Cassia senna is a plant whose dried leaves are used as a laxative. It contains sennoside compounds that stimulate bowel movements. Senna leaves are used to treat short-term constipation and for bowel preparation before colonoscopies. While generally safe in small, short-term doses, long-term or high dose use can cause laxative dependence, electrolyte imbalances, and liver damage. It may interact with medications like digoxin, warfarin, and diuretics. Senna is possibly safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding in short term but more research is needed due to lack of information.
Cassia senna is a plant originating in tropical Africa that is cultivated in parts of India, Pakistan, and Sudan. Its dried leaflets are used as a laxative. The leaflets contain anthraquinone glycosides called sennosides that act on the colon to stimulate its muscles. At small doses, it is used as a laxative for occasional constipation, while large doses act as a purgative. Side effects can include nausea, cramping, and electrolyte imbalance with chronic use. Its use is contraindicated in intestinal inflammation, obstruction, or during pregnancy/lactation in some cases.
Senna is the dried leaflets of Cassia angustifolia used as a laxative. It is mainly cultivated in parts of India like Tinnevelly, Madurai, and Ramnathpuram. Senna contains anthraquinone glycosides like sennoside A and B which are responsible for its purgative effects by increasing intestinal motility and reducing water absorption. The document details the pharmacognostic features, chemical constituents, extraction methods, uses, and adulterants of senna.
This document summarizes information about cinnamon bark, including its biological source from the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree, propagation methods, harvesting process, chemical constituents like volatile oil and cinnamaldehyde, quality standards, and uses as a spice, flavoring agent, and in preparations like candy and perfumes. It also describes different varieties of cinnamon including Saigon cinnamon and Java cinnamon.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Alkaloidal amines ephedra, colchicum Pharmacognostic studyDivya Sree M S
This document provides information on the alkaloidal plants Ephedra and Colchicum. It describes their biological sources, geographical sources, cultivation methods, macroscopic and microscopic features, main chemical constituents including Ephedrine in Ephedra and Colchicine in Colchicum, chemical tests to identify the constituents, and traditional uses including as a bronchodilator and to treat gout respectively.
Liquorice is obtained from the dried roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra. It contains glycyrrhizin as the main active constituent, which is about 50 times sweeter than sucrose. Microscopic examination shows the presence of starch grains, crystal fibers, cork cells, and border pitted vessels. Liquorice has demulcent, expectorant and anti-inflammatory properties and is used to mask bitter tastes in medicines and for flavoring purposes.
This document summarizes the botanical and chemical properties of liquorice. It describes liquorice as coming from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, native to India and China. Microscopically, it contains structures like cork, fibers, and starch. Chemically, it is known to contain saponins like glycyrrhetinic acid. It has various traditional medical uses as an expectorant and treatment for peptic ulcers. It is also used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages.
Sonia Singh, an assistant professor at GLA University, gave a presentation on the pharmacognosy and phytochemistry of coriander. Coriander consists of the dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum, which are cultivated in parts of Europe, Africa, and India. The fruit is yellowish-brown and spherical, containing volatile oils that are aromatic and spicy. Microscopic examination shows the fruit has a dorsal ridge and commissural surface, with epicarp cells containing calcium oxalate crystals. The chemical constituents include volatile oils like linalool, terpenes, and fatty acids. Therapeutically, coriander is used as a carminative, digestive aid, and
Cassia senna is a plant originating in tropical Africa that is cultivated in parts of India, Pakistan, and Sudan. Its dried leaflets are used as a laxative. The leaflets contain anthraquinone glycosides called sennosides that act on the colon to stimulate its muscles. At small doses, it is used as a laxative for occasional constipation, while large doses act as a purgative. Side effects can include nausea, cramping, and electrolyte imbalance with chronic use. Its use is contraindicated in intestinal inflammation, obstruction, or during pregnancy/lactation in some cases.
Senna is the dried leaflets of Cassia angustifolia used as a laxative. It is mainly cultivated in parts of India like Tinnevelly, Madurai, and Ramnathpuram. Senna contains anthraquinone glycosides like sennoside A and B which are responsible for its purgative effects by increasing intestinal motility and reducing water absorption. The document details the pharmacognostic features, chemical constituents, extraction methods, uses, and adulterants of senna.
This document summarizes information about cinnamon bark, including its biological source from the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree, propagation methods, harvesting process, chemical constituents like volatile oil and cinnamaldehyde, quality standards, and uses as a spice, flavoring agent, and in preparations like candy and perfumes. It also describes different varieties of cinnamon including Saigon cinnamon and Java cinnamon.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Alkaloidal amines ephedra, colchicum Pharmacognostic studyDivya Sree M S
This document provides information on the alkaloidal plants Ephedra and Colchicum. It describes their biological sources, geographical sources, cultivation methods, macroscopic and microscopic features, main chemical constituents including Ephedrine in Ephedra and Colchicine in Colchicum, chemical tests to identify the constituents, and traditional uses including as a bronchodilator and to treat gout respectively.
Liquorice is obtained from the dried roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra. It contains glycyrrhizin as the main active constituent, which is about 50 times sweeter than sucrose. Microscopic examination shows the presence of starch grains, crystal fibers, cork cells, and border pitted vessels. Liquorice has demulcent, expectorant and anti-inflammatory properties and is used to mask bitter tastes in medicines and for flavoring purposes.
This document summarizes the botanical and chemical properties of liquorice. It describes liquorice as coming from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, native to India and China. Microscopically, it contains structures like cork, fibers, and starch. Chemically, it is known to contain saponins like glycyrrhetinic acid. It has various traditional medical uses as an expectorant and treatment for peptic ulcers. It is also used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages.
