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eukaryotic genome

This document discusses eukaryotic genomes. It begins by defining a genome and noting that eukaryotic DNA is associated with histone proteins to form chromatin fibers. These fibers condense into chromosomes during cell division. Histone modification through acetylation and methylation can relax or tighten chromatin structure to increase or decrease gene transcription. The document then discusses transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, and post-translational modification of proteins in eukaryotic cells.

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“EUKARYOTIC GENOME” Name : HIRA NAVEED
CONTENTS  Genome  Eukaryotic genome.  Histones  Modification of histones.  Transcription.  Post transcriptional modification.  Translation.  Post translational modification.
GENOME:  In terms of modern molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.  It consists of DNA (or RNA).  The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA.
EUKARYOTIC GENOME:  Dna is associated with basic proteins (histones), form long chromatin fibers.  Chromatin fibers form a network, enclose in a double layered nuclear envelop, condenses into chromosmes during cell division
HISTONES:  In biology, histones are proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
Histones:
DNA PACKAGING .
HISTONE MOIFICATION ACETYLATION AND METHYLAION:  Acetylation and methylation is basically relaxing (euchromatin) or tightening (heterochromatin) of chromatin structure, subsequently increasing or decreasing gene transcription levels.  Histone acetylation enhances transcription while histone deacetylation represses transcription.
. ACETYLATION METHYLATION
ORGANIZATION OF A TYPICAL EUKARYOTIC GENE
TRANSCRIPTION It is the process in which a gene's DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) to make an RNA molecule.  RNA polymerase is the main transcription enzyme.  Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene.  RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands (the template strand) as a template to make a new, complementary RNA molecule.
REGULATION MECHANISM OF POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION:  It is the process in eukaryotic cells where primary transcript RNA is converted into mature RNA.  A notable example is the conversion of precursor messenger RNA into mature messenger RNA (mRNA) that occurs prior to protein translation.
TRANSLATION  In translation, mRNA along with transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes work together to produce proteins POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION (PTM)  The chemical modification of a protein after its translation is known as PTM.
.CONTIN….  Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the enzymatic modification of proteins.  Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes translating mRNA into polypeptide chains, which may then undergo PTM to form the mature protein product PROTEOSOMES: They are giant protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them.
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eukaryotic genome