To learn and understand different types of measurements units, measurement constants, calibration and measurement standards as well as principles and practices of treaceability.
What is a measurement and what measurement is not
What is uncertainty of measurement?
Error versus uncertainty
Why is uncertainty of measurement important?
Basic statistics on sets of numbers
The general kinds of uncertainty in any measurement
For a free course, visit - www.theapprentiice.com
The document discusses measurement, calibration, and units of measurement. Some key points:
- Measurement is the first step to control and improvement. If you can't measure something, you can't understand or control it.
- The International System of Units (SI) defines seven base units including the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. Other units are derived from these base units.
- Calibration establishes the relationship between measurement instruments and reference standards under specific conditions. Regular calibration helps ensure accuracy and traceability to national standards.
- Factors like instrument specifications, use, environment, and measurement accuracy needed should be considered when determining calibration frequency.
We have an ISO 17025 calibration laboratory and we provide NABL calibration services worldwide. Visit our website http://bit.ly/2HVkg21 and book your calibration services.
Calibration of the measuring instrument is the process in which the readings obtained from the instrument are compared with the sub-standards in the laboratory at several points along the scale of the instrument. As per the results obtained from the readings obtained of the instrument and the sub-standards, the curve is plotted. If the instrument is accurate there will be matching of the scales of the instrument and the sub-standard. If there is deviation of the measured value from the instrument against the standard value, the instrument is calibrated to give the correct values.
All the new instruments have to be calibrated against some standard in the very beginning. For the new instrument the scale is marked as per the sub-standards available in the laboratories, which are meant especially for this purpose. After continuous use of the instrument for long periods of time, sometimes it loses its calibration or the scale gets distorted, in such cases the instrument can be calibrated again if it is in good reusable condition.
Even if the instruments in the factory are working in the good condition, it is always advisable to calibrate them from time-to-time to avoid wrong readings of highly critical parameters. This is very important especially in the companies where very high precision jobs are manufactured with high accuracy.
All the measuring instruments for measurement of length, pressure, temperature etc should be calibrated against some standard scale at the regular intervals as specified by the manufacturer. There are different methods or techniques of calibration, which are applied depending on whether it is routine calibration or if it is for special purpose where highly accurate calibration of the instruments is desired. In many cases different methods of calibration are applied for all the individual instruments. No what type of calibrations is being done, all of them are done in the laboratory.
The calibration of the instrument is done in the laboratory against the sub-standard instruments, which are used very rarely for this sole purpose. These sub-standards are kept in highly controlled air-conditioned atmosphere so that there their scale does not change with the external atmospheric changes.
To maintain the accuracy of the sub-standards, they are checked periodically against some standard which is kept in the metrological laboratories under highly secured, safe, clean and air conditioned atmosphere. Finally, standards can be checked against the absolute measurements of the quantity, which the instruments are designed to measure.
Calibration establishes the relationship between instrument measurements and known standard values through a series of steps. Key aspects of calibration include identifying instruments and sources, following calibration procedures, documenting results, accounting for sources of error, and ensuring traceability to national standards. Calibration procedures vary based on instrument type, but generally involve evaluating instrument performance, establishing calibration curves using certified reference materials at multiple concentration levels, and quantifying samples based on the calibration curves.
This document provides an overview of recent developments in top-down approaches for evaluating measurement uncertainty in testing laboratories. It discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional bottom-up GUM method and introduces several top-down methods including those based on precision, accuracy and trueness using quality control data; control chart methods; the use of validation data and reference materials; and experience-based models like Horwitz's equation. The document provides details on how measurement uncertainty is estimated using these various top-down approaches.
The document discusses calibration issues affecting an egg production company. It summarizes that production costs have risen and egg yields have fallen, but medium and small egg production has increased to offset some losses. The real problem was identified as inaccurate calibration of the balance scales over time, leading to eggs being misclassified. The company plans to implement a systematic calibration management program to properly monitor, verify, and calibrate instruments on a regular schedule.
Chapter-1_Mechanical Measurement and Metrologysudhanvavk
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end exam. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
What is a measurement and what measurement is not
What is uncertainty of measurement?
Error versus uncertainty
Why is uncertainty of measurement important?
Basic statistics on sets of numbers
The general kinds of uncertainty in any measurement
For a free course, visit - www.theapprentiice.com
The document discusses measurement, calibration, and units of measurement. Some key points:
- Measurement is the first step to control and improvement. If you can't measure something, you can't understand or control it.
- The International System of Units (SI) defines seven base units including the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. Other units are derived from these base units.
- Calibration establishes the relationship between measurement instruments and reference standards under specific conditions. Regular calibration helps ensure accuracy and traceability to national standards.
- Factors like instrument specifications, use, environment, and measurement accuracy needed should be considered when determining calibration frequency.
We have an ISO 17025 calibration laboratory and we provide NABL calibration services worldwide. Visit our website http://bit.ly/2HVkg21 and book your calibration services.
Calibration of the measuring instrument is the process in which the readings obtained from the instrument are compared with the sub-standards in the laboratory at several points along the scale of the instrument. As per the results obtained from the readings obtained of the instrument and the sub-standards, the curve is plotted. If the instrument is accurate there will be matching of the scales of the instrument and the sub-standard. If there is deviation of the measured value from the instrument against the standard value, the instrument is calibrated to give the correct values.
All the new instruments have to be calibrated against some standard in the very beginning. For the new instrument the scale is marked as per the sub-standards available in the laboratories, which are meant especially for this purpose. After continuous use of the instrument for long periods of time, sometimes it loses its calibration or the scale gets distorted, in such cases the instrument can be calibrated again if it is in good reusable condition.