Sonia Singh, an assistant professor at GLA University, gave a presentation on the pharmacognosy and phytochemistry of coriander. Coriander consists of the dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum, which are cultivated in parts of Europe, Africa, and India. The fruit is yellowish-brown and spherical, containing volatile oils that are aromatic and spicy. Microscopic examination shows the fruit has a dorsal ridge and commissural surface, with epicarp cells containing calcium oxalate crystals. The chemical constituents include volatile oils like linalool, terpenes, and fatty acids. Therapeutically, coriander is used as a carminative, digestive aid, and
The document provides information about a presentation on alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found mainly in plants. They have a complex molecular structure and show significant pharmacological activity. Alkaloids are classified based on whether the nitrogen is part of a ring or not. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties and are tested using various chemical reagents like Mayer's reagent. Alkaloids have many uses as analgesics, antihypertensives, and in treating other medical conditions due to their pharmacological activities. Examples of alkaloid-containing plants discussed include Lobelia, which has expectorant properties.
Clove is the dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus, a tree native to Indonesia and cultivated in India. The ideal climate is a cooler, humid tropical region with well-distributed rainfall. Cloves contain 15-20% volatile clove oil, which is composed mainly of eugenol. Cloves are harvested by hand when buds are plump but unopened, then dried. Cloves are used as a spice and for flavoring, and clove oil is used commercially to produce vanillin and as an antiseptic. Potential adulterants include clove stalks, exhausted cloves with low oil content, and blown clove flowers.
This document summarizes information about aloes, including its biological source from various aloe species, cultivation practices, microscopic and chemical characteristics. Aloes are indigenous to parts of Africa and cultivated elsewhere. Upon collection, the leaves are cut at the base to exude the latex. Microscopically, aloe leaves contain mucilaginous parenchyma and aloetic cells that house aloe gel. Chemically, aloes contain anthraquinone glycosides like aloins. Tests can distinguish between varieties. Aloes are used as a strong purgative and in cosmetics as a protective gel.
This document summarizes the monographic analysis of the plant vasaka (Adhatoda vasica) for standardization purposes. It describes the plant's source as the leaves of Adhatoda vasica, and its main phytochemicals as the alkaloids vasicine, vasicol, adhatonine, vasicinone, and vasicinolone. The document also analyzes the plant's morphology, foreign matter content, moisture content, ash content, and vasicine content to standardize its quality and therapeutic uses as a bronchodilator and expectorant.
Cinchona is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. They are native to the tropical Andean forests of western South America. A few species are reportedly naturalized in Central America, Jamaica, French Polynesia, Sulawesi, Saint Helena in the South Atlantic,The coast of tropical Africa. Several species were sought after for their medicinal value and cultivated in India and Java where they also formed hybrids. The barks of several species yield quinine and other alkaloids that were the only effective treatments against malaria during the height of colonialism which made them of great economic and political importance. The synthesis of quinine in 1944, an increase in resistant forms of malaria, and alternate therapies ended the large-scale economic interest in their cultivation. Academic interest continues as cinchona alkaloids show promise in treating falciparum malaria which has evolved resistance to synthetic drugs.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Digitalis is obtained from the dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea. The leaves contain cardiac glycosides such as digitoxin and gitoxin that are used to treat congestive heart failure. The leaves are collected by hand from cultivated or wild-grown plants when about two-thirds of the flowers are developed. They are dried quickly and stored in airtight containers below 60°C to prevent deterioration from moisture and enzymes. Digitalis increases the force of cardiac contractions and output by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in cardiac muscle cells. It is used to improve symptoms of congestive heart failure such as edema and circulation issues.
Brahmi is a succulent herb found in wet, damp areas in India up to 1200 meters in elevation. It has flat, obovate leaves that are green with a bitter taste. Brahmi contains alkaloids like bacoside A and B, as well as other chemical constituents. It is used as a nervine tonic to treat conditions like asthma, epilepsy, and insanity, and has laxative, diuretic, and potential anticancer properties. It can be cultivated throughout the year in warm, humid conditions.
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
Punarnova is a plant with bitter leaves that are green on the upper surface and white on the lower. It has pink flowers and produces small, one-sided fruits. The plant contains chemicals like punarnavin, B-sitosterol, and ursolic acid. It is used to treat conditions like edema, inflammation, and as a liver tonic. Some formulations containing punarnova include Ashoka nari, Punarnava Tablet, Aksir afza, and punarnavarishta.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
This document summarizes information about Cinchona bark, including its biological source from Cinchona plants, cultivation methods, collection process, key geographical sources, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, main chemical constituents such as quinine and cinchonidine, extraction of quinine, chemical tests, uses as an antimalarial and cardiac drug, substitutes, and doses. The bark contains bitter alkaloids and is used medicinally to treat malaria and arrhythmias.
Pharmacognosy OF LIQUORICE(Saponin Glycoside)ALOK SINGH
This document summarizes information about the plant liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is grown in sub-Himalayan regions and parts of Europe. Microscopically, it exhibits cork layers, medullary rays, phloem fibers, xylem vessels and fibers, and parenchyma cells containing starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals. It contains saponin glycosides and glycyrrhetinic acid. Liquorice has demulcent, expectorant, and mineralocorticoid properties and is used in cough syrups, lozenges, and to mask bitter tastes in medicines. Its saponins aid absorption of some drugs. Adulterants include
This document summarizes information about Aloes. It describes Aloes as a genus of over 500 species of succulent plants, with Aloe vera being the most widely known species. It is obtained from the dried juice of various Aloe species' leaves. The document outlines the geographical sources and morphological characteristics of four main types of Aloes - Curacao aloe, Cape aloe, Zanzibar aloe, and Socotrine aloe. It also details some of the main chemical constituents of Aloes and describes several chemical tests used to identify different Aloe varieties. The document concludes with discussing substitutes, adulterants, and common uses of Aloes.
Rauwolfia serpentina, commonly known as Indian snakeroot or serpent wood, is a plant native to the Himalayan region. It contains several important alkaloids such as reserpine, ajmaline, and serpentine that have pharmacological effects including lowering blood pressure and acting as a sedative. The dried roots are used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat hypertension, anxiety, and intestinal disorders. The plant is cultivated for its medicinal properties, and its dried roots are an important crude drug that is exported internationally.
