This presentation covers on complete blood cells count and it's differentials. Starting with RBC count, WBC count and Platelets interpretation as a whole.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
A presentation made by Dr Gauhar Mahmood Azeem on the interpretations of a simple CBC and the information it can give us, Various conditions which may cause derangement are mentioned,
This Presentation of Hemolytic Anemia try to cover important Hemato-pathological aspects of Red cell membrane disorders ( Hereditary Spherocytosis, others ) , Enzymopathies ( G6PD deficieny, others ) and Hemoglobinopathies ( Thallasemia, SCA) and their differentiation. References includes Robbins pathology, Wintrobes atlas and text, and others
Hematology is the branch of medicine, that is concerned with the study of blood, blood forming organs and blood diseases. It includes study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of blood diseases .
After the completion of this presentation we will know about:
What is hematology and its purpose.
hematology laboratory.
Blood and its compositions and collections
Hematology lab equipment's
Some hematological tests , disease and hazards too.
It is fluid which is present
in the pericardial cavity of
heart b/w parietal pericardium n visceral pericardium.
The pericardial cavity is a
potential space lined by
mesothelium of the visceral n parietal pericardium.
A presentation made by Dr Gauhar Mahmood Azeem on the interpretations of a simple CBC and the information it can give us, Various conditions which may cause derangement are mentioned,
This Presentation of Hemolytic Anemia try to cover important Hemato-pathological aspects of Red cell membrane disorders ( Hereditary Spherocytosis, others ) , Enzymopathies ( G6PD deficieny, others ) and Hemoglobinopathies ( Thallasemia, SCA) and their differentiation. References includes Robbins pathology, Wintrobes atlas and text, and others
Hematology is the branch of medicine, that is concerned with the study of blood, blood forming organs and blood diseases. It includes study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of blood diseases .
After the completion of this presentation we will know about:
What is hematology and its purpose.
hematology laboratory.
Blood and its compositions and collections
Hematology lab equipment's
Some hematological tests , disease and hazards too.
It is fluid which is present
in the pericardial cavity of
heart b/w parietal pericardium n visceral pericardium.
The pericardial cavity is a
potential space lined by
mesothelium of the visceral n parietal pericardium.
Anaemias, causes, pathophysiology, morphological and aetiological types, Investigations and treatment, including blood transfusion were discussed in this presentation
CBC interpretation in routine clinical practice.pptxDibyajyoti Prusty
CBC: Basic haematologic and systemic evaluation
-It offers a comprehensive assessment of the cellular components that circulate within the bloodstream revealing wide range of medical conditions
We will discuss :
Blood, Blood components, Blood cells, Haematopoiesis
CBC parameters and clinical significance
Use in Clinical Practice
CBC analyser, Technical aspects
What next after analysing a CBC report
Futuristic aspects
Blood is a specialized body fluid
Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues: RBCs
Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss: Platelets
Carrying cells (WBCs) and antibodies (Plasma) that fight infection
Bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood
Regulating body temperature
Plasma : a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, and salts. Transport blood cells throughout body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, hormones, and proteins that help maintain the body's fluid balance.
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes): Controlled by erythropoietin. No nucleus and can easily change shape. Contain a special protein called haemoglobin. The percentage of whole blood volume that is made up of red blood cells is called the haematocrit.
White blood cells (Leukocytes): White blood cells protect the body from infection
Platelets (Thrombocytes): Platelets are not actually cells but rather small fragments of cells. Helps in blood clotting process
Full Blood Count (FBC) Interpretation.pptxDicksonGamor
This presentation on full blood count(FBC) takes a deep dive into help you interpret any given FBC results. The presentation provides you with requisite explanations on the various FBC parameters. It also gives you possible conditions in which various parameters are affected. By going through this slides you will be able to diagnose various conditions such as Anemias.
THE SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY.pptxDr Issah J.K
This presentation talks about Haematological disorder in pregnancy specifically sickle cell disease in pregnancy. It's epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and it's prognosis
The presentation covers known Variants Covid -19 of medical importance and the second wave Covid - 19 that hit in India. The factors that led to the abrupt raised number of cases in a short time.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test that evaluates the cells that circulate
in the blood.