Even if the instruments in the factory are working in the good condition, it is always advisable to calibrate them from time-to-time to avoid wrong readings of highly critical parameters. This is very important especially in the companies where very high precision jobs are manufactured with high accuracy.
All the measuring instruments for measurement of length, pressure, temperature etc should be calibrated against some standard scale at the regular intervals as specified by the manufacturer. There are different methods or techniques of calibration, which are applied depending on whether it is routine calibration or if it is for special purpose where highly accurate calibration of the instruments is desired. In many cases different methods of calibration are applied for all the individual instruments. No what type of calibrations is being done, all of them are done in the laboratory.
The calibration of the instrument is done in the laboratory against the sub-standard instruments, which are used very rarely for this sole purpose. These sub-standards are kept in highly controlled air-conditioned atmosphere so that there their scale does not change with the external atmospheric changes.
To maintain the accuracy of the sub-standards, they are checked periodically against some standard which is kept in the metrological laboratories under highly secured, safe, clean and air conditioned atmosphere. Finally, standards can be checked against the absolute measurements of the quantity, which the instruments are designed to measure.
Calibration establishes the relationship between instrument measurements and known standard values through a series of steps. Key aspects of calibration include identifying instruments and sources, following calibration procedures, documenting results, accounting for sources of error, and ensuring traceability to national standards. Calibration procedures vary based on instrument type, but generally involve evaluating instrument performance, establishing calibration curves using certified reference materials at multiple concentration levels, and quantifying samples based on the calibration curves.
This document provides an overview of recent developments in top-down approaches for evaluating measurement uncertainty in testing laboratories. It discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional bottom-up GUM method and introduces several top-down methods including those based on precision, accuracy and trueness using quality control data; control chart methods; the use of validation data and reference materials; and experience-based models like Horwitz's equation. The document provides details on how measurement uncertainty is estimated using these various top-down approaches.
The document discusses calibration issues affecting an egg production company. It summarizes that production costs have risen and egg yields have fallen, but medium and small egg production has increased to offset some losses. The real problem was identified as inaccurate calibration of the balance scales over time, leading to eggs being misclassified. The company plans to implement a systematic calibration management program to properly monitor, verify, and calibrate instruments on a regular schedule.
Chapter-1_Mechanical Measurement and Metrologysudhanvavk
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end exam. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
The document discusses calibration, including definitions and objectives. It provides details on calibration procedures, including typical contents and development. Key aspects of a calibration system are outlined, such as traceability, environmental controls, and personnel requirements. Validation of calibration methods and general calibration techniques are also summarized. The document provides an overview of important concepts and considerations for calibration.
The document discusses calibration, including defining calibration as checking the accuracy of measuring instruments against a standard. It describes various calibration laboratories and standards in India such as NPL, ERTL, and ETDC. It explains the importance, purpose, and types of calibration, as well as requirements for calibration management systems and common instrument calibrations.
This document discusses estimating uncertainties in experimental measurements. It explains that all measured values must include an estimated error or uncertainty. For a tennis ball measured to have a diameter of 6.4 cm, the estimated error is ±0.1 cm, meaning the actual diameter lies between 6.3-6.5 cm. There are two main types of errors: systematic errors associated with measurement devices or procedures, and random errors from fluctuating conditions. When adding or subtracting measured values, the numerical uncertainties are added. When multiplying or dividing, the percentage errors are added. Formulas are provided for calculating percentage error from numerical error. Examples demonstrate applying these rules to operations with measured values.
This document discusses measurement standards and devices. It provides definitions and characteristics of units of length such as meters, yards, and scales. Meters are defined based on the speed of light and yards are equivalent to specific fractions of meters. Calibration establishes the relationship between measuring devices and measurement units. Accuracy depends on minimizing measurement errors and establishing relationships to known standards.
The document provides an introduction to estimating measurement uncertainty. It defines key terms like uncertainty, measurand, and error. It discusses the importance of determining measurement uncertainty when analyzing variables in samples, like the level of heavy metals in water. Proper uncertainty analysis allows one to report a range within which the true value lies, rather than a single value. The document outlines sources of uncertainty and different ways to calculate combined standard uncertainty, including through statistical analysis of repeated measurements or consideration of factors like instrument calibration. Examples are provided for estimating uncertainty in volumetric operations, weighing, and instrumental quantification.
This document discusses measurement errors and uncertainty. It defines measurement as assigning a number and unit to a property using an instrument. Error is the difference between the measured value and true value. There are two main types of error: random error, which varies unpredictably, and systematic error, which remains constant or varies predictably. Sources of error include the measuring instrument and technique used. Uncertainty is the doubt about a measurement and is quantified with an interval and confidence level, such as 20 cm ±1 cm at 95% confidence. Uncertainty is important for tasks like calibration where it must be reported.
Calibration involves comparing a known standard measurement to an unknown measurement from a unit under test to determine the unit's accuracy, repeatability, precision, and other characteristics. Calibration is important because measuring devices' accuracy degrades over time, and accurate devices improve product quality. A measuring device should be calibrated according to the manufacturer's recommendations, after any shocks, and periodically like annually or quarterly. The costs of an uncalibrated device's errors could outweigh calibration costs, so regular calibration is recommended.