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Kurchi bark comes from the Holarrhena antidysentrica plant and is used in traditional Indian medicine. It contains several steroidal alkaloids, primarily conessine, that are effective against amoebic dysentery. The document outlines the names of kurchi bark in various Indian languages, where it is found in India, its physical characteristics, constituents including alkaloids and steroidal compounds, chemical tests to identify steroidal moieties, and its traditional therapeutic uses such as treating amoebiasis.
Cassia angustifolia, commonly known as senna, is a shrub cultivated in regions near the Arabian peninsula and Nile river. Its dried leaves and pods are used medicinally and contain sennosides, which act as stimulant laxatives by irritating the lining of the intestines and increasing bowel movements. Senna is commonly used as a purgative or cathartic to relieve constipation and cleanse the digestive system, though long term use can cause side effects like diarrhea, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. It should be used cautiously by those with gastrointestinal disorders and may interact adversely with certain medications that affect potassium levels or gastrointestinal motility.
Senna glycoside is a type of anthraquinone glycoside found in senna leaves. It consists mainly of dimeric anthracene glycosides called sennosides. Sennosides include sennoside A, B, C and D which contain rhein and/or emodin anthrones joined by C-C bonds. Their purgative effects are due to the anthracene aglycones which are released in the large intestine. Hydroxylation and the degree of oxidation impact activity. Glycosylation allows transport to the intestine. Senna preparations are used as laxatives and cathartics and work by stimulating intestinal peristalsis.
The document provides information about a presentation on alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found mainly in plants. They have a complex molecular structure and show significant pharmacological activity. Alkaloids are classified based on whether the nitrogen is part of a ring or not. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties and are tested using various chemical reagents like Mayer's reagent. Alkaloids have many uses as analgesics, antihypertensives, and in treating other medical conditions due to their pharmacological activities. Examples of alkaloid-containing plants discussed include Lobelia, which has expectorant properties.
Clove is the dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus, a tree native to Indonesia and cultivated in India. The ideal climate is a cooler, humid tropical region with well-distributed rainfall. Cloves contain 15-20% volatile clove oil, which is composed mainly of eugenol. Cloves are harvested by hand when buds are plump but unopened, then dried. Cloves are used as a spice and for flavoring, and clove oil is used commercially to produce vanillin and as an antiseptic. Potential adulterants include clove stalks, exhausted cloves with low oil content, and blown clove flowers.
This document summarizes information about aloes, including its biological source from various aloe species, cultivation practices, microscopic and chemical characteristics. Aloes are indigenous to parts of Africa and cultivated elsewhere. Upon collection, the leaves are cut at the base to exude the latex. Microscopically, aloe leaves contain mucilaginous parenchyma and aloetic cells that house aloe gel. Chemically, aloes contain anthraquinone glycosides like aloins. Tests can distinguish between varieties. Aloes are used as a strong purgative and in cosmetics as a protective gel.
This document summarizes the monographic analysis of the plant vasaka (Adhatoda vasica) for standardization purposes. It describes the plant's source as the leaves of Adhatoda vasica, and its main phytochemicals as the alkaloids vasicine, vasicol, adhatonine, vasicinone, and vasicinolone. The document also analyzes the plant's morphology, foreign matter content, moisture content, ash content, and vasicine content to standardize its quality and therapeutic uses as a bronchodilator and expectorant.
Cinchona is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. They are native to the tropical Andean forests of western South America. A few species are reportedly naturalized in Central America, Jamaica, French Polynesia, Sulawesi, Saint Helena in the South Atlantic,The coast of tropical Africa. Several species were sought after for their medicinal value and cultivated in India and Java where they also formed hybrids. The barks of several species yield quinine and other alkaloids that were the only effective treatments against malaria during the height of colonialism which made them of great economic and political importance. The synthesis of quinine in 1944, an increase in resistant forms of malaria, and alternate therapies ended the large-scale economic interest in their cultivation. Academic interest continues as cinchona alkaloids show promise in treating falciparum malaria which has evolved resistance to synthetic drugs.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Digitalis is obtained from the dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea. The leaves contain cardiac glycosides such as digitoxin and gitoxin that are used to treat congestive heart failure. The leaves are collected by hand from cultivated or wild-grown plants when about two-thirds of the flowers are developed. They are dried quickly and stored in airtight containers below 60°C to prevent deterioration from moisture and enzymes. Digitalis increases the force of cardiac contractions and output by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in cardiac muscle cells. It is used to improve symptoms of congestive heart failure such as edema and circulation issues.
Brahmi is a succulent herb found in wet, damp areas in India up to 1200 meters in elevation. It has flat, obovate leaves that are green with a bitter taste. Brahmi contains alkaloids like bacoside A and B, as well as other chemical constituents. It is used as a nervine tonic to treat conditions like asthma, epilepsy, and insanity, and has laxative, diuretic, and potential anticancer properties. It can be cultivated throughout the year in warm, humid conditions.
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
Punarnova is a plant with bitter leaves that are green on the upper surface and white on the lower. It has pink flowers and produces small, one-sided fruits. The plant contains chemicals like punarnavin, B-sitosterol, and ursolic acid. It is used to treat conditions like edema, inflammation, and as a liver tonic. Some formulations containing punarnova include Ashoka nari, Punarnava Tablet, Aksir afza, and punarnavarishta.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
This document summarizes information about Cinchona bark, including its biological source from Cinchona plants, cultivation methods, collection process, key geographical sources, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, main chemical constituents such as quinine and cinchonidine, extraction of quinine, chemical tests, uses as an antimalarial and cardiac drug, substitutes, and doses. The bark contains bitter alkaloids and is used medicinally to treat malaria and arrhythmias.