It is used to evaluate overall health and detect a wide range of disorders,
including anemia, infection, leukemia etc.
Synonyms: Complete blood cell count, full blood count (FBC), full blood exam
(FBE).
3. Specimen: Whole blood, usually collected by venipuncture.
Collection: EDTA tube (purple/lavender top) containing EDTA potassium salt
additive as an anticoagulant.
Panels: Complete blood count (CBC)
NOTE:
EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra-Acetate)
4. Blood consists of three types of cells suspended in fluid called plasma: white blood
cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets (PLTs).
They are produced and mature primarily in the bone marrow and, under normal
circumstances, are released into the bloodstream as needed.
A CBC is typically performed using an automated instrument that measures
various parameters, including counts of the cells that are present in a person's
sample of blood.
5. A standard CBC includes the following:
a) Evaluation of white blood cells: WBC count; may or may not include a WBC
differential.
b) Evaluation of red blood cells: RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and
RBC indices, which includes mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean
corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
(MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW). The RBC evaluation may or
may not include reticulocyte count.
c) Evaluation of platelets: platelet count (PLT); may or may not include mean
platelet volume (MPV) and/or platelet distribution width (PDW).
6. So a complete blood count test measures several components and features of your
blood:
Red blood cells (RBC), which carry oxygen.
White blood cells (WBC), which fight infection.
Hemoglobin (Hb), the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
Hematocrit (Hct), the proportion of red blood cells to the fluid component, or
plasma, in your blood.
Platelets (PLT), which help with blood clotting.
A trained laboratorian can evaluate the appearance and physical characteristics of
the blood cells, such as size, shape and color, noting any abnormalities that may be
present.
Significant abnormalities in one or more of the blood cell populations can indicate the
presence of one or more conditions.
7. Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, are produced in the bone marrow and
released into the bloodstream as they mature.
They contain hemoglobin, a protein that transports oxygen throughout the body.
The typical lifespan of an RBC is 120 days;
The CBC determines the number of RBCs and amount of hemoglobin present, the
proportion of blood made up of RBCs (hematocrit), and whether the population of
RBCs appears to be normal.
8. 1) RED BLOOD CELL COUNT (RBC).
It's also known as an erythrocyte count. Is used to find out how many red blood
cells (RBCs) present in a patient’s sample blood.
REFERENCE RANGE:
Men: 4.5-5.9 x 106/microliter,
Women: 4.1-5.1 x 106/microliter.
9. EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF LOW RESULT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF HIGH RESULT
Known as anemia.
Acute or chronic bleeding
RBC destruction (e.g., hemolytic anemia,
etc.)
Nutritional deficiency (e.g., iron deficiency,
vitamin B12 or folate deficiency)
Bone marrow disorders or damage
Chronic inflammatory disease
Chronic kidney disease
Known as polycythemia.
Living at high altitude
Smoking
Polycythemia vera—a rare disease
Dehydration
Lung (pulmonary) disease
Kidney or other tumor that produces excess
erythropoietin
Genetic causes (altered oxygen sensing,
abnormality in hemoglobin oxygen release)
10. 2) HAEMOGLOBIN (HB).
Concentration of haemoglobin within the blood.
Hb is the protein which carries oxygen in the blood and, hence, is the most
important value to look at. Low Hb = Anaemia.
REFERENCE RANGE:
Men: 14-17.5 g/dL
Women: 12.3-15.3 g/dL
11. Examples of causes of low/high results, Usually mirrors RBC results and provides
added information.
Check the previous table for examples.
12. 3) HEMATOCRIT (HCT).
Also known as Packed Cell Volume (PCV); Volume percentage of red blood cells in
the blood.
REFERENCE RANGE:
Men: 41.5-50.4%
Women: 35.9-44.6%
13. Examples of causes of low/high results, Usually mirrors RBC results and provides
added information.
But most common cause of raised Hct is dehydration.
Check the previous table for other examples.
14. 4. RBC INDICES.
are blood tests that provide information about the hemoglobin content and size of
red blood cells.