The overall meaning of metrological traceability (Calibration Traceability ch...Ahmed R. Sayed
This Slide talks about the meteorological Traceability
Important Content For Calibration and testing
this slide contain information for Traceability Chain & Traceability Pyramid and Calibration Management Requirement
This document discusses measurement uncertainty. It defines measurement uncertainty as a parameter included with any measurement result that accounts for possible errors. It describes sources of uncertainty like sampling, storage conditions, and personal effects. The document outlines methods of calculating uncertainty using the standard deviation, and explains why assessing uncertainty is important for interpreting results and ensuring measurement quality. Measurement uncertainty is a key component of any measurement result.
This document discusses various sources of uncertainty in physics measurements, including incomplete definitions, unaccounted factors, environmental influences, instrument limitations, calibration errors, physical variations, drifts, response times, and parallax. It emphasizes that all measurements have some degree of uncertainty from multiple sources. Properly reporting uncertainty allows evaluation of experimental quality and comparison to other results. While the true value may not be known exactly, uncertainty analysis helps ascertain a measurement's accuracy and precision.
This document provides an overview of laboratory quality management principles. It discusses total quality management philosophy and history. The key aspects covered include the quality management system and its essential elements as defined by ISO 15189, including organization, personnel, equipment, inventory management, and more. It also distinguishes between quality assurance and quality control. Accuracy and precision are defined, as well as basic statistics used. The seven tools of quality control are outlined. Finally, it discusses calibration and qualification of laboratory equipment.
This document provides an overview of metrology and measurement concepts. It discusses the introduction to metrology, the need for measurement, components of a generalized measurement system, types of standards, units of measurement, types of measurements/methods of measurement, types of measuring instruments, accuracy vs precision, and factors affecting accuracy and precision. It also defines types of errors in measurement such as gross errors, measurement errors, systematic errors, and random errors.
This document discusses how to identify and account for zero error when using micrometers and vernier calipers. It explains that a micrometer has positive zero error if the zero marking is below the datum line, and negative zero error if above, and in either case the zero error value must be subtracted from readings. Vernier calipers also require identifying and subtracting any zero error based on the misalignment of the zero marking and datum line.
Calibration is the process of establishing the relationship between measurements indicated by an instrument and known standard values. It involves identifying instruments and sources of standards, following calibration procedures, documenting results, and accounting for sources of error. Key steps include calibrating against certified reference materials and national standards to minimize uncertainty and ensure traceability. Instruments are calibrated using single-point, multi-point or other procedures depending on the instrument type.
NCQC is sharing information about Instrument Calibration and its requirements in organizations. This ppt presentation helps organization and management trainee to understand purpose, importance and requirements of calibration management system.
This document discusses quality assurance and quality control procedures for chemical test laboratories to meet ISO/IEC 17025:2017 requirements. It covers establishing quality assurance plans, differentiating quality assurance and quality control, applying quality control practices like blanks, replicates, and laboratory controls. Quality control charts are presented as a tool to monitor analytical accuracy and precision over time.
Analytical balances are highly sensitive weighing devices used to measure small masses in the sub-milligram range. They have an enclosed weighing pan inside a transparent draft shield to prevent dust and air currents from affecting measurements. Analytical balances must be calibrated regularly and located in areas free of vibration and electromagnetic interference to provide accurate readings. Proper weighing technique requires taring the balance, centering samples on the pan, and allowing readings to stabilize before recording results.
THE CONCEPT OF TRACEABILITY IN LABORATORY MEDICINE - A TOOL FOR STANDARDISATIONMoustafa Rezk
The document discusses the concept of traceability in laboratory medicine. It provides an overview of how traceability developed through the work of organizations like NIST and NCCLS. Traceability means relating measurement values to international standards through an unbroken chain of comparisons. This ensures accuracy and comparability of results across laboratories and diagnostic methods. The key aspects of traceability include certified reference materials, reference measurement procedures, and qualified reference laboratories. Traceability is important for standardization in laboratory medicine and compliance with regulations like the EU IVD directive.
Did you know several major companies fail to follow the guidelines set fourth in ASTM E74? ASTM E74 is the standard for calibration of load cells, proving rings, force sensors and other equipment. This standard pertains to force calibration ASTM E74 calibration and is required for force equipment to calibrate to ASTM E4. This also covers what not to do and this presentation goes into detail on all of the steps needed to perform calibrations in line with ASTM E74.
Voltmeter measures voltage across a known source of potential. The voltage referred on the scale of the voltmeter refers to full-scale deflection (FSD). The FSD indication is always on the right hand side of the instrument.
The document discusses calibration, including definitions and objectives. It provides details on calibration procedures, including typical contents and development. Key aspects of a calibration system are outlined, such as traceability, environmental controls, and personnel requirements. Validation of calibration methods and general calibration techniques are also summarized. The document provides an overview of important concepts and considerations for calibration.
The document discusses calibration, including defining calibration as checking the accuracy of measuring instruments against a standard. It describes various calibration laboratories and standards in India such as NPL, ERTL, and ETDC. It explains the importance, purpose, and types of calibration, as well as requirements for calibration management systems and common instrument calibrations.
This document discusses estimating uncertainties in experimental measurements. It explains that all measured values must include an estimated error or uncertainty. For a tennis ball measured to have a diameter of 6.4 cm, the estimated error is ±0.1 cm, meaning the actual diameter lies between 6.3-6.5 cm. There are two main types of errors: systematic errors associated with measurement devices or procedures, and random errors from fluctuating conditions. When adding or subtracting measured values, the numerical uncertainties are added. When multiplying or dividing, the percentage errors are added. Formulas are provided for calculating percentage error from numerical error. Examples demonstrate applying these rules to operations with measured values.