Pharmacognosy OF LIQUORICE(Saponin Glycoside)ALOK SINGH
This document summarizes information about the plant liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is grown in sub-Himalayan regions and parts of Europe. Microscopically, it exhibits cork layers, medullary rays, phloem fibers, xylem vessels and fibers, and parenchyma cells containing starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals. It contains saponin glycosides and glycyrrhetinic acid. Liquorice has demulcent, expectorant, and mineralocorticoid properties and is used in cough syrups, lozenges, and to mask bitter tastes in medicines. Its saponins aid absorption of some drugs. Adulterants include
This document summarizes information about Aloes. It describes Aloes as a genus of over 500 species of succulent plants, with Aloe vera being the most widely known species. It is obtained from the dried juice of various Aloe species' leaves. The document outlines the geographical sources and morphological characteristics of four main types of Aloes - Curacao aloe, Cape aloe, Zanzibar aloe, and Socotrine aloe. It also details some of the main chemical constituents of Aloes and describes several chemical tests used to identify different Aloe varieties. The document concludes with discussing substitutes, adulterants, and common uses of Aloes.
Rauwolfia serpentina, commonly known as Indian snakeroot or serpent wood, is a plant native to the Himalayan region. It contains several important alkaloids such as reserpine, ajmaline, and serpentine that have pharmacological effects including lowering blood pressure and acting as a sedative. The dried roots are used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat hypertension, anxiety, and intestinal disorders. The plant is cultivated for its medicinal properties, and its dried roots are an important crude drug that is exported internationally.
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Kurchi bark comes from the Holarrhena antidysentrica plant and is used in traditional Indian medicine. It contains several steroidal alkaloids, primarily conessine, that are effective against amoebic dysentery. The document outlines the names of kurchi bark in various Indian languages, where it is found in India, its physical characteristics, constituents including alkaloids and steroidal compounds, chemical tests to identify steroidal moieties, and its traditional therapeutic uses such as treating amoebiasis.
Cassia angustifolia, commonly known as senna, is a shrub cultivated in regions near the Arabian peninsula and Nile river. Its dried leaves and pods are used medicinally and contain sennosides, which act as stimulant laxatives by irritating the lining of the intestines and increasing bowel movements. Senna is commonly used as a purgative or cathartic to relieve constipation and cleanse the digestive system, though long term use can cause side effects like diarrhea, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. It should be used cautiously by those with gastrointestinal disorders and may interact adversely with certain medications that affect potassium levels or gastrointestinal motility.
Senna glycoside is a type of anthraquinone glycoside found in senna leaves. It consists mainly of dimeric anthracene glycosides called sennosides. Sennosides include sennoside A, B, C and D which contain rhein and/or emodin anthrones joined by C-C bonds. Their purgative effects are due to the anthracene aglycones which are released in the large intestine. Hydroxylation and the degree of oxidation impact activity. Glycosylation allows transport to the intestine. Senna preparations are used as laxatives and cathartics and work by stimulating intestinal peristalsis.
Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and some animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone) portion. Upon hydrolysis, glycosides separate into their glycone and aglycone components. Anthraquinone glycosides are a class of glycosides that contain an anthraquinone aglycone. Some important anthraquinone glycoside-containing plants discussed in the document include senna, rhubarb, cascara, and aloe. The document provides details on the extraction, properties, mechanisms of action, and important constituents of various anthraquinone glycosides.
Anthraquinone glycosides are used as laxatives and purgatives. They are absorbed in the small intestine and excreted in the large intestine where they increase motility and produce laxation. Aglycons can cause griping so an antispasmodic is often prescribed. Five common sources are: Aloe, whose active ingredient is barbaloin; Cascara containing cascarosides; Rhubarb with rhein anthrone; Senna with sennosides; and Cochineal, a dye made from dried female insects containing carminic acid.
This document provides information on glycosides, including their structure, classification, and examples. It begins by defining a glycoside as an organic compound composed of a sugar portion linked to a non-sugar moiety. It then discusses different types of glycosides based on the atoms involved in the linkage and the sugar moiety. The document provides examples of several classes of glycosides and discusses their therapeutic activity. It includes sections focusing on specific glycosides including cardiac glycosides like digitalis, anthraquinone glycosides found in senna, rhubarb, and cascara, and provides details on the botanical source, active constituents, uses and more for each one.
The document summarizes key details about the life and career of legendary Formula 1 driver Ayrton Senna. It provides his personal details like birthdate, height, weight and favorite/least favorite foods. It also lists his hobbies like jet skiing and aeromodelling. His racing career highlights include his 3 world championships with McLaren from 1988-1991 and 21 grand prix wins overall. The document aims to celebrate Senna's determination, perfection and victory in motorsports.
This document discusses plant metabolites and ergastic cell contents. It describes primary metabolites that are essential for plant growth and development, as well as secondary metabolites that have other ecological functions like protecting against herbivores. Secondary metabolites are divided into three main groups: terpenes, phenols, and nitrogen-containing compounds. The document then examines various types of plant constituents in detail, including carbohydrates, gums, mucilages, volatile oils, phenols, tannins, coumarins, anthraquinones, glycosides, alkaloids, vitamins, and minerals. It provides examples of these constituents and their functions. Finally, the document focuses on calcium oxalate crystals, describing their different polymorphic
Senna leaf is the biological source of Cassia agustifolia vahl, which is in the leguminosae family. It is geographically sourced from India, particularly Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. Morphologically, the leaves are lanceolate in shape, 7-8mm wide and 25-60mm in length, with a bitter and characteristic taste. Chemically, it consists mainly of two anthraquinone glycosides called sennoside A and sennoside B, which are stereoisomers of each other. Senna leaf is used as a strong laxative for cases of acute or chronic constipation, to induce bowel
Glycosides are organic compounds formed from the combination of a sugar and non-sugar component. There are several types of glycosidic linkages including C, O, S, and N linkages. Glycosides are classified based on their chemical nature, therapeutic activity, or linkage. Some important anthraquinone glycosides include aloe, rhubarb, senna, and cascara which are used as laxatives. Upon hydrolysis, these glycosides break down into anthraquinone derivatives like aloe-emodin, emodin, and rhein as well as monosaccharides.
