Calibration of the measuring instrument is the process in which the readings obtained from the instrument are compared with the sub-standards in the laboratory at several points along the scale of the instrument. As per the results obtained from the readings obtained of the instrument and the sub-standards, the curve is plotted. If the instrument is accurate there will be matching of the scales of the instrument and the sub-standard. If there is deviation of the measured value from the instrument against the standard value, the instrument is calibrated to give the correct values.
All the new instruments have to be calibrated against some standard in the very beginning. For the new instrument the scale is marked as per the sub-standards available in the laboratories, which are meant especially for this purpose. After continuous use of the instrument for long periods of time, sometimes it loses its calibration or the scale gets distorted, in such cases the instrument can be calibrated again if it is in good reusable condition.
Even if the instruments in the factory are working in the good condition, it is always advisable to calibrate them from time-to-time to avoid wrong readings of highly critical parameters. This is very important especially in the companies where very high precision jobs are manufactured with high accuracy.
All the measuring instruments for measurement of length, pressure, temperature etc should be calibrated against some standard scale at the regular intervals as specified by the manufacturer. There are different methods or techniques of calibration, which are applied depending on whether it is routine calibration or if it is for special purpose where highly accurate calibration of the instruments is desired. In many cases different methods of calibration are applied for all the individual instruments. No what type of calibrations is being done, all of them are done in the laboratory.
The calibration of the instrument is done in the laboratory against the sub-standard instruments, which are used very rarely for this sole purpose. These sub-standards are kept in highly controlled air-conditioned atmosphere so that there their scale does not change with the external atmospheric changes.
To maintain the accuracy of the sub-standards, they are checked periodically against some standard which is kept in the metrological laboratories under highly secured, safe, clean and air conditioned atmosphere. Finally, standards can be checked against the absolute measurements of the quantity, which the instruments are designed to measure.
Calibration is the activity of checking, by comparison with a standard, the accuracy of a measuring instrument of any type. It may also include adjustment of the instrument to bring it into alignment with the standard
NCQC is sharing information about Instrument Calibration and its requirements in organizations. This ppt presentation helps organization and management trainee to understand purpose, importance and requirements of calibration management system.
Calibration is the activity of checking, by comparison with a standard, the accuracy of a measuring instrument of any type. It may also include adjustment of the instrument to bring it into alignment with the standard
NCQC is sharing information about Instrument Calibration and its requirements in organizations. This ppt presentation helps organization and management trainee to understand purpose, importance and requirements of calibration management system.
Principles and Practices of Traceability and CalibrationJasmin NUHIC
To learn and understand different types of measurements units, measurement constants, calibration and measurement standards as well as principles and practices of treaceability.
In any kind of manufacturing industry, the calibration of instrument plays a very important role and also it occupies a very significant place. Whenever a product comes into existence, back of it there's a perfect flow calibration. Calibration is a set of operations, which under certain conditions build relationships amongst values indicated by a measuring instrument.
Principles and Practices of Traceability and CalibrationJasmin NUHIC
To learn and understand different types of measurements units, measurement constants, calibration and measurement standards as well as principles and practices of treaceability.
In any kind of manufacturing industry, the calibration of instrument plays a very important role and also it occupies a very significant place. Whenever a product comes into existence, back of it there's a perfect flow calibration. Calibration is a set of operations, which under certain conditions build relationships amongst values indicated by a measuring instrument.
general measuring systems , basic concept of measurement ,importance of measurement ,errors in measurement ,calibration of instrument,biomedical medical sensors and measurementation,instrumentation and measurementation ,static and dynamic characteristics of measurement,block diagram of general measuring system.how to avoid errors in measurement.
This presentation covers the basics of meter testing including: why we test; how to test; types of meter tests; how utility tests differ from customer request tests; in-service testing; and what to do with the test data. 06/26/2019
Given by SAMSCO's John Kretzschmar, this presentation covers the basics of meter testing including: why we test; how to test; types of meter tests; how utility tests differ from customer request tests; in-service testing; and what to do with the test data.
