Hematology is the branch of medicine, that is concerned with the study of blood, blood forming organs and blood diseases. It includes study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of blood diseases .
After the completion of this presentation we will know about:
What is hematology and its purpose.
hematology laboratory.
Blood and its compositions and collections
Hematology lab equipment's
Some hematological tests , disease and hazards too.
Hematology is the branch of medicine, that is concerned with the study of blood, blood forming organs and blood diseases. It includes study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of blood diseases .
After the completion of this presentation we will know about:
What is hematology and its purpose.
hematology laboratory.
Blood and its compositions and collections
Hematology lab equipment's
Some hematological tests , disease and hazards too.
This Presentation for technologist, to learned the basic Hematology cell morphology of RBC, WBC & Platelet count. It will be very useful for technical personnel.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
It is fluid which is present in
the abdominal cavity.
The peritoneal cavity is a potential
space lined by mesothelium of the
visceral n parietal peritoneum.
This Presentation for technologist, to learned the basic Hematology cell morphology of RBC, WBC & Platelet count. It will be very useful for technical personnel.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
It is fluid which is present in
the abdominal cavity.
The peritoneal cavity is a potential
space lined by mesothelium of the
visceral n parietal peritoneum.
OMICS Publishing Group, Journal of Cell & Developmental Biology is an international, peer-reviewed journal elaborating the mechanisms by which cells assemble and function, and how these cells are sculpted into multicellular organisms.
Some Basics of Veterinary Haematology examination. Includes most significant parameters for clinical diagnostics of veterinary cases.
Composed and Presented by Tean Zaheer.
Notes of Shape and Size of RBCs, Structure of RBCs, Life Cycle of RBCs, Funct...Vamsi kumar
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) possess unique attributes essential for their function in the circulatory system. Their distinctive biconcave shape maximizes surface area for efficient gas exchange. Structurally, mature RBCs lack a nucleus, making room for hemoglobin, a molecule vital for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. These cells undergo a lifecycle that lasts about 120 days, originating from the bone marrow and eventually being removed by the spleen. Their primary role involves ferrying oxygen to body tissues and removing carbon dioxide. Additionally, changes in RBC size, shape, or hemoglobin content can signify various medical conditions, and there are specific disorders, like anemia or sickle cell disease, that directly impact RBCs.
Physicians working in the field of hematology are called hematologists. Initially, hematologists complete a four-year medical degree and this is followed by three or four years in an internship or residency program. Thereafter, they spend two or three more years learning how to diagnose and treat blood disorders.
Ang pagbubukas ng Suez Canal (THE OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL)hm alumia
ANG PAG USBONG NG NASYONALISMONG PILIPINO:
Ang pagbubukas ng Suez Canal
(THE OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL)
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez, and separates the African continent from Asia. After 10 years of construction, it was officially opened on November 17, 1869. The canal allows ships to travel between Europe and South Asia without navigating around Africa, thereby reducing the sea voyage distance by about 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi). It extends 193.30 km (120.11 mi) from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez. In 2012, 17,225 vessels traversed the canal (47 per day).
The canal is a single-lane waterway with passing locations in the Ballah Bypass and the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks system, with seawater flowing freely through it. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. South of the lakes, the current changes with the tide at Suez.
The canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority[4] (SCA) of Egypt. Under the Convention of Constantinople, it may be used "in time of war as in time of peace, by every vessel of commerce or of war, without distinction of flag."
In August 2014, construction was launched to expand and widen the Ballah Bypass for 35 km (22 mi) to speed the canal's transit time. The expansion is expected to double the capacity of the Suez Canal from 49 to 97 ships a day. At a cost of $8.4 billion, this project was funded with interest-bearing investment certificates issued exclusively to Egyptian entities and individuals. The "New Suez Canal", as the expansion was dubbed, was opened with great fanfare in a ceremony on 6 August 2015.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal
Presidents of the Philippines (Era & Constitutions) Summaryhm alumia
Presidents of the Philippines
Philippine Presidents
First Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Republic)
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Second Republic of the Philippines
Third Republic of the Philippines
Fourth Republic of the Philippines
Fifth Republic of the Philippines
Gymnastics
- History and Nature of Gymnatics
- Equipments for Gymnastics
- Costumes for Gymnastics
- Basic Skills in Gymnastics
- Stretching and Conditioning in Gymnastics
- Safety Rules in Gymnastics
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. HEMATOLOGY
Complete Blood Count • Why Get Tested?