This document provides information on various pharmacognostic drugs. It begins by outlining 52 objectives to be covered, which include bitter glycosides, marine toxins, phyotoxins, hormones/steroids, incense materials, and many other drug classes. It then delves into details on each objective, providing the botanical source, chemical constituents, uses, and microscopic and chemical characteristics of many important drugs. Key drugs discussed include clove, cardamom, licorice, picrorhiza, andrographis, and their volatile oils. Extensive chemical tests are also outlined for different drug classes.
This document is a laboratory manual for the pharmacognosy course containing instructions and information about plant identification. It includes the scientific name, description, origin, plant parts used medicinally, chemical constituents, medical and non-medical uses of various plants. Students will learn to identify plant tissues microscopically and conduct chemical tests to identify plants and substances like starch. The manual contains details on 24 plants and substances including sage leaves, thyme leaves, peppermint leaves, senna leaves, and starch from various sources. Students will study physical properties and do microscopic examination of starches from different plants.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It includes the isolation and analysis of phytochemicals from plants, studying the structure-activity relationships of compounds, using natural products as models for synthesizing new drugs, and investigating drugs used in traditional medicine. Some key areas are the isolation of active substances from plants, relating chemical structures to pharmacological effects, producing drugs through partial synthesis or biosynthesis of natural precursors, and exploring natural products' roles in drug discovery.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
The beauty world is buzzing over the powerful anti-aging perks of berries. Berries usage would definately make you merry at this Christmas.Berries are an exotic fruit that can make you look younger.
Senna leaf is a species of plant in the Fabaceae family that is native to western Asia but found in tropical and non-tropical regions. It was first consumed by Arab and Egyptian traders and can grow as bushes up to 2-3 meters tall with 4-5 branches containing grayish green upper leaves and yellowish green lower leaves. Senna leaf plants reproduce through seed dispersal via wind pollination of their bright yellow flower clusters.
Belladonna herb consists of dried leaves and other aerial parts of Atropa belladonna Linn. from the Solanaceae family. It is found in England, Europe, and the western Himalayas of India. Belladonna is cultivated at altitudes of 1400 m from crushed berries. The leaves are harvested and dried while retaining their green color. Belladonna contains alkaloids like hyoscyamine and atropine and is used as a sedative, to treat asthma, colic, motion sickness, and pain.
Extraction of β-galactosidase and β-glucosidase from the seeds of Tamarindus ...Innspub Net
The enzymes β–galactosidase and β–glucosidase were extracted from the tamarind seeds using different buffers at different pH. Highest activity was obtained with 10 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.6 and 10 mM tris buffer, pH 7.4. The effect of NaCl and Triton X–100 at different concentrations on the extraction of the enzymes indicated 10 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.6 containing 1 M NaCl as a better extractant of the enzyme. The enzyme assay was carried out using p–nitrophenyl–β–D–galactoside and p–nitrophenyl–β–D–glucoside as substrates. Highest enzyme activities were observed on 6th and 24th day of germination. The protein content gradually decreased upto 5th day of germination and suddenly increased on 6th day. However, on subsequent days of germination, the protein content greatly decreased upto 11th day. During the latter period of germination (18th day onwards) the content remained almost constant. The kinetic parameters varied for both β–galactosidase and β–glucosidase. The activity of β–galactosidase was show to have an optimal operating condition at pH 5.5 and a temperature of 500C. The thermostability of the enzyme was in the range of 400C – 700C with the pH stability in the range of 5.0 – 7.0. The Km and Vmax values for pNPGal were determined as 66μM and 2.27nmolesmin-1. In contrast the activity of β–glucosidase was shown to have an optimal operating condition at pH 5.0 and a temperature of 300C. The thermostability of the enzyme was in the range of 270C – 350C with the pH stability in the range of 4.0 – 7.0. The Km and Vmax values for pNPGlu were determined as 121μM and 5.26nmolesmin-1. The presented study is a preliminary work carried out for the standardization of protocols. The purification and characterization of β–galactosidase and β–glucosidase is under progress.
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Drugs used in constipation, or given in Ano-rectal condition to soften the stools are laxative, these drugs are explained in the ppt by Dr. Mrunal Akre in brief
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This document discusses various types and causes of constipation and treatments. It describes laxatives and purgatives that have mild or strong actions to soften stool or induce evacuation. Bulk forming laxatives work by absorbing water to increase stool volume while osmotic laxatives retain water in the intestines. Stimulant laxatives like bisacodyl work by irritating the intestines to increase secretion. Laxatives are used to treat short-term constipation, evacuate the bowels before procedures, remove toxins, and help with worm treatments. The main actions and indications of various laxatives are outlined.
Laxatives, diarrhoea & anti amoebic drugstamal111009
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1. Linseed is a bulk-forming laxative that works by increasing stool bulk. It contains fibers, mucilage and fatty acids. The daily dose is 20-45g to treat constipation by producing soft stool. Side effects are rare. It should not be used long-term or by those with certain gastrointestinal issues.
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Patients may define constipation as passing hard stools or straining, incomplete or painful defecation. It's a symptom NOT a disease.
Constipation has many causes and may be a sign of undiagnosed disease.
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Learning objectives:
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2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
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3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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1. Cassia Senna Omer B. 2014
SENNA LEAF
Cassia senna
Fabaceae
By Omer Bayazeid
2. Cassia Senna Omer B. 2014
SNNA LEAF
Definition:
Folium Sennae consists of the dried leaflets of Cassia senna L. (Fabaceae) Known as Alexandrain or
Khartoum senna.
It contain not less than 2.5 per cent of hydroxyanthracene glycosides, calculated as sennoside B
( 863) with refrence to the dried drug.
Synonyms:
Fabaceae are also referred to as Leguminosae. Although recognized as two distinct species in many
pharmacopoeias , Cassia acutifolia Delile and are considered botanically to be synonyms of the single
species Cassia senna L.
Description:
Low shrubs, up to 1.5m high, with compound paripinnate leaves, having 3–7 pairs of leaflets, narrow or
rounded, pale green to yellowish green.
The entire, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, pinnate leaflets have a short petiolule and are 2-6 cm long
and 7-12 mm wide. The leaflets have an asymmetric base and a thin, stiff and brittle, light green lamina
which appears as if glabrous. The leaflets are often marked with transverse or oblique lines.