This document discusses measurement standards and devices. It provides definitions and characteristics of units of length such as meters, yards, and scales. Meters are defined based on the speed of light and yards are equivalent to specific fractions of meters. Calibration establishes the relationship between measuring devices and measurement units. Accuracy depends on minimizing measurement errors and establishing relationships to known standards.
The document provides an introduction to estimating measurement uncertainty. It defines key terms like uncertainty, measurand, and error. It discusses the importance of determining measurement uncertainty when analyzing variables in samples, like the level of heavy metals in water. Proper uncertainty analysis allows one to report a range within which the true value lies, rather than a single value. The document outlines sources of uncertainty and different ways to calculate combined standard uncertainty, including through statistical analysis of repeated measurements or consideration of factors like instrument calibration. Examples are provided for estimating uncertainty in volumetric operations, weighing, and instrumental quantification.
This document discusses measurement errors and uncertainty. It defines measurement as assigning a number and unit to a property using an instrument. Error is the difference between the measured value and true value. There are two main types of error: random error, which varies unpredictably, and systematic error, which remains constant or varies predictably. Sources of error include the measuring instrument and technique used. Uncertainty is the doubt about a measurement and is quantified with an interval and confidence level, such as 20 cm ±1 cm at 95% confidence. Uncertainty is important for tasks like calibration where it must be reported.
Calibration involves comparing a known standard measurement to an unknown measurement from a unit under test to determine the unit's accuracy, repeatability, precision, and other characteristics. Calibration is important because measuring devices' accuracy degrades over time, and accurate devices improve product quality. A measuring device should be calibrated according to the manufacturer's recommendations, after any shocks, and periodically like annually or quarterly. The costs of an uncalibrated device's errors could outweigh calibration costs, so regular calibration is recommended.
The overall meaning of metrological traceability (Calibration Traceability ch...Ahmed R. Sayed
This Slide talks about the meteorological Traceability
Important Content For Calibration and testing
this slide contain information for Traceability Chain & Traceability Pyramid and Calibration Management Requirement
This document discusses measurement uncertainty. It defines measurement uncertainty as a parameter included with any measurement result that accounts for possible errors. It describes sources of uncertainty like sampling, storage conditions, and personal effects. The document outlines methods of calculating uncertainty using the standard deviation, and explains why assessing uncertainty is important for interpreting results and ensuring measurement quality. Measurement uncertainty is a key component of any measurement result.
This document discusses various sources of uncertainty in physics measurements, including incomplete definitions, unaccounted factors, environmental influences, instrument limitations, calibration errors, physical variations, drifts, response times, and parallax. It emphasizes that all measurements have some degree of uncertainty from multiple sources. Properly reporting uncertainty allows evaluation of experimental quality and comparison to other results. While the true value may not be known exactly, uncertainty analysis helps ascertain a measurement's accuracy and precision.
This document provides an overview of laboratory quality management principles. It discusses total quality management philosophy and history. The key aspects covered include the quality management system and its essential elements as defined by ISO 15189, including organization, personnel, equipment, inventory management, and more. It also distinguishes between quality assurance and quality control. Accuracy and precision are defined, as well as basic statistics used. The seven tools of quality control are outlined. Finally, it discusses calibration and qualification of laboratory equipment.
This document provides an overview of metrology and measurement concepts. It discusses the introduction to metrology, the need for measurement, components of a generalized measurement system, types of standards, units of measurement, types of measurements/methods of measurement, types of measuring instruments, accuracy vs precision, and factors affecting accuracy and precision. It also defines types of errors in measurement such as gross errors, measurement errors, systematic errors, and random errors.
This document discusses how to identify and account for zero error when using micrometers and vernier calipers. It explains that a micrometer has positive zero error if the zero marking is below the datum line, and negative zero error if above, and in either case the zero error value must be subtracted from readings. Vernier calipers also require identifying and subtracting any zero error based on the misalignment of the zero marking and datum line.
Calibration is the process of establishing the relationship between measurements indicated by an instrument and known standard values. It involves identifying instruments and sources of standards, following calibration procedures, documenting results, and accounting for sources of error. Key steps include calibrating against certified reference materials and national standards to minimize uncertainty and ensure traceability. Instruments are calibrated using single-point, multi-point or other procedures depending on the instrument type.
NCQC is sharing information about Instrument Calibration and its requirements in organizations. This ppt presentation helps organization and management trainee to understand purpose, importance and requirements of calibration management system.
This document discusses quality assurance and quality control procedures for chemical test laboratories to meet ISO/IEC 17025:2017 requirements. It covers establishing quality assurance plans, differentiating quality assurance and quality control, applying quality control practices like blanks, replicates, and laboratory controls. Quality control charts are presented as a tool to monitor analytical accuracy and precision over time.
Analytical balances are highly sensitive weighing devices used to measure small masses in the sub-milligram range. They have an enclosed weighing pan inside a transparent draft shield to prevent dust and air currents from affecting measurements. Analytical balances must be calibrated regularly and located in areas free of vibration and electromagnetic interference to provide accurate readings. Proper weighing technique requires taring the balance, centering samples on the pan, and allowing readings to stabilize before recording results.