To determine your general
health status; to screen for, diagnose, or
monitor any one of a variety of diseases
and conditions that affect blood cells,
such as anemia, infection,
inflammation, bleeding disorder or
cancer
• Also known as:
CBC; Hemogram
• Sample Required?
A blood sample drawn
from a vein in your arm or a
fingerstick or heelstick
(newborns)
• Test Preparation Needed?
None.
3. HEMATOLOGY
• When to Get Tested?
As part of a routine medical
exam; when you have signs and
symptoms that may be related to a
condition that affects blood cells; at
regular intervals to monitor
treatment or when you are receiving
treatment known to affect blood cells
• What is being tested?
The complete blood count
(CBC) is a test that evaluates the
cells that circulate in blood. Blood
consists of three types of cells
suspended in fluid called plasma:
white blood cells (WBCs), red blood
cells (RBCs), and platelets (PLTs).
They are produced and mature
primarily in the bone marrow and,
under normal circumstances, are
released into the bloodstream as
needed.
4. HEMATOLOGY
Principle.
Blood is diluted in a solution of potassium ferricyanide and
potassium cyanide. The potassium ferricyanide oxidizes Hb to Hi
(methemoglobin), and potassium cyanide provides cyanide ions
(CN−) to form HiCN, which has a broad absorption maximum at a
wavelength of 540 nm. The absorbance of the solution is
measured in a spectrophotometer at 540 nm and is compared
with that of a standard
HiCN solution.
5. HEMATOLOGY
How is it used?
The complete blood count (CBC) is often used as a broad screening test to
determine an individual's general health status. It can be used to:
• Screen for a wide range of conditions and diseases
• Help diagnose various conditions, such as anemia, infection, inflammation,
bleeding disorder or leukemia`.
• Monitor the condition and/or effectiveness of treatment after a diagnosis is
established
• Monitor treatment that is known to affect blood cells, such as chemotherapy or
radiation therapy
A CBC is a panel of tests that evaluates the three types of cells that circulate in
the blood. A CBC includes the following:
• Evaluation of white blood cells, the cells that are part of the body's defense
system against infections and cancer and also play a role in allergies and
inflammation.
• Evaluation of red blood cells, the cells that transport oxygen throughout the
body.
• Evaluation of platelets, cell fragments that are vital for normal blood clotting.
6.
7. HEMATOLOGY
Hemoglobin
• Also known as:
Hgb; Hb; H and H
(Hemoglobin and Hematocrit)
• Sample Required?
A blood sample drawn from a vein
in your arm or by a fingerstick (children and
adults) or heelstick (newborns)
• Test Preparation Needed?
None.
• Why Get Tested?
To evaluate the hemoglobin
content of your blood as part of a
general health checkup; to screen for
and help diagnose conditions that affect
red blood cells (RBCs); if you have
anemia (low hemoglobin) or
polycythemia (high hemoglobin), to
assess the severity of these conditions
and to monitor response to treatment
• When to Get Tested?
With a hematocrit or as part of
a complete blood count (CBC), which
may be ordered as a component of a
general health screen; when you have
signs and symptoms of anemia
(weakness, fatigue) or polycythemia
(dizziness, headache); at regular
intervals to monitor these conditions or
response to treatment
8. HEMATOLOGY
• What is being tested?
Hemoglobin is the iron-containing
protein found in all red blood cells (RBCs)
that gives the cells their characteristic red
color. Hemoglobin enables RBCs to bind to
oxygen in the lungs and carry it to tissues
and organs throughout the body. It also
helps transport a small portion of carbon
dioxide, a product of cell metabolism, from
tissues and organs to the lungs, where it is
exhaled.
• How is it used?
A hemoglobin test may be
used to:
• Screen for, diagnose, and measure
the severity of anemia (low RBCs,
hemoglobin and hematocrit) or
polycythemia(high RBCs, hemoglobin
and hematocrit)
• Monitor the response to treatment
of anemia or polycythemia
• Help make decisions about blood
transfusions or other treatments if
the anemia is severe
9. HEMATOLOGY
• What does the test result mean?
o Low hemoglobin with low RBC count and low hematocrit indicates
ANEMIA.
o High hemoglobin with a high RBC count and high hematocrit indicates
polycythemia.
10. HEMATOLOGY
Hematocrit
• Also known as:
Hct; Crit; Packed Cell Volume;
PCV; H and H
(Hemoglobin and Hematocrit)
• Sample Required?