They are used to help diagnose the cause of anemia, a condition in which there are
too few red blood cells and other disorders of RBC.
These are:-
i. Mean corpuscular/cell volume (MCV),
ii. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH),
iii. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC),
iv. Red cell distribution width (RDW), and
v. Reticulocyte Count (Not always done)
NOTE: Corpuscular = Cell
15. i. MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME (MCV).
Also known as Mean cell volume: is the average volume of a red blood cell.
Literally, it measures the average size of your red blood cells (“-cytic”)
This is the main method used to classify anaemia.
REFERENCE RANGE:
SI Unit: 80-96 fL
Conventional Unit: 80-96 micrometer3
16. Low results, Indicates RBCs are smaller than normal (microcytic); caused by iron
deficiency anemia or thalassemias to mention a few.
High results, Indicates RBCs are larger than normal (macrocytic), for example
in anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, myelodysplasia, liver
disease, hypothyroidism
17. ii. MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN (MCH).
Also known as Mean Cell hemoglobin: is the content (weight) of hemoglobin (Hb)
of the average red cell, or, in other words, a reflection of hemoglobin mass in red
cells.– affects the color of the cells (“-chromic”).
MCH can be used to determine if an anemia is hypo-, normo-, or hyperchromic.
MCV has to be considered along with the MCH since cell volume/size (MCV)
affects the content of hemoglobin present per cell (MCH), and MCH can decrease
or increase in parallel to the MCV.
MCHC in the past has been thought to be a better parameter than MCH to
determine hypochromasia. These days after multichannel analyzer it does not
add significant, clinically relevant information.
REFERENCE RANGE:
27.5-33.2 pg (picograms/cell).
18. Most normocytic and microcytic anemias are normochromic
Most microcytic anemias are hypochromic (Except anemia of chronic diseases)
Decreased MCH values (hypochromia) mirrors MCV (Microcytic) results: and seen
in conditions such as iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia.
Increased MCH values (hyperchromia) Mirrors MCV (macrocytic) results; RBCs
are large so tend to have a higher MCH.
19. iii. MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION
(MCHC).
Also known as Mean cell hemoglobin concentration: is the average concentration
of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells, or in other words, the
ratio of hemoglobin mass to the volume of red cells.
REFERENCE RANGE:
33.4-35.5 g/dL
20. MCHC, when increased, can be useful clinically as an indicator of increased
spherocytes (spherocytosis), as in hereditary spherocytosis or autoimmune
hemolytic anemia. It is also increased in homozygous sickle cell or hemoglobin C
disease.
Normochromic normocytic anemia: normal MCV, normal MCH and normal MCHC
Microcytic hypochromic anemia: low MCV, low MCH and low MCHC
Macrocytic normochromic anemia: high MCV, high MCH and normal MCHC
Normal MCH and elevated MCHC is seen in hereditary spherocytosis
21. iv. RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH (RDW).
measures variation in RBC size or RBC volume as a part of a complete blood count (CBC). It
is used in conjunction with MCV to determine if anemia is due to a mixed cause or a single
cause.
Elevated RDW(red blood cells of unequal sizes) = “anisocytosis“ and variation in shape =
“poikilocytosis”
Therefore, MCV together with red cell distribution width (RDW) have become the two most
useful parameters in classifying anemias, while MCH and MCHC allow laboratories to detect
potential causes of erroneous results, such as hyperlipidemia or hemolysis (both in vivo and
in vitro), so the correct results can be reported.
REFERENCE RANGE: RDW can be reported statistically as coefficient of variation (CV)
and/or standard deviation (SD)
RDW-SD 39-46 fL
RDW-CV 11.6-14.6% in adult
NOTE: Reference ranges may vary depending on the individual laboratory and patient's age.
22. Considerations
Elevated RDW provides a clue for heterogenous red cell size (anisocytosis) and/or
the presence of 2 red cell populations while other RBC indices (MCV, MCH and
MCHC) reflect average values and may not adequately reflect RBC changes where
mixed RBC populations are present, such as dimorphic RBC populations in
sideroblastic anemia or combined iron deficiency anemia (decreased MCV and
MCH) and megaloblastic anemia (increased MCV).
