The document discusses business cycles and their key phases: expansion, peak, recession, trough, depression, and recovery. It defines business cycles as periods of economic growth and contraction, outlines the characteristics of each phase, and notes that business cycles involve fluctuations in indicators like GDP, employment, income, and prices. The document also examines theories of business cycle causation, measurement, and the need for government policies to stabilize economies and mitigate harm from cycles.
Microeconomics: Introduction and basic conceptsPie GS
1.1 Meaning and definition of microeconomics
1.2 Basic microeconomic issues: scarcity, efficiency and
alternative uses of resources
1.3 Differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics
1.4 Opportunity cost, normative economics and positive
economics
1.5 Importance of microeconomics in business decision making
1.6 Economic models: meaning and use of economic models
This short revision video provides an overview of three forms of imperfect competition, namely monopoly, oligopoly and imperfect competition. It considers too the likely impact of each market structure on allocative, productive and dynamic efficiency.
Microeconomics: Introduction and basic conceptsPie GS
1.1 Meaning and definition of microeconomics
1.2 Basic microeconomic issues: scarcity, efficiency and
alternative uses of resources
1.3 Differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics
1.4 Opportunity cost, normative economics and positive
economics
1.5 Importance of microeconomics in business decision making
1.6 Economic models: meaning and use of economic models
This short revision video provides an overview of three forms of imperfect competition, namely monopoly, oligopoly and imperfect competition. It considers too the likely impact of each market structure on allocative, productive and dynamic efficiency.
Students should be able to:
Identify economies and diseconomies of scale.
Students must be able to distinguish and give examples of internal and external economies and diseconomies of scale.
Students should be able to:
Identify economies and diseconomies of scale.
Students must be able to distinguish and give examples of internal and external economies and diseconomies of scale.
CA NOTES ON BUSINESS CYCLES IN BUSINESS ECONOMICS
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KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
CA NOTES ON BUSINESS ECONOMICS
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
Trade (Business) Cycle content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to the Trade Cycle
Phases of the Trade Cycle (Booms, Recessions, Slumps, Recoveries)
MIS Subsystems
Hierarchical Relations of Subsystems
Types of Subsystems
Organisational Function Subsystem
Activity Subsystem
Organisational Function Subsystems
Organisational Function
Production Subsystem
Marketing Subsystem
Personnel Subsystem
Finance Subsystem
Multiple approaches to the structure of MIS
Operational elements (physical components, process, and outputs for users),
Activity subsystems
Functional subsystems
Decision support
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Mechanism of Feedback
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Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
Input, Process and Output Control
Quality and value of information & Information overloadMohammed Jasir PV
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Information Overload
Causes of Information Overload
Tips to solve the information overload problem
Techniques of Managing Overload
Management Information System
Concept - MIS
Components of MIS
MIS Activites
MIS Fonctions
Characteristics of MIS
Advantages of MIS
Disadvantages of MIS
An introduction to the financial market in India - Types of Financial Markets - Primary Market - Secondary Market - Nature of Fin. Market - Functions of the Markets - Importance of the Markets - SEBI
Multiple Approaches & Synthesis of MIS Structure
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Multiple Approaches to MIS
= Formal IS and Informal IS
= Public IS and Private IS
= Information Networks
= Modularity
= Extent of Integration
= Extent of Man-machine Integration
Synthesis of MIS Structure
= Physical Structure
= Conceptual Structure
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
2. Topics.
Trade Cycle / Business Cycle
Money
Stock and flow concept
Quantity Theory of money
Fischer’s Equation – Cambridge Equation
Velocity of Circular flow of money
Credit Control methods
SLR, CRR, OPO
Repo and reverse Repo rate
Emerging concepts in money
3.
4. What is a business cycle? A business cycle refers to periods of expansion and
contraction.
The recurring and fluctuating levels of economic activity that
an economy experiences over a long period of time.
A peak is the high point following a period of economic
expansion. A trough is the low point following a period of
economic decline.
6. According to Arthur F. Burns
and Wesley C. Mitchell..
Business cycles are a type of fluctuation found in the
aggregate economic activity of nations that organize their
work mainly in business enterprises.