A blood sample drawn from a
vein in your arm or by a fingerstick
(children and adults) or heelstick
(newborns)
• Test Preparation Needed?
None
11. HEMATOLOGY
• Why Get Tested?
To determine the proportion of
your blood that is made up of red blood
cells (RBCs) in order to screen for, help
diagnose, or monitor conditions that affect
RBCs; as part of a routine health
examination or if your healthcare provider
suspects that you have anemia or
polycythemia
• When to Get Tested?
With a test for hemoglobin or
as part of a complete blood count (CBC)
during a routine health exam or when
you have signs and symptoms of anemia
(weakness, fatigue) or polycythemia
(dizziness, headache); at regular
intervals to monitor a disorder that
affects RBCs and to evaluate the
effectiveness of treatment
12. HEMATOLOGY
• What is being tested?
A hematocrit is a test that
measures the proportion of a person's
blood that is made up of red blood cells
(RBCs). Blood consists of RBCs, white
blood cells (WBCs), and platelets
suspended in a fluid portion called
plasma. The hematocrit is a ratio of the
volume of red blood cells to the volume
of all these components together, called
whole blood. The value is expressed as a
percentage or fraction.
• How is it used?
A hematocrit may be used to:
• Identify and evaluate the severity of
anemia (low RBCs, low hemoglobin,
low hematocrit) or polycythemia (high
RBCs, high hemoglobin, high
hematocrit)
• Monitor the response to treatment
of anemia or polycythemia and other
disorders that affect RBC production
or lifespan
• Help make decisions about blood
transfusions or other treatments if
anemia is severe
• Evaluate dehydration
13. HEMATOLOGY
• What does the test result mean?
o Low hemoglobin with low RBC count and low hematocrit indicates
ANEMIA.
o High hemoglobin with a high RBC count and high hematocrit indicates
polycythemia.
14. HEMATOLOGY
WBC, DIFERENTIAL
COUNT
• Also known as:
Leukocyte Differential Count;
Peripheral Differential; WBC Count
Differential; Diff; Blood Differential;
Differential Blood Count
• Formal name:
White Blood Cell Differential
• Sample Required?
A blood sample drawn from a
vein in your arm or by a fingerstick
(children and adults) or heelstick (infants)
• Test Preparation Needed?
None
15. HEMATOLOGY
• Why Get Tested?
To help determine the cause of
abnormal results on a white blood cell (WBC)
count; to help diagnose and/or monitor an
illness affecting your immune system, such as
an infection or inflammatory condition, or
cancers that affect your white blood cells, such
as leukemia
• When to Get Tested?
As part of a complete blood count
(CBC), when you have a routine health
examination; when results of a CBC fall outside
the reference range; when you have any
number of signs and symptoms that may be
related to a condition affecting white blood
cells, such as infection, inflammation, or
cancer; when you are receiving treatment that
is known to affect WBCs, such as
chemotherapy
• What is being tested?
White blood cells (WBCs),
also called leukocytes, are cells that
circulate in the blood and the
lymphatic system that help protect the
body against infections. They are an
important part of the body's immune
system and also have a role in
inflammation, allergic responses, and
protection against cancer. A WBC
differential totals the number of each
of the different types of WBCs in a
person's sample of blood.
There are five types of white blood
cells, each with different functions.
16. HEMATOLOGY
• How is it used?
The white blood cell differential is often used as part of a complete
blood count (CBC) as a general health check. It may be used to help diagnose the
cause of a high or low white blood cell (WBC) count, as determined with a CBC.
It may also be used to help diagnose and/or monitor other diseases and
conditions that affect one or more different types of WBCs. The five types
include: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils.
This information is useful in helping to diagnose the specific cause of an illness,
such as:
• Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites
• Inflammation
• Allergies, asthma
• Immune disorders (e.g., autoimmune disorders, immune deficiency)
• Leukemia (e.g., chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic
leukemia)
• Myelodysplastic syndrome
• Myeloproliferative neoplasms (e.g., myelofibrosis)
17. HEMATOLOGY
• Procedure.
1. Well-mixed blood is diluted 1 : 20 in diluting fluid and the vial
rotated for about 5 minutes. The chamber is loaded with just
enough
fluid to fill the space beneath the cover glass.
2. The cells are permitted to settle for several minutes, and the
chamber is surveyed with the low-power objective to verify
uniform
cell distribution.
3. Counting is performed.
18. HEMATOLOGY
• How is it used?
The white blood cell differential is often used as part of a complete
blood count (CBC) as a general health check. It may be used to help diagnose the
cause of a high or low white blood cell (WBC) count, as determined with a CBC.