Peripheral blood smear review can help confirm the above findings in these
circumstances.
23. Normal RDW and normal MCV is associated with the following conditions:
Anemia of chronic disease
Acute blood loss or hemolysis
Anemia of renal disease
Normal RDW and low MCV are associated with the following conditions:
Anemia of chronic disease
Heterozygous thalassemia
Hemoglobin E trait
Normal RDW and high MCV are associated with the following conditions:
Aplastic anemia
Chronic liver disease
Chemotherapy/antivirals/alcohol
24. High RDW and normal MCV is associated with the following conditions:
Early iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency
Dimorphic anemia (for example, iron and folate deficiency)
Sickle cell disease
Chronic liver disease
Myelodysplastic syndrome
High RDW and low MCV are associated with the following conditions:
Iron deficiency
Sickle cell-β-thalassemia
25. High RDW and high MCV are associated with the following conditions:
Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency
Immune hemolytic anemia
Cytoxic chemotherapy
Chronic liver disease
Myelodysplastic syndrome
26. v. RETICULOCYTE COUNT.
Is the concentration of immature RBC in a volume of blood.
Reticulocytes are immature, but already anucleated RBCs with residual
detectable amounts of RNA, thereby capable of producing hemoglobin despite
anucleation.
Increased in blood loss and hemolytic anemia because the bone marrow works
harder to replace lost cells.
REFERENCE RANGE:
in adults is 0.5%-1.5%.
NOTE: Each laboratory should determine reference values according to their own
methods and instruments.
27. Increased reticulocyte count reflects ongoing or recent RBC production activity, which
may result from the following:
Post bleeding (trauma, gastrointestinal bleeding, menorrhagia)
Post hemolysis (hemolytic anemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn)
Response to therapy (iron supplementation, vitamin B-12 or folic acid supplementation,
erythropoietin supplementation, bone marrow recovery following chemotherapy or bone
marrow transplantation)
A decreased reticulocyte count reflects decreased RBC production, which may result from
the following:
Vitamin B-12, folic acid, and iron deficiency (megaloblastic anemia, pernicious
anemia, iron deficiency anemia)
Decreased erythropoietin level (chronic renal failure)
Aplastic anemia or bone marrow failure syndromes
Post radiation therapy
Bone marrow replacement by benign (metabolic storage diseases, infection, sarcoidosis)
or malignant processes (leukemias, involvement by lymphomas or metastatic tumors)
28. also called leukocytes, that the body uses to maintain a healthy state and to fight
infections or other causes of injury.
There are five different types of WBCs, these are neutrophils, lymphocytes,
basophils, eosinophils and monocytes.
The white blood cells (leukocytes) are further divided into phagocytes or myeloid
(neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes) and immunocytes or lymphoid
(lymphocytes).
They are present in the blood at relatively stable numbers. These numbers may
temporarily shift higher or lower depending on what is going on in the body.
The total white blood cell count is expressed as an absolute number and is further
divided into subtypes of white blood cells by a differential WBC count, which is
expressed as a percentage and absolute number.
29. 1) WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT
Also known as Leukocytes count.
A white blood cell (WBC) count of less than 4 x 109/L indicates leukopenia. While
a WBC count of more than 11 x 109/L indicates leukocytosis.
REFERENCE RANGE:
Total leukocytes:
SI Units :4.5-11.0 x 109 per liter (L)
Conventional Units :4,500-11,000 white blood cells per microliter (mcL)
30. Decreased WBC count, leukopenia, is seen when supply is depleted by infection or
treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or when a hematopoietic
stem cell abnormality does not allow normal growth/maturation within the bone
marrow, such as myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia.
Elevated WBC, leukocytosis, is seen in response to infection, stress, inflammatory
disorders (referred to as reactive leukocytosis), or abnormal production as in
leukemia.
31.
32. i. NEUTROPHIL COUNT. (Neu, PMN, polys)
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell (WBC or granulocyte) that protect a body
against infections.
are the first cells to arrive on the scene when we experience a bacterial infection.
are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant (60% to 70%) type of
white blood cells in most mammals. They form an essential part of the innate immune
system.