This presentation was given at MEUA Meter School and gives attendees an introduction to meter testing. Topics covered include: why do we test; how do we test; field testing; complaint testing; general meter testing requirements; new meter testing programs; return to service testing; in-service testing; statistical test plans; tracking meter records, and more! 03/03.20
As many utilities have elected to deploy advanced metering systems and millions of new solid-state, microprocessor based end-points with communications under glass, a dramatic shift has begun regarding where metering resources are being deployed and what they are doing. This presentation will highlight the new value proposition for metering personnel at their respective utility companies in a post-AMI World. Examples of issues which have arisen or been identified over the course of various deployments and in the immediate aftermath of an AMI deployment.
Join us as Howard Zion, Transcat's Director of Service Application of Engineering, defines how improper test uncertainty ratio directly impacts false acceptance/rejection of product.. This webinar, entitled “In-Tolerance Non-Conformance Investigations”, will help you understand:
- The familiar concept of OOT Measurement Risk
- The less-familiar concept of In Tolerance Measurement Risk
- The purpose of Guard Band
- Compare to your organization’s current definitions
- How to apply these concepts to control of your measurement processes in order to reduce/eliminate product false accept/reject situations
This presentation covers the basics of meter testing including: why we test; how to test; types of meter tests; how utility tests differ from customer request tests; in-service testing; and what to do with the test data.
In thermogravimetric analysis, the change in weight in
relation to a change in temperature in a controlled environment is measured. Heat is used in TGA to force
reactions and physical changes in materials. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a reliable method to determine
endotherms, exotherms, measure oxidation processes, thermal stability, decomposition points of explosives,
characteristics of polymers, solvent residues, the level of organic and inorganic components of a mixture,
degradation temperatures of a material, and the absorbed moisture content of materials. Materials analyzed by
thermogravimetric analysis include explosives, petroleum, chemicals, biological samples, polymers, composites,
plastics, adhesives, coatings, organic materials, and pharmaceuticals.The thermogravimetric analysis instrument usually consists of a high-precision balance and sample pan.
The pan holds the sample
material and is located in a
furnace or oven that is
heated or cooled during the
experiment. A thermocouple
is used to accurately control
and measure the
temperature within the oven.
The mass of the sample is
constantly monitored during
the analysis. An inert or
reactive gas may be used to
purge and control the
environment. The analysis is
performed by gradually
raising the temperature and plotting the
substances weight against temperature. A
computer is utilized to control the
instrument and to process the output
curves.
Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state. UV spectroscopy is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of the ultra-violet region (200-400 nm) is absorbed by the molecule which results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state to a higher energy state.Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter.
As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules.
When ultraviolet radiations are absorbed, this results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state towards a higher energy state.
Molecules containing π-electrons or nonbonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals.
The more easily excited the electrons, the longer the wavelength of light they can absorb. There are four possible types of transitions (π–π*, n–π*, σ–σ*, and n–σ*), and they can be ordered as follows: σ–σ* > n–σ* > π–π* > n–π* The absorption of ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum that aids in the identification of the compound.
Medical devices are heavily regulated because of their
intended uses in human beings. Generally medical devices
are classified into different categories depending upon the
degree of potential risks and regulated accordingly.Many medical devices are involved with relative moving parts,
either in contact to the native tissues or within the biomaterials,
and often under loading. Important issues, such as friction and
wear of the moving parts, not only affect the functions of these
devices but also the potential adverse effects on the natural tissues.
Biotribology deals with the application of tribological principles,
such as friction, wear and lubrication between relatively motions
surfaces, to medical and biological systems. Biotribology plays an important role in a number of medical devices
Protein based nanostructures for biomedical applications karoline Enoch
Proteins are kind of natural molecules that show unique
functionalities and properties in biological materials and
manufacturing feld. Tere are numerous nanomaterials
which are derived from protein, albumin, and gelatin. Tese
nanoparticles have promising properties like biodegradability, nonantigenicity, metabolizable, surface modifer, greater
stability during in vivo during storage, and being relatively
easy to prepare and monitor the size of the particles.
These particles have the ability to attach covalently with
drug and ligand
A Schering Bridge is a bridge circuit used for measuring an unknown electrical capacitance and its dissipation factor. The dissipation factor of a capacitor is the the ratio of its resistance to its capacitive reactance. The Schering Bridge is basically a four-arm alternating-current (AC) bridge circuit whose measurement depends on balancing the loads on its arms .
