composed of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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State the controlled methods by which materials can be transported through a cell membrane.
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Contrast diffusion, osmosis, and dialysis.
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Classify the components and molecular parts of a typical cell membrane.
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Explain why cells are small.
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State what environmental factors are able to alter enzyme activity.
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Describe what happens when an enzyme and a substrate combine.
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Contrast active site and binding site.
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Define the term, denature, and provide negative and positive feedback.
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Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. While eukaryotic cells can be much larger, they are still small. Cell size is important for a couple different reasons. Logistically, small cells are easier to replace. This is why they replicate and split. When cells become too large, it is more beneficial to split off and remain small and effective than to become too large, become less effective, and become harder to replace. The effectiveness of absorption and expulsion through the plasma membrane is another reason why cells are small. Absorption and expulsion beco ...
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ROLE IN CELL LINE CHARACTERIZATION
CAUSES OF TRANSFORMATION
METHODS OF TRANSFECTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAANSFORMED CELLS
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ABRERANT GROWTH CONTROL
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CONCLUSION
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Three key points are summarized:
1. Three-dimensional cell cultures provide a more natural environment for cells compared to traditional 2D cultures, allowing cells to behave more like they do in vivo.
2. 3D cell culture technology is used for applications like tissue engineering, drug discovery, and analysis of cell biology. It involves engineering scaffolds and growth factors to direct cell differentiation.
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Module 2 Overview
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All organisms require energy to perform the functions that sustain their lives. The chemical reactions at the heart of these functions are referred to as an organism's metabolism. The biochemical or metabolic pathways that these reactions take are a series of linked reactions that transform energy into a usable form.
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Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
2A
Identify the typical organelles associated with eukaryotic cells.
2B
Examine the differences in organelles found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2C
Describe the function of each of the organelles associated with eukaryotic cells.
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Name examples of organisms composed of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3A
State the controlled methods by which materials can be transported through a cell membrane.
3B
Contrast diffusion, osmosis, and dialysis.
3C
Classify the components and molecular parts of a typical cell membrane.
3D
Explain why cells are small.
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State what environmental factors are able to alter enzyme activity.
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Describe to which group of organic molecules enzymes belong.
3G
Explain why enzymes are so important to all organisms.
3H
Describe what happens when an enzyme and a substrate combine.
3I
Contrast active site and binding site.
3J
Define the term, denature, and provide negative and positive feedback.
3K
Describe enzymatic competition.
3L
Relate the shape of an enzyme to its ability to help in chemical reaction.
3M
Describe why enzymes work in some situations and not in others.
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Contrast cofactors, vitamins, and coenzymes.
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Explain the importance of ATP.
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Describe how the proton pump mechanism generates ATP.
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Enger, E. D., Ross, F. C., & Bailey, D. B. (2012). Concepts in biology (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapters 4 and 5.
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Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. While eukaryotic cells can be much larger, they are still small. Cell size is important for a couple different reasons. Logistically, small cells are easier to replace. This is why they replicate and split. When cells become too large, it is more beneficial to split off and remain small and effective than to become too large, become less effective, and become harder to replace. The effectiveness of absorption and expulsion through the plasma membrane is another reason why cells are small. Absorption and expulsion beco ...
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- The phospholipid tails are nonpolar to form a hydrophobic barrier, preventing everything from freely diffusing across. The polar heads face the aqueous cytosol and extracellular environments. This structure prevents unwanted substances from entering while enabling transport.
- Ch
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Cell biology
- 1. Advanced Cell Biology 2014 1nd Semester Department of Animal Science Chungbuk National University 1st Lecture
- 2. Basic Information about Courses Lecturer : Suk Namgoong Room 443, S21-5 suknamgoong@chungbuk.ac.kr HP: 010-4103-2415 Biweekly : 1st, 3nd, 5th Thursday 9:00-12:00
- 3. Textbook and Materials Main text : Cell biology, 2nd edition, Pollard & Earnshaw Most of lecture material will be provided as ppt at http://www.slideshare.net/suknamgoong * Book is in my Office
- 4. Course Objectives • To understand the molecular basis of life at the cellular level • Focusing on general principles and molecular mechanisms. • Therefore, we assume general knowledge of Macromolecular structures and Chemical bonds, equilibrium constants, and rate constants
- 5. 1st week : Introduction 3rd week : Basic principle of Cell component/ Research Strategoes 5nd week : Nucleus, Transcription and Splicing 7nd week : Membrane and Channel 9nd week : Membrane Trafficking 11nd week : Cell Signaling 13nd week : Cytoskeleton 15nd week : Cell Cycle Syllabus
- 6. Cells Basic Functional Units of all living organism Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (MEF)
- 7. Cells
- 8. Evolution of Life Prebiotic origin of life: Details are uncertain; RNA may have dominated early biochemistry. Common ancestor of all modern cells existed ~3.5 billion years ago with about 600 genes. Life diverged from this common origin by natural selection of favorable random mutations. Lateral transfer of genes among species has contributed to genetic diversity during evolution.
- 9. Typical Eukaryotic cells were composed with various component
- 13. Main difference with Eukaryotic and Procaryotic Cells - Compartmentation by inner cell membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Lysosome
- 14. What is difference betweeen complicated machine and living cell? Both are composed with various ‘component’ Performed as ‘defined’ task What is difference between them?
- 15. General Characteristics of Living Cell Self-Replication and Generation
- 16. Every cell has their own ‘design sheet’ as form of DNA DNA-RNA-Protein
- 17. Macromolecules (Protein, DNA) assembled with each other and forms cellular structure
- 18. In Nucleus.. DNA is replicated in HERE Transcriptions are carried out in HERE Splicing are carried out in HERE
- 19. ER Most Protein synthesis (Translation) happen in ER Proteins were transported via ER and Golgi to their destination
- 20. Membrane / Cell-To-Cell Junction
- 21. Cytoskeleton
- 22. Transports
- 23. Chemical Principle of Cell Biology Water Proteins Nucleic Acids DNA RNA Carbohydrate Lipids
- 26. Post-translational modification of amino acid Important for regulation of proteins
- 27. Amino Acids = Polypeptides Covalent Bonds (공유결합)
- 28. Secondary Structure (Hydrogen Interactions)
- 29. Three-dimensional Structure of Protein determine their functions What is main driving force for Three-dimensional structure of Protein folding?
- 30. Main driving force for tertiary structure formation : Van der waals interactions Most protein are in water Hydrophilic (charged, polar) amino acid residues tend to be in protein surface Hydrophobic residues avoids water (core packing)
- 31. Three-dimensional Structure of Protein (and macromocules) determine their functions
- 32. To Understand how complicate machine works, You should know the shape and function of each component
- 33. To Understand deeply function of a specific component, you need to know about structure of functions
- 34. These approach are also same in proteins Cas9-sgRNA-DNA Complex (Nureki et al., Cell 2014)
- 35. Some proteins have multiple conformations
- 36. It is difficult to understand how horse can run with this single frame of picture.. But if we have series of still images of horse running, we can figure out how horse can run..
- 38. To understand how to protein do their jobs, we need Series of ‘snapshot’ structure. GDP or GTP mediated Conformational change of Rab28 GTPase
- 39. Nucleic Acids
- 40. DNA conformation: most commonly a double helix with complementary TA and GC base pairs. Encode genetic information in sequence.
- 41. RNA structures take on highly diverse conformations, including helical regions with complementary base pairs. Structural RNA : Hammerhead ribozyme
- 42. Molecular Crowding : Cell is very packed..
- 43. Not like this Cellular Transport inside Cells More likely this It will cost lots of energe for sure.