REFERENCE RANGE:
SI Units
Mean number fraction: 0.56
Absolute count : 1.8-7.8 X 109 per liter
Conventional Units
Percent (mean): 56%
Absolute count (per microliter): 1800-7800 /mcL
33. EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW COUNT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH
COUNT
Known as leukopenia
Bone marrow disorders or damage, post-
chemotherapy
Autoimmune conditions, hypersplenism
Severe infections (sepsis)
Lymphoma or other cancer that spread to
the bone marrow
Diseases of immune system
(e.g., HIV/AIDS)
Agranulocytosis causing drugs (4C’s:
Carbamazepine, Carbimazole, Clozapine,
Colchicine)
Known as leukocytosis
Infection, most commonly acute bacterial
Inflammation, necrosis
Leukemia, myeloproliferative neoplasms
Allergies, asthma
Tissue death (surgery, trauma, burns, heart
attack)
Intense exercise or severe stress
Corticosteroids
34. ii. LYMPHOCYTE COUNT. (Lymph)
Lymphocytes are type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that is of fundamental
importance in the immune system, They are made in the bone marrow and found in
the blood and lymph tissue.
They are the main type of cell found in lymph, which prompted the name
"lymphocyte".
Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-
mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive
immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity).
REFERENCE RANGE:
SI Units
Mean number fraction: 0.34
Absolute count : 1.0-4.8 X 109 per liter
Conventional Units
Percent (mean) 34%
Absolute count (per microliter): 1000-4800/mcL
35. EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW COUNT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH COUNT
Known as lymphocytopenia
Autoimmune disorders
(e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)
Infections (e.g., HIV, viral hepatitis, typhoid
fever, influenza)
Bone marrow damage (e.g., chemotherapy,
radiation therapy)
Corticosteroids
Known as lymphocytosis
Acute viral infections (e.g., chicken
pox, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV), herpes, rubella)
Certain chronic bacterial infections
(e.g.pertussis (whooping cough), tuberculosis
(TB))
Toxoplasmosis
Chronic inflammatory disorder (e.g.
ulcerative colitis)
Lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphoma
Stress (acute)
36. iii. MONOCYTE COUNT (MONO)
Monocytes are the largest type of leukocyte and can differentiate into
macrophages and myeloid lineage dendritic cells.
monocytes are important in the immune system's ability to destroy invaders, but
also in facilitating healing and repair.
REFERENCE RANGE:
SI Units
Mean number fraction 0.04
Absolute count : 0 - 0.80X 109 per liter
Conventional Units
Percent (mean) 4%
Absolute count (per microliter) : 0 – 800 /mcL
37. EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW COUNT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH COUNT
Known as monocytopenia.
Usually, one low count is not medically
significant. Repeated low counts can indicate:
Aplastic anemia
Bone marrow damage or failure
Hairy cell leukemia
Corticosteroids
Acute infection
Known as Monocytosis.
Chronic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, fungal
infection)
Infection within the heart (bacterial
endocarditis)
Collagen vascular diseases (e.g.,
lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid
arthritis, vasculitis)
Monocytic or myelomonocytic leukemia
(acute or chronic)
Autoimmune diseases
Hodgkin’s disease
38. iv. EOSINOPHIL COUNT. (Eos)
Eosinophils, sometimes called less commonly, acidophils, are a variety of white blood
cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating
multicellular parasites and certain infections.
Most often indicates a parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer.
REFERENCE RANGE:
SI Units
Mean number fraction 0.027
Absolute count : 0 - 0.45 X 109 per liter
Conventional Units
Percent (mean) 2.7%
Absolute count (per microliter) : 0-450 /mcL
39. EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW
COUNT
EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH COUNT
Known as Eosinopenia
Numbers are normally low in the
blood. One or an occasional low
number is usually not medically
significant.
Known as Eosinophilia.