A Maxwell bridge is a modification to a Wheatstone bridge used to measure an unknown inductance (usually of low Q value) in terms of calibrated resistance and inductance or resistance and capacitance. When the calibrated components are a parallel resistor and capacitor, the bridge is known as a Maxwell-Wien bridge. It is named for James C. Maxwell, who first described it in 1873.
It uses the principle that the positive phase angle of an inductive impedance can be compensated by the negative phase angle of a capacitive impedance when put in the opposite arm and the circuit is at resonance; i.e., no potential difference across the detector (an AC voltmeter or ammeter)) and hence no current flowing through it. The unknown inductance then becomes known in terms of this capacitance.
A Kelvin bridge, also called a Kelvin double bridge and in some countries a Thomson bridge, is a measuring instrument used to measure unknown electrical resistors below 1 ohm. It is specifically designed to measure resistors that are constructed as four terminal resistors.
Dc bridge types ,derivation and its applicationkaroline Enoch
The DC Bridge is used for measuring the unknown electrical resistance. This can be done by balancing the two legs of the bridge circuit. The value of one of the arm is known while the other of them is unknown
The bridge uses for measuring the value of unknown resistance, inductance and capacitance, is known as the AC Bridge. The AC bridges are very convenient and give the accurate result of the measurement.The construction of the bridges is very simple. The bridge has four arms, one AC supply source and the balance detector. It works on the principle that the balance ratio of the impedances will give the balance condition to the circuit which is determined by the null detector.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a drug (photosensitizer) designed to destroy cancerous and precancerous cells after light activation. Photosensitizers are activated by a specific wavelength of light energy, usually from a laser.
Preamplifier and impedance matching circuitskaroline Enoch
A preamplifier circuit with a very low noise characteristic can be built by simply combining a FET transistor with a bipolar one. The input impedance of the preamp circuit is almost the same as the gate impedance of the FET transistor (around 1MΩ) The output impedance at the other end is about 1KΩ.
Phototherapy is a type of medical treatment that involves exposure to fluorescent light bulbs or other sources of light like halogen lights, sunlight, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) to treat certain medical conditions
The word “laser” is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Most sources of visible light radiate energy at different wavelengths (ie, different colors) and at random time intervals (noncoherent). The unique properties of laser energy are monochromaticity (single wavelength), spatial coherence, and high density of electrons. These allow focusing of laser beams to extremely small spots with very high-energy densities.
A laser consists of a transparent crystal rod (solid-state laser), or a gas- or liquid-filled cavity (gas or fluid laser) constructed with a fully reflective mirror at one end and a partially reflective mirror at the other. Surrounding the rod or cavity is an optical or electrical source of energy that will raise the energy level of the atoms within the rod or cavity to a high and unstable level, a process known as population inversion. When the excited atoms spontaneously decay back to a lower-energy level, their excess energy is released in the form of light. This light can be emitted in any direction. In a laser cavity, however, light emitted along the long axis of the cavity can bounce back and forth between the mirrors, setting up a standing wave that stimulates the remaining excited atoms to release their energy into the standing wave, producing an intense beam of light that exits the cavity through the partially reflective mirror. All of the light produced has the same wavelength (monochromatic) and phase (coherent), with little tendency to spread out (low divergence). The laser light energy can be emitted continuously or in pulses, which may have pulse durations of nanoseconds or less.
he ability of the laser to ablate prostatic tissue with minimal hemorrhage has concentrated most of the interest in urologically applied lasers to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [Anson et al. 1994]. Despite tremendous advances in the surgical and minimally invasive treatment of BPH, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is still considered the ‘gold standard’. The risks of TURP are always mentioned when discussing the reasons for seeking alternative treatment modalities for BPH. Bleeding certainly remains a concern, especially in patients on some form of anticoagulation (heparin, coumarin related compounds, antiplatelet agents) or those with prostates in excess of 60–80 g. On the other hand, with the availability of transurethral resection in saline (TURiS), the TURP syndrome is nowadays considered by many to be a relatively rare complication
Lasers have been used successfully to treat a variety of vascular lesions including superficial vascular malformations (port-wine stains), facial telangiectases, haemangiomas, pyogenic granulomas, Kaposi sarcoma and poikiloderma of Civatte. Lasers that have been used to treat these conditions include argon, APTD, KTP, krypton, copper vapour, copper bromide, pulsed dye lasers and Nd:YAG. Argon (CW) causes a high degree of non-specific thermal injury and scarring and is now largely replaced by yellow-light quasi-CW and pulsed laser therapies.