THE CONCEPT OF TRACEABILITY IN LABORATORY MEDICINE - A TOOL FOR STANDARDISATIONMoustafa Rezk
The document discusses the concept of traceability in laboratory medicine. It provides an overview of how traceability developed through the work of organizations like NIST and NCCLS. Traceability means relating measurement values to international standards through an unbroken chain of comparisons. This ensures accuracy and comparability of results across laboratories and diagnostic methods. The key aspects of traceability include certified reference materials, reference measurement procedures, and qualified reference laboratories. Traceability is important for standardization in laboratory medicine and compliance with regulations like the EU IVD directive.
Did you know several major companies fail to follow the guidelines set fourth in ASTM E74? ASTM E74 is the standard for calibration of load cells, proving rings, force sensors and other equipment. This standard pertains to force calibration ASTM E74 calibration and is required for force equipment to calibrate to ASTM E4. This also covers what not to do and this presentation goes into detail on all of the steps needed to perform calibrations in line with ASTM E74.
Voltmeter measures voltage across a known source of potential. The voltage referred on the scale of the voltmeter refers to full-scale deflection (FSD). The FSD indication is always on the right hand side of the instrument.
This document provides an overview of instrumentation theory and basic instruments. It discusses process variables like flow, pressure, temperature, and level. It describes common primary elements used to measure these variables, such as orifice plates, pressure gauges, and level measurement techniques. It also covers topics like transmitters, manometers, and control loops.
Presentation on force measurement for accreditation bodiesHenry Zumbrun
This document discusses best practices for force measurement and calibration. It addresses common measurement errors that can occur from things like misalignment, improper fixtures, different thread depths, and other factors. Maintaining proper calibration techniques that replicate the end user's application is important to minimize errors. Examples of calibration certificates for different load ranges are provided to illustrate calibration uncertainty challenges. Maintaining good communication with end users is key to addressing calibration issues.
Force Measurement - Best load cell calibration practices Henry Zumbrun
Common Measurement Errors, and Challenges on CMC uncertainty for Force Measurements This slide show presents some of the most common errors for force calibration. This would include, certificate errors, adapter issues, load cell errors, force sensor alignment issues, Dillon load link errors and more.
Construction of digital voltmeter by Bapi Kumar DasB.k. Das
The document describes the construction of a digital voltmeter. It discusses 6 main sections: 1) a pulse train generator, 2) control and gating circuitry, 3) a counting section, 4) an analog input/transducer, 5) a latching and display section, and 6) completing the connections between all sections. The pulse train generator and control/gating circuitry work together to start and stop counting pulses based on the input voltage. The counting section then counts these pulses. The analog input converts the measured voltage to a signal. This signal is then latched and displayed on the digital readout.
Instrumentation deals with measuring process variables like flow, pressure, temperature and level during operations. An instrument is a device that measures these variables. Common primary elements for flow measurement include orifice plates, venturi tubes and pitot tubes. Orifice plates come in different types like concentric, eccentric and segmental for different applications. Differential pressure transmitters are calibrated and their impulse lines are checked for proper filling and venting of air.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Este documento presenta un curso sobre instrumentación básica de procesos industriales. El curso cubre conceptos clave como medición de variables comunes, simbología de instrumentación, equipos de medición y control como transmisores e indicadores, y sistemas de control digital para supervisión y control de procesos. El curso está dirigido a ingenieros y técnicos involucrados en proyectos y mantenimiento de instrumentación y control.
Calibration and validation of analytical instrumentsSolairajan A
This document discusses the calibration and validation of various analytical instruments used in pharmaceutical analysis. It provides details on calibrating UV-Vis spectrophotometers, IR spectrophotometers, spectrofluorimeters, HPLC, and GC. Calibration ensures instrument readings are accurate against standards, while validation confirms the instrument is correctly installed and operating as intended. The document outlines tests and acceptance criteria for evaluating characteristics like wavelength accuracy, resolution, noise, baseline flatness, sensitivity, flow rate, and linearity during calibration and validation of different analytical instruments.
HPLC - High Performance Liquid ChromatographyDivya Basuti
The document discusses High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). It explains that HPLC is a type of liquid chromatography that uses pumps to force the mobile phase through a column packed with porous particles or beads under high pressure. This allows for effective separation of mixtures as the components elute from the column at different rates depending on their interactions with the stationary phase. The document provides details on the typical components of an HPLC system including the solvent delivery system, pumps, injector, columns, detectors, and data processing unit.
1) The document discusses various standards and units of measurement including fundamental and derived units.
2) It describes different types of standards including international, primary, secondary, working, current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and time/frequency standards.
3) The key points are that standards define units of measurement and are classified based on their level of accuracy and use from international to working standards used in laboratories.
The document discusses program education objectives (PEOs) for graduates and measurement concepts. The PEOs are for graduates to become professional engineers, start their own companies, be employed in high-ranking positions, and conduct research. The document then summarizes key concepts of measurement including comparing an unknown quantity to a standard, instrumentation transforming physical variables into measurable signals, and requirements for measuring instruments. It provides examples of measurement systems and discusses static and dynamic instrument characteristics.
Metrology is defined as the science of measurement. It has three subfields: scientific metrology, applied metrology, and legal metrology. Scientific metrology concerns the establishment of measurement standards and units, applied metrology concerns applying measurements to manufacturing and quality control, and legal metrology regulates measurements for public safety and taxation. Key terms in metrology include accuracy, precision, calibration, traceability, and uncertainty. The International System of Units (SI) defines the seven base units for measurements and derived units are obtained by combining the base units. Prefixes are used to indicate decimal multiples or submultiples of units. Dimensions describe the physical quantities of an object, such as length, mass, and time.
1. Measurement involves comparing an unknown value to a known standard using an instrument. Common instruments include indicators, recorders, and integrators.
