This document discusses eukaryotic genomes. It begins by defining a genome and noting that eukaryotic DNA is associated with histone proteins to form chromatin fibers. These fibers condense into chromosomes during cell division. Histone modification through acetylation and methylation can relax or tighten chromatin structure to increase or decrease gene transcription. The document then discusses transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, and post-translational modification of proteins in eukaryotic cells.

1. “EUKARYOTIC GENOME”
Name : HIRA NAVEED

2. CONTENTS
 Genome
 Eukaryotic genome.
 Histones
 Modification of histones.
 Transcription.
 Post transcriptional modification.
 Translation.
 Post translational modification.

3. GENOME:
 In terms of modern molecular biology and genetics,
a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
 It consists of DNA (or RNA).
 The genome includes both the genes (the coding
regions) and the noncoding DNA.

4. EUKARYOTIC GENOME:
 Dna is associated with basic proteins (histones),
form long chromatin fibers.
 Chromatin fibers form a network, enclose in a
double layered nuclear envelop, condenses into
chromosmes during cell division

6. HISTONES:
 In biology, histones are proteins found in
eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the
DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.

7. Histones:

8. DNA PACKAGING
.

12. HISTONE MOIFICATION
ACETYLATION AND METHYLAION:
 Acetylation and methylation is basically relaxing
(euchromatin) or tightening (heterochromatin) of
chromatin structure, subsequently increasing or
decreasing gene transcription levels.
 Histone acetylation enhances transcription while
histone deacetylation represses transcription.

13. .
ACETYLATION METHYLATION

15. ORGANIZATION OF A TYPICAL
EUKARYOTIC GENE

16. TRANSCRIPTION
It is the process in which a gene's DNA sequence is
copied (transcribed) to make an RNA molecule.
 RNA polymerase is the main transcription
enzyme.
 Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds
to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a
gene.
 RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands
(the template strand) as a template to make a new,
complementary RNA molecule.

18. REGULATION
MECHANISM OF POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL
REGULATION:
 It is the process in eukaryotic cells where primary
transcript RNA is converted into mature RNA.
 A notable example is the conversion of precursor
messenger RNA into mature messenger RNA
(mRNA) that occurs prior to protein translation.

20. TRANSLATION
 In translation, mRNA along with transfer RNA
(tRNA) and ribosomes work together to
produce proteins
POST-TRANSLATIONAL
MODIFICATION (PTM)
 The chemical modification of a protein after its
translation is known as PTM.

21. .CONTIN….
 Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the
enzymatic modification of proteins.
 Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes translating
mRNA into polypeptide chains, which may then
undergo PTM to form the mature protein product
PROTEOSOMES:
They are giant protein complexes that bind
protein molecules and degrade them.

22. .