Odour: Faint, characteristic.
Taste: To begin with sweetish, then bitter.
Constituents:
The main active constituents are sennoside A and B (ca.2.5%), which are rhein-dianthrone diglucosides .
Smaller amounts of other diglucosides, monoanthraquinone glucosides and aglycones are also present.
Geographical distribution:
The plant is indigenous to tropical Africa. It grows wild near the Nile river from Aswan to Kordofan, and
in the Arabian peninsula, India and Somalia. It is cultivated in India, Pakistan, and the Sudan.
3. Cassia Senna Omer B. 2014
Identification:
A. C. senna occur as grayish-green or brownish-green, thin, fragile leaflets, lanceolate, mucronate,
asymmetrical at the base, usually 15-40 mm long and 5-15 mm wide .
B. Reduce to a powder. The powder is light green or greenish-yellow. Examine under a microscope
using chloral hydrate solution. The powder shows the following diagnostic characters:
Epidermis with polygonal cells containing mucilage; unicellular thick-walled trichomes, length,
up to 260µm, slightly curved at the base, warty; paracytic stomata on both surfaces; under the
epidermal cells a single row of palisade layer; cluster crystals of calcium oxalate distributed
throughout the lacunose tissue; on the adaxial surface, sclerenchymatous fibres and a gutter-
shaped group of similar fibres on the abaxial side containing prismatic crystals of calcium
oxalate.
C. Thin-layer chromatography:
Test solution. To 0.5g of the powdered drug add 5ml of a mixture of equal volumes of ethanol
(96%) and water and heat to boiling. Centrifuge and use the supernatant liquid.
Reference solution: Dissolve 10 mg of senna extract in 1 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of
ethanol (96%) and water.
Plate: Silica gel G plate.
Mobile Phase: glacial acetic acid, water, ethyl acetate, propanol ( 1:30:40:40)
Detection: Spray with a 20% V/V solution of nitric acid and heat at 120 C for 10 min. Allow to
cool and spray with a 50 g/L solution of potassium hydroxide in alcohol until the zones appear.
Result: The principle zones in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution are similar in
position ( sennosides B,A,D and C in order of increasing Value ).
Tests:
Foreign matter: Maximum 3% of foreign organs and maximum 1% of foreign elements.
Loss on drying: Maximum 12% determined on 1000g of the powdered drug by drying in an oven
at 105C.
Total ash: Maximum 12%.
Ash soluble in hydrochloric acid: Maximum 2.5%.
4. Cassia Senna Omer B. 2014
Uses described:
In folk medicine, not supported by experimental or clinical data As an expectorant, a wound
dressing, an antidysenteric, and a carminative agent; and for the treatment of gonorrhoea, skin
diseases, dyspepsia, fever, and haemorrhoids.
Laxative effects: Senna is an anthranoid-type stimulating laxative. The laxative effect is due to the
action of sennoside and their active metabolite, rhein anthone, in the colon. The laxative effect is
realized by inhibition of water and electrolyte absorption from the large intestinal contents. This will
stimulate colon motility resulting in propulsive contraction.
Dosage:
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb, powder or dried extract for teas, decoctions, cold
macerates or elixirs. Liquid or solid forms of medication exclusively for oral use.
How to Supplied:
Capsule —25 mg, 450 mg
Chewable tablet – 15 mg sennosides
Granules – 15 mg sennosides per teaspoon
Liquid – 2.5 oz. (alcohol 7% by volume), 8.8 mg sennosides per teaspoon
Tablet – 8.6 mg sennosides, 15 mg sennosides, 17 mg sennosides, 25 mg sennosdies
Biological Activities:
(1) Antimicrobial.
(2) Cytotoxic.
(3) Thrombolytic activity.
Clinical pharmacology:
Pharmacology of Cassia Senna: Senna leaves and pods have been shown to have laxative activity. It is
usefull in habitual constipation. Pharmacological investigations show that sennosides A and B account
for the entire activity of the senna leaves and pods.Leaves contain glycosides, sennoside A, B, C and D.
5. Cassia Senna Omer B. 2014
Two naphthalene glycosides have been isolated from leaves and pods. The medicinal action of Senna
can be attributed mainly to the anthraquinone glycosides, especially sennoside A and B. It appears that
the aglycone portion is responsible for its action. The breakdown of the anthraquinone glycosides in the
digestive tract can occur in one of two ways. The bowel flora can directly hydrolyze themin a similar way
to that of free active aglycone. Alternatively, in the presence of bile and the sugar moiety, the free
aglycone can be absorbed into the blood stream and secreted later into the colon. The final result is
stimulation of the Auerbach plexus resulting in increased intestinal muscle contraction. In addition, its
mucilage content decreases bodily absorption of fluid leading to an enhancement of the final laxative
action.
1. Constipation: Taking senna orally is effective for short- term treatment of constipation. Senna is an
FDA-approved nonprescription drug for adults and children ages 2 years and older. However, in children
ages 3-15 years, mineral oil and a medication called lactulose might be more effective. In elderly people,
senna plus psyllium is more effective than lactulose for treating ongoing constipation.
2. Bowel preparation before colonoscopy: Taking senna by mouth might be effective for bowel
cleansing before colonoscopy; however, sodium phosphate or polyethylene glycol is more effective.
3. Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding: Senna is Possibly Safe during pregnancy and breast-feeding when
used short-term. It is Possibly Unsafe when used long-term or in high doses. Long-term, frequent use, or
use of high doses has been linked to serious side effects including laxative dependence and liver
damage. Although small amounts of senna cross into breast milk, it doesn’t seem to be a problem for
nursing babies. As long as the mother uses senna in recommended amounts, senna does not cause
changes in the frequency or consistency of babies’ stools.
4. Interactions with Medications:
(a) Digoxin (Lanoxin) Senna is a type of laxative called a stimulant laxative. Stimulant laxatives
can decrease potassium levels in the body. Low potassium levels can increase the risk of side
effects of digoxin (Lanoxin).