2. Calibration ensures accurate measurements by comparing instrument readings to a primary or secondary standard over the measurement range.
3. Damping minimizes oscillations to provide steady, accurate readings by introducing opposing forces through methods like air friction, eddy currents, or fluid friction.
This document provides an overview of meter testing concepts and standards. It begins with an introduction to the goals of the meter school presentation. It then outlines the topics that will be covered over three days, including basic electricity, wiring diagrams, AC circuits, and different types of metering. The document provides explanations and examples of key electrical concepts such as direct current, alternating current, sine waves, phasors, and power. It also discusses meter testing standards including ANSI C12, test switch specifications, and the use of current transformers. Blondel's theorem for polyphase power is also summarized.
This document discusses measurement systems and their components. It describes:
1. The three main functional elements of a generalized measurement system: the detector-transducer stage, an intermediate signal modification stage, and a final indicating, recording or controlling stage.
2. Examples of common measurement instruments like pressure gauges and thermometers.
3. The distinction between static and dynamic measurements.
4. Basic electrical measurements and common sensing devices used to convert physical variables to electrical signals.
Unit I - Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineeringarunatshare
This document provides an overview of basic electrical and electronics engineering concepts including circuit components and Ohm's law. It discusses electric current, voltage, power, energy, sources, and basic circuit elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Kirchhoff's laws and different circuit analysis methods like mesh current, node voltage, and source transformation are also introduced. Finally, the document covers electrical measurement techniques and types of instruments.
This document provides an overview of instrumentation and measurement systems. It discusses the key elements of a generalised measurement system including the primary sensing element, variable conversion element, variable manipulation element, data transmission element, data processing element, and data presentation element. It also summarizes different types of measurement instruments such as deflection vs null type, analog vs digital, active vs passive, automatic vs manual, and contacting vs non-contacting. Important concepts in instrumentation like sensitivity, readability, accuracy, precision, errors, repeatability, reproducibility and corrections are also defined in brief.
This document provides an introduction to sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus, and a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. The document then discusses different types of sensors classified by their energy form, including displacement, force, pressure, velocity, and level sensors. It provides examples of common sensor types like potentiometers, strain gauges, LVDTs, optical encoders, and piezoelectric sensors. Finally, it covers the topic of signal conditioning, where the signal from the sensor is prepared for use in other parts of a system.
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. The document discusses different types of transducers including active and passive transducers. It describes various transducers such as thermocouples, LVDTs, RVDTs, and capacitive transducers. Capacitive transducers can be used to measure variables like pressure, displacement, force, and liquid level by detecting changes in capacitance. The document provides details on the operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages of these transducers.
This document discusses various types of sensors and transducers. It begins by describing the fundamental elements of a measuring instrument, including the physical variable being measured, primary detector/transducer that converts the physical variable to an electrical signal, intermediate signal processing stage, and final output stage. It then compares electronic versus mechanical instruments. Key definitions of transducer, sensor and actuator are provided. The rest of the document discusses various types of sensors in more detail, including resistive, capacitive, inductive, strain gauges, temperature sensors, light sensors, and flow/speed sensors.
The document describes experiments conducted to generate sound waves from pulsed solar/IR radiation using thermo-acoustic converters. The experiments aimed to study parameters affecting acoustic amplitude and obtain acoustic waves from solar radiation over 200 Hz - 3 kHz. Indoor experiments used an IR heater and outdoor experiments used solar radiation as heat sources. Results showed acoustic amplitude depended on factors like acoustic frequency, porous material properties, heating power, and converter design. Outdoor experiments successfully obtained acoustic waves within 200 Hz - 3 kHz using solar energy.
Lecture Notes: EEEC6430312 Measurements And Instrumentation - Fundamentals O...AIMST University
This document discusses fundamentals of measurement and instrumentation. It covers topics such as physical variables that are measured, history and development of measurement systems, standardization of units, sensors and transducers that convert physical values to electrical signals, and elements of a basic measurement instrument. The goal of measurement is determining values of physical quantities by comparing them to known standards through various transduction and signal processing methods.
The document discusses the functional blocks and components of a measurement system. It describes the key elements as the input, sensing element, signal conditioner, and data presenting device. The sensing element is usually a sensor or transducer that converts the measured physical quantity into an electrical signal. The signal conditioner then processes the transducer output into a suitable form for the data presenting device, which can be a display, recorder, or other output method. Transducers are further classified as active if they generate their own output signal or passive if they require an external power source. Examples of active transducers include thermocouples and piezoelectric devices.
The document summarizes key concepts from the Mechanical Measurements and Metrology course. It defines a generalized measurement system as having three stages: a primary detector-transducer stage that senses the input signal, an intermediate modifying stage that conditions the signal, and an output or terminating stage that presents the measured value. It describes common static characteristics like accuracy, precision, and hysteresis. Dynamic characteristics discussed include system response, time delay, and types of errors in measurements. The document also summarizes electrical and mechanical transducers, intermediate modifying devices, and terminating devices used to present measurement outputs.
1. Power measurements at microwave frequencies involve measuring average power rather than voltage and current. Common measurement techniques include Schottky diode detectors for low power, calorimeters for medium to high power, and bolometer bridges.
2. Calorimeters work by converting microwave power to heat and measuring the temperature change of a fluid. Static and circular calorimeters are used along with calorimeter wattmeters to measure unknown power.
3. Vector network analyzers measure both the amplitude and phase of microwave signals, allowing characterization of devices under test.