The pulsed dye laser is considered the laser of choice for most vascular lesions because of its superior clinical efficacy and low-risk profile. It has a large spot size (5 to 10mm) allowing large lesions to be treated quickly. Side effects include postoperative bruising (purpura) that may last 1-2 weeks and transient pigmentary changes. Crusting, textural changes and scarring are rarely seen.
The term LASER is an acronym for ‘Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation’. As its first application in dentistry by Miaman, in 1960, the laser has seen various hard and soft tissue applications. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research studies in laser application. In hard tissue application, the laser is used for caries prevention, bleaching, restorative removal and curing, cavity preparation, dentinal hypersensitivity, growth modulation and for diagnostic purposes, whereas soft tissue application includes wound healing, removal of hyperplastic tissue to uncovering of impacted or partially erupted tooth, photodynamic therapy for malignancies, photostimulation of herpetic lesion. Use of the laser proved to be an effective tool to increase efficiency, specificity, ease, and cost and comfort of the dental treatment.
Photolithography, also called optical lithography or UV lithography, is a process used in microfabrication to pattern parts on a thin film or the bulk of a substrate (also called a wafer). It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photomask (also called an optical mask) to a photosensitive (that is, light-sensitive) chemical photoresist on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then either etches the exposure pattern into the material or enables deposition of a new material in the desired pattern upon the material underneath the photoresist. In complex integrated circuits, a CMOS wafer may go through the photolithographic cycle as many as 50 times.
Photolithography shares some fundamental principles with photography in that the pattern in the photoresist etching is created by exposing it to light, either directly (without using a mask) or with a projected image using a photomask. This procedure is comparable to a high precision version of the method used to make printed circuit boards. Subsequent stages in the process have more in common with etching than with lithographic printing. This method can create extremely small patterns, down to a few tens of nanometers in size. It provides precise control of the shape and size of the objects it creates and can create patterns over an entire surface cost-effectively. Its main disadvantages are that it requires a flat substrate to start with, it is not very effective at creating shapes that are not flat, and it can require extremely clean operating conditions. Photolithography is the standard method of printed circuit board (PCB) and microprocessor fabrication. Directed self-assembly is being evaluated as an alternative to photolithography
The Piezoelectric transducer is an electroacoustic transducer use for conversion of pressure or mechanical stress into an alternating electrical force. It is used for measuring the physical quantity like force, pressure, stress, etc., which is directly not possible to measure.The piezo transducer converts the physical quantity into an electrical voltage which is easily measured by analogue and digital meter.
The piezoelectric transducer uses the piezoelectric material which has a special property, i.e. the material induces voltage when the pressure or stress applied to it. The material which shows such property is known as the electro-resistive element
Photoelectric transducers and its classificationkaroline Enoch
The photoelectric transducer converts the light energy into electrical energy. It is made of semiconductor material. The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which ejects the electrons when the beam of light absorbs through it.
Piezoresistive pressure sensors are one of the very-first products of MEMS technology. Those products are widely used in biomedical applications, automotive industry and household appliances.
The sensing material in a piezoresistive pressure sensor is a diaphragm formed on a silicon substrate, which bends with applied pressure. A deformation occurs in the crystal lattice of the diaphragm because of that bending. This deformation causes a change in the band structure of the piezoresistors that are placed on the diaphragm, leading to a change in the resistivity of the material. This change can be an increase or a decrease according to the orientation of the resistors.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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2. Calibration
• Calibration of the measuring instrument is the process in which the readings
obtained from the instrument are compared with the sub-standards in the
laboratory at several points along the scale of the instrument.
• The process of evaluating the measurements made by the instrument to be
calibrated against an instrument known to be making measurements that
surpass the suitable limits of precision and correctness is known as
instrument calibration.
2
3. contd..
• If any variation is found, then the instrument is calibrated so that it can give
exact readings and values.
• It is common for any instrument to lose its calibration after a long period of
usage.