(b) Warfarin (Coumadin) Senna can work as a laxative. In some people, senna can cause
diarrhea. Diarrhea can increase the effects of warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding. If you
take warfarin, do not take excessive amounts of senna.
(c) Water Pills (Diuretic Drugs) Senna is a laxative. Some laxatives can decrease potassium in the
body. "Water pills" can also decrease potassium in the body. Taking senna along with "water
pills" might decrease potassium in the body too much. Some "water pills" that can decrease
potassium include chlorothiazide (Diuril), chlorthalidone (Thalitone), furosemide (Lasix),
hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, Hydrodiuril, Microzide), and others.
6. Cassia Senna Omer B. 2014
(d) Laxative: Children over the age of two years and adults can orally take senna to treat
constipation, but only on a short-term basis, which is about two weeks. If you take it any longer
than that, you could cause your bowels to become dependent on it, and they might stop
functioning properly. Overuse of senna can also cause an electrolyte imbalance that could
worsen heart disease. Another use for senna is to cleanse the bowels before a colonoscopy.
(e) Losing Weight: to lose weight using senna typically means taking the product for longer than
the recommended two weeks and possibly taking more than the recommended dosage of 17.2
milligrams daily. Overuse of this herb is considered senna abuse and can cause serious
problems. Drugs.com reported a case of an anorexia nervosa patient who took up to 100 tablets
of senna daily. When you take more than the dosage recommended on the package, you run the
risk, as this patient did, of developing nephrocalcinosis, or too much calcium in the kidneys;
finger clubbing, a deformity of the fingers; and osteoarthropathy, a bone and joint disease.
(f) Pregnancy: Constipation is a common problem that affects about half of all pregnant women
at some point. Although senna is FDA- approved, it is approved as an herbal supplement, which
falls under a different criterion than a medicine. Herbs, including senna, can come in different
formulations and strengths, making them unsafe to take during pregnancy, according to the
American Pregnancy Association. Senna has not been associated with abnormalities or birth
defects, according to Drugs.com. However, not enough information is available to confidently
deem senna safe for pregnant women, so it is best to avoid it while pregnant and breastfeeding.
(g) Hemorrhoids: The herb of senna is quite popular as chief ingredient in many teas and colon
cleansing products prescribed to heal hemorrhoids. Senna contains special components known
as sennosides that act on the lining of the bowel causing a laxative effect. Constipation or hard
stools is one of the triggering factors for causing and worsening hemorrhoids. Other folk
medicine uses are for skin diseases, gonorrhea, fever and upset stomach
5. Dyspeptic Syndrome: Senna contains natural enzymes that help in regulating the bowel movements
and also restoring the gastric juice secretion in stomach. It is therefore, the herb is found effective in
treating dyspeptic syndrome. Senna supplements, if used in proper dosage for certain period, have
shown potential role in reducing the irritability in intestines by improving overall digestion.
6. Gastrointestinal Conditions: Senna possesses natural anti-inflammatory properties due to its
compound called resveratrol and hence is used in various gastrointestinal conditions where
inflammation is one of the symptoms. Furthermore, component found in senna called barakol is used
for counteracting aconitine poisoning in the gastrointestinal tract. Senna, in some cases, has been used
to empty the stomach and intestines so as to relieve from acidity and constipation. The herb specifically
acts on lower bowel alleviating the symptoms of constipation. In addition, various products containing
senna as their main ingredient have been prescribed to get rid of abdominal cramps, pains, sprains and
discomfort.
7. Cassia Senna Omer B. 2014
7. Obesity: as Dietary Supplement In most of the dieter’s tea, the herb of senna is found as primary
ingredient. Due to the combination of acting as laxative and stimulant, regular intake of senna tea is
found to reduce the appetite without disturbing other body systems. It is also revealed that its quick
gastric and intestinal emptying property augments overall therapy of weight loss as food moves through
the systems quite earlier than many calories get absorbed. However, this may lead to even dangerous
weight loss and hence, before taking senna supplement it is important to fix the dosage and period.
8. Usual Dosage: The herb or its extracts may be taken in several forms - capsules, tablets, and
decoction as well as tea. A number of people take capsules and tablets prepared from the senna extract
to alleviate constipation. Normally, capsules and tablets containing 10 mg to 60 mg of sennosides are
taken daily for a period of 10 days. However, it is not advisable to continue using the medication for
more than 10 days. In case there is no relief from constipation even after taking the medication for 10
days, one should consult a physician for necessary actions. In additionto this, consuming a mint tea
prepared with the herb is effective for curing cramps. While the dose for the adults is 10 mg to 60 mg of
senna daily for 10 days, children above the age of six years may be administered half the adult dose.
However, the herb should never be given to children below the age of six as it may prove to be
detrimental. It is best to take senna after consulting a physician.
Toxicity:
The major symptoms of overdose are griping and severe diarrhoea with consequent losses of fluid and
electrolytes. Treatment should be supportive with generous amounts of fluid. Electrolytes, particularly
potassium, should be monitored, especially in children and the elderly.
Warnings:
Stimulant laxative products should not be used when abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting are present.
Rectal bleeding or failure to have a bowel movement after use of a laxative may indicate a serious
condition. Chronic abuse, with diarrhoea and consequent fluid electrolyte losses, may cause
dependence and need for increased dosages, disturbance of the water and electrolyte balance (e.g.
hypokalaemia), atonic colon with impaired function, albuminuria and haematuria. The use of stimulant
laxatives for more than 2 weeks requires medical supervision. Chronic use may lead to pseudomelanosis
coli (harmless). Hypokalaemia may result in cardiac and neuromuscular dysfunction, espe- cially if
cardiac glycosides (digoxin), diuretics, corticosteroids, or liquorice root are taken. .
Precautions General Use for more than 2 weeks requires medical attention.