CONTENTS
Measurements
Significance of Measurement system
Fundamental methods of Measurement
The generalized measurement system
Definitions & basic concepts
Errors in Measurements
Sources of errors
Accuracy Precision
Resolution
Linearity
Hysteresis
Impedance loading
Introduction to Transducers
Classification of transducers
Capacitive
Inductive
Resistive
Electromagnetic
Piezoelectric
Photoconductive
Photovoltaic
1) The document describes three types of electrical measuring instruments: indicating instruments which show measurements on a scale, recording instruments which make a continuous record of variations over time on a chart or dial, and integrating instruments which totalize a quantity like energy consumed over a period without showing the rate of change.
2) It then compares analog and digital instruments, noting that analog instruments represent information continuously with scales while digital instruments use discrete values and bits, and that digital instruments are more accurate, portable, and widely used today.
3) Types of errors in measurement are discussed, including systematic errors from inaccuracies, random errors from unpredictable fluctuations, and gross errors from human or equipment faults.
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2. OBJECTIVE
2
• To learn and understand different types of
measurements units, measurement
constants, calibration and measurement
standards as well as principles and
practices of treaceability.
3. AGENDA
3
• Introduction
• Base SI Units
• Derived SI Units
• SI Multipliers and Conversions
• Fundamental Constants
• Common Measurements
• Principles and Practices of Traceability
• Types of Measurement Standards
• Substitution of Calibration Standards
• Sample Questions
• Q & A Session
4. BASE SI UNITS
4
Characteristic Fundamental
Unit
Description
Length Meter (m) Path of light traveling in vacuum during
1/299,792,458 of a second
Time Second (s) Duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of
radiation corresponding to the
transition between two hyperfine levels
of ground state of the cesium atom
Mass Kilogram (kg) Equal to international prototype
platinum-iridium alloy cylinder
Electric Current Ampere (A) Constant flow that produces 2X10^-7
Newtons per each meter of length
between two straight conductors
5.
6. BASE SI UNITS (cont’d)
6
Characteristic Fundamental Unit Description
Temperature Kelvin (K) Fraction of 1/273.16 of the
thermodynamic temperature of the
triple point of water (0.01 C)
NOTE: know how to convert from
Kelvin to Celsius and vice-versa
Light Candela (cd) Luminous intensity of a source that
emits monochromatic radiation of
frequency 540x10^12 hertz and has
radiant intensity in the same direction
of 1/683 watt
Amount of Substance Mole (mol) Amount of substance of a system
which contains many elementary
entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kilogram of carbon 12
7. DERIVED SI UNITS
7
Characteristic Fundamental Unit Description
Area m^2 Length multiplied by length
Volume m^3 Length multiplied by length multiplied
by length
Frequency Hz Time inverted
Density kg / m^3 Mass divided by volume
Velocity m / s Length divided by time
Acceleration m / s^2 Length divided by squared time
Force N Mass multiplied by acceleration
8. DERIVED SI UNITS (cont’d)
8
Characteristic Fundamental Unit Description
Pressure Pa Newton divided by volume
Kinematic Viscosity m^2 / s Squared length divided by time
Work (energy) J Newton multiplied by length
Power W Power divided by time
Electric Charge C Amperes multiplied by time
Voltage
(electromotive force)
V Power divided by amperes
Electric Resistant Ω Voltage divided by amperes
9. DERIVED SI UNITS (cont’d)
9
Characteristic Fundamental Unit Description
Electric Capacitance F Amperes multiplied by time divided by
voltage
Magnetic Flux Wb Voltage multiplied by time
Inductance H Voltage multiplied by time divided by
amperes
Magnetic Flux Density T Magnetic flux divided by area
Magnetic Field
Strength
A/m Amperes divided by length
Magnetomotive Force A Amperes
Luminance cd / m^2 Candela divided by area
10. DERIVED SI UNITS (cont’d)
10
Characteristic Fundamental Unit Description
Luminance flux Im Candela multiplied
Illuminations Lx Luminance flux divided by area
12. FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
12
Speed of light in vacuum;
unchanging in space or time
Not dependent on time or
place; gravitational attraction
of matter
Varies by place; within the US,
it varies 0.2% (scales should be
calibrated at point of use)
Relationship between
pressure, volume and
temperature in an ideal gas
Relationship between amount of
substance and number of molecules in
that amount
Back body used in calibration; temp
of black body measured by its color
13. COMMON MEASUREMENTS
13
• Inspection, Measurement, and Test
Equipment (IM&TE)
• To calibrate any equipment, it is necessary to
generate a known amount of the variable to be
measured and apply it to the unit under test.
• Variable can be generated by using known generator
(i.e. gage block) or unknown generator (in the case it
must be measured simultaneously with calibrated
device).
• Where IM&TE is also a generator then the output
must be known.
14. COMMON MEASUREMENTS (cont’d)
14
• Laboratory Measurement of Temperature:
– Liquid-in-glass thermometers must be immersed in the
calibration bath to a predefined depth.
– Resistance-Temperature-Devices work on the basis of
temperature versus resistance characteristics.
– Thermocouples work the basis of temperature versus
voltage characteristics.
– Optical Pyrometer is used to measure temperatures above
200 C by measuring the color of the object from the
distance.
15. COMMON MEASUREMENTS (cont’d)
15
• Laboratory Measurement of Humidity:
– Humidity is best measured using a chilled mirror
hydrometer.