Asthma
Allergies such as hay fever, eczema
Parasitic infections
Drug reactions
Inflammatory disorders (celiac
disease, inflammatory bowel disease)
Some cancers, leukemias or lymphomas
Addison disease
Hyper-eosinophilic syndrome
40. v. BASOPHIL COUNT (Baso)
Basophils are a member of the granulocytes, the white blood cells in the circulation,
and constitute less than 1% of the circulating leukocytes.
Basophils and mast cells share functional similarities and are involved
in immediate hypersensitivity reactions as well as chronic inflammatory or
immunologic responses.
REFERENCE RANGE:
SI Units
Mean number fraction 0.030
Absolute count : 0 - 0.20 X 109 per liter
Conventional Units
Percent (mean) 0.3%
Absolute count (per microliter) : 0-200 /mcL
41. EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW COUNT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH
COUNT
Known as Basopenia.
As with eosinophils, numbers are normally
low in the blood; usually not medically
significant.
Known as Basophilia.
Rare allergic reactions (hives, food allergy)
Inflammation (rheumatoid arthritis,
ulcerative colitis)
Some leukemias /Lymphoma
• Uremia
• IgE mediated hypersensitivity
• Myeloproliferative disorders
42. Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are special cell fragments that play an
important role in normal blood clotting.
A person who does not have enough platelets may be at an increased risk of
excessive bleeding and bruising.
An excess of platelets can cause excessive clotting or, if the platelets are not
functioning properly, excessive bleeding.
The CBC measures the number and size of platelets present through:
i. Platelet count
ii. Mean platelet volume
iii. Platelet distribution width
43. i. PLATELET COUNT (Plt)
Measures how many platelets present in the patient’s blood sample.
REFERENCE RANGE:
SI Units :150-450 x 109/L
Conventional Units :150-450 x 103/microliter
44. EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW COUNT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH COUNT
Known as thrombocytopenia:
Viral infection (mononucleosis, measles,
hepatitis)
Aplastic anemia
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Platelet autoantibody
Drugs (acetaminophen, quinidine, sulfa
drugs)
Cirrhosis
Autoimmune disorders
Sepsis
Leukemia, lymphoma
Myelodysplasia
Chemo or radiation therapy
Know as thrombocytosis:
Cancer (lung,
gastrointestinal, breast, ovarian, lymphoma)
• Rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel
disease, lupus
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Hemolytic anemia
• Myeloproliferative disorder (e.g., essential
thrombocythemia)
45. ii. MEAN PLATELET VOLUME (MPV)
Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a measure of the average size of platelets in a
given blood sample.
REFERENCE RANGE:
9.4–12.3 fL (femtolitre)
NOTE: Reference ranges may vary depending on the individual laboratory and
patient's age.
46. MPV is a marker of platelet activation, Platelets with a higher volume are more
active.
The mean platelet volume tends to be higher when the platelet count is lower, e.g.
In a patient with thrombocytopenia (below normal platelet count), a high MPV
suggests that the bone marrow is compensating by producing new platelets.
However, thrombocytopenia associated with a low MPV is more consistent with
the suppression of cell production by the bone marrow (aplastic anemia or
congenital abnormality).
A high MPV seems to be associated with a cardiovascular risk and an increased
risk of thrombosis (phlebitis, etc.). In a person who has no history of bleeding and
a normal platelet count, an abnormal PMV is of less clinical usefulness.
47. EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW COUNT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH COUNT
Indicates average size of platelets is small;
older platelets are generally smaller than
younger ones and a low MPV may mean that
a condition is affecting the production of
platelets by the bone marrow.
Indicates a high number of larger, younger
platelets in the blood; this may be due to the
bone marrow producing and releasing
platelets rapidly into circulation.
48. iii. Platelet Distribution Width (PDW)
Is a regular parameter in CBC which reflects variation of platelet size distribution.
EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW
COUNT
EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH
COUNT
Indicates uniformity in size of platelets
Indicates increased variation in the size of
the platelets, which may mean that a
condition is present that is affecting
platelets
49. Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology. 12th ed. Greer J, Foerster J, Rodgers G, Paraskevas
F, Glader B, Arber D, Means R, eds. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins:
2009.
Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 22nd ed.
McPherson R, Pincus M, eds. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011.
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https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2054452-overview#showall
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count-cbc
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