• After the process of calibration, the instrument is good to use again.
3
4. Characteristics involved in the calibration
• Calibration range – the region between the within which a quantity is
measured, received or transmitted which is expressed by stating the lower
and upper range values.
• Zero value – the lower end of the calibration range
• Span – the difference between the upper and lower range
• Instrument range – the capability of the instrument; may be different than
the calibration range
4
5. • Accuracy - the ratio of the error to the full scale output or the ratio of the
error to the output, expressed in percent span or percent reading,
respectively.
• Tolerance - permissible deviation from a specified value; may be expressed
in measurement units, percent of span, or percent of reading.
5
6. • Traceability-the property of a result of a measurement whereby it can be
related to appropriate standards, generally national or international standards,
through an unbroken chain of comparisons.
6
7. Necessities of calibration
• A crucial measurement
• If the instrument has undergone adverse conditions and cannot give the
right reading.
• When the output does not match the stand-in instrument.
• Drastic change in weather
• Cyclic testing of instruments
7
8. Need of calibration
• To ensure the reliability of the instrument
• To determine the accuracy of the instrument
• To ensure the readings are consistent with other measurements.
8
9. Calibration of Measuring Instruments
• All the measuring instruments for measurement of length, pressure,
temperature etc should be calibrated against some standard scale at the
regular intervals as specified by the manufacturer.
• There are different methods or techniques of calibration, which are applied
depending on whether it is routine calibration or if it is for special purpose
where highly accurate calibration of the instruments is desired.
9
10. contd..
• In many cases different methods of calibration are applied for all the
individual instruments.
• The calibration of the instrument is done in the laboratory against the sub-
standard instruments, which are used very rarely for this sole purpose.
• These sub-standards are kept in highly controlled air-conditioned
atmosphere so that there their scale does not change with the external
atmospheric changes.
10
11. contd..
• To maintain the accuracy of the sub-standards, they are checked periodically
against some standard which is kept in the metrological laboratories under
highly secured, safe, clean and air conditioned atmosphere.
• Finally, standards can be checked against the absolute measurements of the
quantity, which the instruments are designed to measure.
11
12. contd..
• Methods of calibration depend on whether the instrument is calibrated
regularly or only occasionally for a special task where a highly calibrated
instrument is required.
• It is essential to get the instruments calibrated every now and then even if
they are in good condition to prevent wrong measurements of extremely
crucial measurements.
12
13. Types of calibration
The process of testing calibration can
be performed on a number of products
and types of equipment, across multiple
sectors.
Pressure calibration
Electric calibration
Mechanical calibration
Humidity and Temperature
calibration
13
14. Pressure calibration
This is a widely used calibration process in which gas and hydraulic pressure are measured
across a broad spectrum.
A number of pressure balances and calibrators are generally used, along with a variety of
pressure gages.
The ISO 17025 UKAS accreditation is often taken into consideration when calibrating
pressure and national standards must also generally be adhered to. Examples of pressure
equipment that can be tested for calibration include;
Barometers
Analogue and Digital Pressure Gauges
Digital Indicators
Transmitters 14
15. Electrical calibration
• This calibration service is used to measure voltage, current frequency and
resistance.
• Electrical calibration often has to adhere to UKAS accredited standards. The
process also monitors resistance and thermocouple simulation covering
process instrumentation.
15
16. Examples of electrical equipment that can be tested for calibration include;
• Multi-meters
• Counter timers
• Insulation Testers
• Loop Testers
• Clamp Meters
• RCD
• Data Logger
16
17. Mechanical calibration
A number of dimensional, mass, force, torque and vibration elements will be
calibrated during the testing process. Examples of mechanical equipment that can be
tested for calibration include
• Weight & Mass Sets
• Torque Wrenches & Screwdrivers
• Scales/Balances
• Micrometers, Verniers, Height Gauges
• Accelerometers
• Load Cells & Force Gauges
17
18. Temperature and Humidity Calibration
Temperature Calibration usually takes
place in a controlled environment.
• Thermometers/Thermocouples
• PRTs and Thermistors
• Thermal Cameras
• Infrared Meters
• Chambers/Furnaces
• Weather Stations
Humidity Calibration usually takes place
in a controlled environment.