– Psychrometer measures humidity by comparing
the temperature near a dry bulb with that of a wet
bulb (the lower the humidity the greater the
cooling)
16. COMMON MEASUREMENTS (cont’d)
16
• Laboratory Measurement of Pressure:
– The most accurate way to measure pressure is to
generate it (weight divided by the area).
– Low pressures can be measured using manometer
(column of liquid responds to positive and
negative pressures).
– The Bourdon gage measures pressure by
mechanical means of elasticity (elastic element
used).
– The Quartz Bourdon gage measures pressure by
means of electronic transducer.
17. COMMON MEASUREMENTS (cont’d)
17
• Laboratory
Measurement of Torque:
– Torque is difficult to
generate and measure.
– Greatest uncertainty,
when it comes to
measuring torque, is the
distance from the center
of the mass to the center
of the ratating lever arm.
18. COMMON MEASUREMENTS (cont’d)
18
• Laboratory Measurement
of Force:
– Force is generate by hanging
calibrated weights on the
unit under test (requires
correction to local gravity).
19. COMMON MEASUREMENTS (cont’d)
19
• Laboratory Measurement of
Mass:
– Masses are calibrated by
comparison to known and
traceable reference standards.
– Gravity correction
required?????
• No, if the materials of the
standard are the same as of the
unit under test.
• Yes, where there is difference in
materials.
20. COMMON MEASUREMENTS (cont’d)
20
• Laboratory Measurement of Electrical
Quantity:
– Electronic Calibrators, Capacitors and
Inductors, Digital Multimeters, Null
Indicators, Bridges and Transfer Standards.
– Number of digits on the display does NOT mean
that the same level of accuracy has been
achieved.
– In case where DC is used, special attention should
be paid to high and low voltage (potential results
distortion)
21. COMMON MEASUREMENTS (cont’d)
21
• Laboratory Measurement of Electrical
Calculations:
– Calibration technician is expected to perform
simple calculations when it comes to electronics
and their properties.
– Electric Current is measured in amperes
– Electronic Potential or electromotive force is
measured in volts
– Electrical resistance is measured in ohms next
slide
– Electrical Power is measured in Watts
23. COMMON MEASUREMENTS (cont’d)
23
• Laboratory Measurement of Time and
Frequency:
– GPS (Global Positioning System) signal is
considered traceable to national standards and
has output of about 10MHz (at full capacity).
When it comes to length measurements, the most
important fact to remember is that the temperature for
dimensional measurements shall be 20 C!
24. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF TRACEABILITY
24
• Traceability is defined as ability to link the results of
the calibration and measurement to related standard
and/or reference (preferably national or international
standard) through an unbroken chain of
comparisons.
• Calibration is typically performed by measuring a test
unit against a known standard or reference.
• Master standard (i.e. gages) are kept by National
Measurement Institute (NMI) of each country.
25. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF TRACEABILITY (cont’d)
25
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
provides internal tracking numbers, which are often
used as evidence of traceability.
• WARNING! NIST does not certify or guarantee that
calibration and measurements are correct, nor does
it provide any kind of certification of accuracy and
calibration and the internal number does mean that
the test unit calibrated is indeed valid. NIST only
provides certifications for the work performed by
them.
27. TYPES OF MEASUREMENT STANDARDS (cont’d)
27
• International Standard
– Highest level of reference standards agreed by multiple
countries for the common purpose (kept at Bureau of
Weights and Measures in Sevres, France).
• Intrinsic Standard
– If properly maintained they provide standards based on
laws of physics, fundamentals of nature, invariant
properties of materials.
• National Standard
– In US, it is maintained by NIST, and it is a standard formed
by one or many groups within one country (or only few
countries = adapted).
28. TYPES OF MEASUREMENT STANDARDS (cont’d)
28
• Reference Standard
– Item of highest metrological quality located at a site where
calibration is being conducted.
• Master Standard
– Lower level of Reference Standard and used for calibration
of lower level calibration requirements measuring devices.
• Working Standard (working master)
– Should be compared to Master Standard or Reference
Standard on regular basis; Used for daily checks /
comparisons of the calibrated devices.
29. TYPES OF MEASUREMENT STANDARDS (cont’d)
29
• Derived Standard
– Combination of two or more standards for the sake of fulfilling
traceability requirements.
• Consensus Standard
– Example of such standard is Rockwell Hardness; This standard is used
when no traceability to a known standard can be established, but
rather an agreement of all parties is considered the standard.
• Transfer Standard
– This standard is actually an artifact designed to be calibrated at one
location and transferred to another location without its impact to
validity of calibration (deviation ranges due to transportations
acceptable).
– NOTE: Sometimes Transfer Standard is used to describe transferring
values from a NIST standard to a local standard.
30. SUBSTITUTE OF CALIBRATION STANDARDS
30
• When no valid standard is available at point of use, a
technician can:
– Postpone the calibration until the standard becomes
available, or
– Identify suitable substitute standard
• If substitute standard is to be used then:
– Procedure must allow it
– Substitute standard must be available at point of use
– Substitute standard must be of equal or better
specifications
– The uncertainty of standard must be equal or better than
required to calibrated the test unit
31. SUBSTITUTE OF CALIBRATION STANDARDS (cont’d)
31
• ISO standard for calibration laboratories is:
– ISO 17025
– This standard is NOT procedure heavy
• ANSI standard for calibration is:
– ANSI Z540-1
Remember: Not all procedures and practices allow substitutions of standards
and sometimes they might be test unit specific
Remember: Substitution is a “judgment call” made by a technician (where no
documented procedure and/or practice exists)