It may also be used to help diagnose and/or monitor other diseases and
conditions that affect one or more different types of WBCs. The five types
include: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils.
This information is useful in helping to diagnose the specific cause of an illness,
such as:
• Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites
• Inflammation
• Allergies, asthma
• Immune disorders (e.g., autoimmune disorders, immune deficiency)
• Leukemia (e.g., chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic
leukemia)
• Myelodysplastic syndrome
• Myeloproliferative neoplasms (e.g., myelofibrosis)
19.
20. HEMATOLOGY
Platelet Count
• Also known as:
Thrombocyte Count; PLT;
Platelet Distribution Width; PDW;
Mean Platelet Volume; MPV.
• Sample Required?
A blood sample drawn
from a vein in your arm or by a
fingerstick (children and adults) or
heelstick (newborns).
• Test Preparation Needed?
None
21. HEMATOLOGY
• Why Get Tested?
To determine the number of
platelets in a sample of your blood as
part of a health exam; to screen for,
diagnose, or monitor conditions that
affect the number of platelets, such
as a bleeding disorder, a bone
marrow disease, or other underlying
condition
• When to Get Tested?
As part of a routine complete
blood count (CBC); when you have
episodes of unexplained or prolonged
bleeding or other symptoms that may
be due to a platelet disorder
• What is being tested?
Platelets, also called
thrombocytes, are tiny fragments of cells
that are essential for normal blood
clotting. They are formed from very large
cells called megakaryocytes in the bone
marrow and are released into the blood
to circulate. The platelet count is a test
that determines the number of platelets
in a person's sample of blood. When
there is an injury to a blood vessel or
tissue and bleeding begins, platelets help
stop bleeding.
22. HEMATOLOGY
• Procedure
1. Well-mixed blood is diluted 1 : 100 in diluting fluid, and the vial
containing the suspension is rotated on a mechanical mixer for
10–15 minutes.
2. The hemocytometer is filled in the usual fashion, using a separate
capillary tube for each side.
3. The chamber is covered with a Petri dish for 15 minutes to allow
settling of the platelets in one optical plane. A piece of wet cotton
or filter paper is left beneath the dish to prevent evaporation.
4. The platelets appear round or oval and frequently have one or
more
dendritic processes. Their internal granular structure and a purple
sheen allow the platelets to be distinguished from debris, which is
often refractile. Ghosts of red cells that have been lysed by the
ammonium oxalate are seen in the background.
23. HEMATOLOGY
• How is it used?
A platelet count is used to detect the number of platelets in the
blood. The test is included in a complete blood count (CBC), a panel of
tests often performed as part of a general health examination.
• Platelets are tiny fragments of cells that are essential for normal
blood clotting. A platelet count may be used to screen for or diagnose
various diseases and conditions that can cause problems with clot
formation. It may be used as part of the workup of a bleeding
disorder, bone marrow disease, or excessive clotting disorder, to
name just a few.
• The test may be used as a monitoring tool for people with underlying
conditions or undergoing treatment with drugs known to affect
platelets. It may also be used to monitor those being treated for a
platelet disorder to determine if therapy is effective.
24. HEMATOLOGY
• What does the test result mean?
A low platelet count, also called thrombocytopenia, and accompanying
signs and symptoms may be caused by a number of conditions and factors.
Examples of conditions causing a low platelet count include:
• Viral infections such as mononucleosis, hepatitis, HIV or measles
• Leukemia, lymphoma, or another cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the
bone marrow
• Aplastic anemia
• Long-term bleeding problems (e.g., chronic bleeding from stomach ulcers)
• Sepsis
• Cirrhosis
• Chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which may affect the bone marrow's ability
to produce platelets
• Certain drugs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, some antibiotics (including those
containing sulfa), colchicine and indomethacin, H2-blocking agents, hydralazine,
isoniazid, quinidine, thiazide diuretics, and tolbutamide
25. HEMATOLOGY
A high platelet count may be
referred to as thrombocytosis. This is
usually the result of an existing condition
such as:
• Cancer, most commonly lung,
gastrointestinal, ovarian, breast or
lymphoma
• Anemia, in particular iron-deficiency
anemia and hemolytic anemia
• Infectious diseases such as tuberculosis
• If an individual has had their spleen
removed surgically
• Use of birth control pills (oral
contraceptives)
26. HEMATOLOGY
Reticulocytes
• Also known as:
Retic Count; Reticulocyte
Percent; Reticulocyte Index; Corrected
Reticulocyte; Reticulocyte Production
Index; RPI
• Formal name:
Reticulocyte Count
• Sample Required?