8. Cassia Senna Omer B. 2014
Drug interactions:
Decreased intestinal transit time may reduce absorption of orally administered drugs. The increased loss
of potassium may potentiate the effects of cardiotonic glycosides (digitalis, strophanthus). Existing
hypokalaemia resulting from long- term laxative abuse can also potentiate the effects of antiarrhythmic
drugs, such as quinidine, which affect potassium channels to change sinus rhythm. Simul- taneous use
with other drugs or herbs which induce hypokalaemia, such as thiazide diuretics, adrenocorticosteroids,
or liquorice root, may exacerbate elec- trolyte imbalance.
Drug and laboratory test interactions Urine discoloration by anthranoid metabolites may lead to false
positive test results for urinary urobilinogen, and for estrogens measured by the Kober procedure.
Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, and impairment of fertility No in vivo genotoxic effects have been
reported to date. Although chronic abuse of anthranoid-containing laxatives was hypothesized to play
arole in colorectal cancer, no causal relationship between anthranoid laxative abuse and colorectal
cancer has been demonstrated.
Pregnancy: non-teratogenic effects Use during pregnancy should be limited to conditions in which
changes in diet or fibre laxatives are not effective. .
Nursing mothers Use during breast-feeding is not recommended owing to insufficient data on the
excretion of metabolites in breast milk. Small amounts of active metabo- lites (rhein) are excreted into
breast milk, but a laxative effect in breast-fed babies has not been reported.
Pediatrics use Contraindicated for children under 10 years of age.
Other precautions No information available on teratogenic effects in pregnancy.
Adverse reactions:
Senna may cause mild abdominal discomfort such as colic or cramps .A single case of hepatitis has been
described after chronic abuse. Melanosis coli, a condition which is characterized by pigment-loaded
macro- phages within the submucosa, may occur after long-term use. This condition is clinically
harmless and disappears with cessation of treatment. Long-term laxative abuse may lead to electrolyte
disturbances (hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia), metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, malabsorption, weight
loss, albuminuria, and haematuria. Weakness and orthostatic hypotension may be exacerbated in
elderly patients when stimulant laxatives are repeatedly used. Conflicting data exist on other toxic
effects such as intestinal-neuronal damage due to long-term misuse.
9. Cassia Senna Omer B. 2014
Posology The correct individual dose is the smallest required producing a comfortable, soft-formed
motion. Powder: 1–2g of leaf daily at bedtime. Adults and children over 10 years: standardized daily
dose equivalent to 10–30mg sennosides (calculated as sennoside B) taken at night.
Overview of Clinical trials:
The efficacy of senna preparations has been evaluated in clinical trials in the treatment of constipation
and for bowel cleansing before radiological investigations or colonoscopy. In the majority of the studies
combinations of senna with fibre were investigated. For bowel cleansing high doses of a senna
preparation were tested.
There is no well-designed non-experimental descriptive study with a mono-preparation of senna
available which investigates the short-term use of occasional constipation. Evidence is obtained from
experts’ reports and opinions and extensive clinical experiences.
Well-designed clinical studies are available for combination products for occasional constipation and for
high doses of senna preparations for bowel cleansing and they clarify the pharmacodynamics.
Furthermore pharmacological studies in humans are available.
The conditions determined in the pharmacovigilance actions for anthranoid-containing laxatives have to
be maintained for the moment because further investigations are needed to clarify the carcinogenic risk.
The results of the most recent studies are inconsistent. However, a risk was also revealed for
constipation itself and underlying dietary habits. The use in children under 12 years of age is
contraindicated and use during lactation is not recommended. During pregnancy only a specified extract
(as described above) can be regarded as safe, but with the advice that the use is to be avoided during
the first trimester. Senna leaves should only be used intermittently and if other actions like behavioural
modification, dietary changes and use of bulk forming agents failed.
Provided that the correct dose and duration of administration and the advices given in the SPC are
followed, senna can be regarded as a safe and effective medicinal plant for the short-term use in cases
of occasional constipation. In this indication the benefit/risk ratio is positive.
The data available on use for bowel cleansing in a high dose are not consistent. An adequate bowel
cleansing can be achieved as well by other preparation methods than with a high dose of senna with a
less favourable benefit-risk-ratio. In particular if different methods are combined, lower doses of senna
seem to be effective enough. Use at a high dose cannot therefore be recommended. In an unpublished
multicentre, prospective, controlled, randomised, two-parallel-group, observer-blind study in 133
patients, which was presented in the application procedure of a senna preparation (150 mg
hydoxyanthracene glycosides, calculated as sennoside B) for bowel cleansing a statistically significant
non-inferiority of this preparation in combination with 2 l PEG-ELS could not be shown in comparison to
10. Cassia Senna Omer B. 2014
4 l PEG-ELS. The descriptive evaluation shows a better bowel cleansing in the rectum, colon descendens,
colon transversum and flexura coli dextra for 4 l PEG-ELS and an equivalent cleansing for both
preparations in the colon sigmoideum , colon ascendens and caecum.
Up to now there is no clear evidence to recommend a specific dose nor a specific combination of
different bowel cleansing methods. No recommendation concerning the use of senna for bowel
cleansing is therefore made in the Community herbal monograph, even not for a special patient group,
who is not able to ingest high amounts of fluid, e.g. patients suffering from cardiac insufficiency.
Traditional use:
Senna was traditionally used for purification the blood, bowel and other organs in many diseases. In
former times, such purification was often the first step to treat a lot of diseases. Such a procedure is
now obsolete. There are no plausible pharmacological data available for the purification of the blood
1 As referred to in the HMPC ‘Guideline on the assessment of clinical safety and efficacy in the
preparation of Community herbal monographs for well-established and of Community herbal
monographs/entries to the Community list for traditional herbal products/substances/preparations and
other organs than the bowel, or for use as a cholagogum. In view of possible risks, such traditional uses
cannot be recommended. This is in accordance with the German pharmacovigilance actions for
anthranoid-containing laxatives.
11. Cassia Senna Omer B. 2014
References:
1. European Pharmacopia 7.0 Volume 1.
2. PDR for Herbal Medicine.
3. Herbal Drug.
4. E/S/C/O/P.
5. WHO Monographs.