• Humidity Recorders
• Humidity Generators
• Digital Indicators and Probes
• Transmitters
• Psychrometers
• Thermohygrographs
• Tinytag Sensors
18
19. Other calibration
• Waterflow Calibration
• Oilflow Calibration
• Air Velocity Calibration
• Air Flow Calibration
19
20. Methods of Calibration
• Data Calibration – This method is akin to accredited calibration except that
they are not accredited to the ISO standard and not supplemented by data with
doubtful measurements.
• Standard Calibration – This is the method used for instruments which are not
critical to quality or do not require accreditation. To make sure the standards are
operative, it is necessary to document the process.
20
21. contd..
• ISO 17025 Accredited Calibration – This is one of the most rigid forms
of calibration.
• An account of the measurement details is maintained.
• International Organization of Standardization is a benchmark which shows
that the company has maintained its standard rules and regulations to
maintain a level of quality.
21
22. Contd..
There are 4 things to achieve a level of quality
• Maintaining a Record
• Accurate list of Instruments
• Inspect the documentation
• Well –framed quality module
22
23. Contd ..
• Maintaining a Record – When an instrument is being calibrated it is
mandatory to maintain a record of every minute detail of the results before
and after the calibration.
• Accurate List of Instruments – It is necessary to maintain an updated list
of instruments if your company abides by ISO Standards. An ISO
certification is rejected if the instruments are in the list, but they are not
physically available.
23
24. Contd ..
Inspect the Documentation – Regular inspection of the calibration process is
mandatory other than just documenting the process.
• The changes can easily be detected if the calibration process is closely
audited every single time.
• It is necessary to document the changes as well as to get an ISO certification.
24
25. Well-framed Quality Module
• It is necessary to frame a module to keep the quality in check.
• The quality professionals need to follow the same code according to the
module to make sure there is regularity in the calibration processes.
• Only the companies with clear quality modules which is documented on a
regular basis will be eligible for ISO certification.
25
26. Procedure for calibration
• Firstly, the readings obtained from the scale of the instrument are compared
with the readings of the sub-standard and the calibration curve is formed
from the obtained values.
• In this procedure the instrument is fed with some known values (obtained
from the sub-standard).
• These are detected by the transducer parts of the instrument.
• The output obtained from the instrument is observed and compared against
the original value of the substandard.
26
27. Contd..
• A single point calibration is good enough if the system has been proved to
be linear (that is readings from instrument are linear with the substandard),
but if it is not, then readings will have to be taken at multiple points.
• In most of the cases the static input is applied to the instruments and its
dynamic response is based on the static calibration.
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28. Contd..
• In some instruments it is not feasible to introduce the input quantity for the
calibration purpose like in bonded strain gauges.
• In such cases the spot calibration is done by the manufacturer.
• Calibrations of an instrument ensures precision, consistent measurements,
adheres to the government related standards which results in better and more
accurate reading.
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29. Calibration Records
• Calibration, Analog: Stores information for linear or square root calibrations that
have a single input signal, a primary output, and an optional secondary output.
Examples of analog calibrations include gauges, flow, pressure, and temperature.
• Calibration, Discrete: Stores information for single-switch or dual-switch
instruments. Examples of discrete calibrations include flow, level, pressure,
temperature, vibration, and position switches.
• Calibration Weight Scale Setup: Stores information for weight scale calibrations.
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30. • Calibration, Single Component Analyzer: Stores information for single
component calibrations. Examples of single component analyzer calibrations
include calibrating pH, in-situ oxygen, toxic gas, and combustible gas.
• Calibration, Multi-Component Analyzer: Stores information for comparing
standard gas values to test results from the analyzer. Examples of multi-component
analyzer calibrations include Mass Spectrometers and Process Gas Chromatographs.
• Calibration, Functional Test: Stores information for functional test calibrations.
An example of an instruction in a functional test is Describe the wires on the piece of
equipment.
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31. Contd..
• Calibration, CMX: Stores information about calibrations that are received
from CMX software.
• When calibration data from CMX software is received , CMX record is
automatically created for the event.
• This record contains an event ID, details of the equipment that was
calibrated, calibration strategy used, and the result of the calibration (i.e.,
whether the calibration passed or failed
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