A blood sample obtained by
inserting a needle into a vein in your arm
or sometimes from a fingerstick or
heelstick (infant)
• Test Preparation Needed?
None
27. HEMATOLOGY
• Why Get Tested?
To help evaluate the bone
marrow's ability to produce red
blood cells (RBCs); to help
distinguish between various causes
ofanemia; to help monitor bone
marrow response and the return of
normal marrow function following
chemotherapy, bone marrow
transplant, or post-treatment
follow-up for iron deficiency
anemia, vitamin B12 or folate
deficiency anemia, or renal failure
• When to Get Tested?
When you have a low RBC
count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit
and/or symptoms of anemia; when a
healthcare practitioner wants to
evaluate your bone marrow function;
sometimes as part of a complete blood
count (CBC)
28. HEMATOLOGY
• What is being tested?
Reticulocytes are newly produced,
relatively immature red blood cells (RBCs).
A reticulocyte test determines the number
and/or percentage of reticulocytes in the
blood and is a reflection of recent bone
marrow function or activity. Red blood
cells are produced in the bone marrow,
where blood-forming (hematopoietic)
stem cells differentiate and develop,
eventually forming reticulocytes and finally
becoming mature RBCs. Reticulocytes are
approximately 24% higher in volume in
comparison with mature RBCs.
29. HEMATOLOGY
• How is it used?
The reticulocyte test may be used:
• As a follow up to abnormal results on a complete blood count
(CBC), RBC count, hemoglobin or hematocrit, to help determine
the cause
• To determine if the bone marrow is functioning properly and
responding adequately to the body's need for red blood cells
• To help detect and distinguish between different types of
anemia
• To monitor response to treatment, such as that for iron-
deficiency anemia
• To monitor bone marrow function following treatments such as
chemotherapy
• To monitor function following a bone marrow transplant
30. HEMATOLOGY
Principle
Reticulocytes are immature nonnucleated red cells that contain ribonucleic
acid (RNA) and continue to synthesize Hb after loss of the nucleus. When
blood is briefly incubated in a solution of new methylene blue or brilliant
cresyl blue, the RNA is precipitated as a dye–ribonucleoprotein complex.
Microscopically, the complex appears as a dark blue network (reticulum
or filamentous strand) or at least two dark blue granules that allow
reticulocytes to be identified and enumerated (ICSH, 1998). A proposed
reference method for reticulocyte counting based on determination of the
reticulocyte/red cell ratio has been published (ICSH, 1998), expanding on
the 1994 ICSH red cell count reference method.
Procedure
Three drops each of reagent and blood are mixed in a test tube, incubated
15 minutes at room temperature, and remixed. Two wedge films are made
on glass slides and air dried.
Viewed microscopically with an oil immersion lens, reticulocytes are
pale blue and contain dark blue reticular or granular material, and red cells
stain pale blue or blue-green. The percentage of reticulocytes is determined
in at least 1000 red cells
31. HEMATOLOGY
• What does the test result mean?
A high reticulocyte count with low RBCs, low hemoglobin, and low
hematocrit (anemia) may indicate conditions such as:
• Bleeding: If an individual bleeds (hemorrhage), then the number of
reticulocytes will rise a few days later in an attempt to compensate for
the red cell loss. If someone has chronic blood loss, then the number of
reticulocytes will stay at an increased level as the marrow tries to keep
up with the demand for new RBCs (although it may not be high if the
blood loss leads to iron deficiency).
• Hemolytic anemia: In this condition, anemia is caused by increased
destruction of RBCs. The bone marrow increases RBC production to
compensate, resulting in a high reticulocyte count.
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn: This condition causes increased RBC
destruction, similar to hemolytic anemia described above.
32. HEMATOLOGY
A low reticulocyte count with low RBCs, low hemoglobin,
and low hematocrit (anemia) may be seen, for example, with:
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Pernicious anemia or folic acid deficiency
• Aplastic anemia
• Radiation therapy
• Bone marrow failure caused by infection or cancer
• Severe kidney disease; this may cause a low level of
erythropoietin.
• Alcoholism
• Endocrine disease
33. HEMATOLOGY
Malarial Smear
Malaria is an infectious
disease caused by
Plasmodium parasites. These
parasites are primarily
spread by the bite of infected
female Anopheles mosquitos.