A cycle consists of:
Expansions.
General recessions.
Contractions
And revivals which merge into the expansion
phase of the next cycle.
7. According to Joseph Business
Cycle has 4 steps…..
Expansion: Increase in production and prices, low
interests rates.
Crisis: Stock exchanges crash and multiple
bankruptcies of firms occur.
Recession: Drops in prices and in output high interests
rates.
Recovery/Revival: Stocks recover because of the fall in
prices and incomes.
10. Boom
The business outlook is extremely optimistic.
The important features of prosperity are:
a high level of output ,trade, employment and income,
a high level of effective demand and high marginal
efficiency of capital,
a large expansion of bank credit, and
a rising trend in prices, profits and interest rates.
11. PEAK
Characterized by
Slackening in expansion rate
Highest level of prosperity
Downward slide in economic
activities
The phase of recession begins
12. Recession
During recessions, many macro economic indicators
vary in a similar way.
Production, as measured by gross domestic product
(GDP), employment, investment spending, capacity
utilisation, household incomes, business profits, and
inflation all fall
while bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise.
13. RECESSION
Downward slide in growth
rate becomes rapid and steady
Output, employment, prices
etc. register a rapid decline
When the growth rate goes
below the steady growth rate
depression sets in
14. Depression
The phase of depression economic activity is at its low
. Wages, cost, price are very low.
There is massive unemployment leading to a fall in the
aggregate income of the people.
This brings down the purchasing power of the
community.
General demand falls faster than production.
The piled-up stock are sold at very high rates of
discount leading to heavy loss to the firms.
15. DEPRESSION
Depression begins when
Growth is less than zero
Total output, employment,
prices, bank advances etc.
Decline during subsequent
period
Depression lasts as long as
growth rate stays below the
stagnated growth rate
16. TROUGH
Phase during which the downward
trend in the economy slows down
and eventually stops
Economic activities once again
register an upward movement
Period of severe strain on the
economy
Economy registers a continuous
and rapid upward trend in
output,employment, etc.
It enters the phase of recovery
17. Recovery
The rising price of an asset
Increased economic activity during a business cycle,
resulting in growth in the gross domestic product.
Collection of all or a portion of a debt previously
considered uncollectible.
Valuable materials remaining after processing.
Proceeds from the sale of an asset that represent
depreciation that has already been taken.
19. RECOVERY &
EXPANSION
In the recovery phase the growth
rate may still remain below the
steady growth rate.
When it exceeds this rate, the
economy enters the phase of
expansion And prosperity
21. RECOVERY
DURING DEPRESSION
ONLY CONSUMER GOODS ARE
PURCHASED
DURABLE GOODS
REMAIN UNSOLD
OLD DURABLE GOODS
EITHER GET CONSUMED
OR BECOME OBSOLETE
PURCHASE OF GOODS
AGAIN BECOMES
NECESSARY
PRODUCERS PURCHASE
THESE GOODS
PRODUCTION IS ENCOURAGED
INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT
INCREASE IN DEMAND FOR
CONSUMER GOODS
GREATER PRODUCTION OFCAPITAL
GOODS
ENCOURAGEMENT TO PRODUCE
CONSUMER AS WELL
PRODUCTIVE GOODS
PROGRESS IN BOTH INDUSTRIES
FULL
EMPLOYMENT
22. BOOM
EMPLOYMENT INCREASE
WAGES RISE
DEMAND INCREASES
PRICES RISE
PROFITS RISE MORE THAN
WAGES
LEVEL OF INVESTMENT
INCREASES
AS A RESULT THE LEVEL OF
EMPLOYMENT, INCOMES
AND TRADE ALSO RISE
THERE IS OVERALL
PROSPERITY
23. RECESSION
INCREASED DEMAND
DURING BOOM
BRINGS IN LESS
EFFICIENT MEANS
OF PRODUCTION
MONEY MARKET ALSO
BECOMES COSTLIER
DEMAND FOR LOANS PUSHES
UP INTREST RATES
QUANTITY OF
INVESTMENT BEGINS
TO DECREASE
COST OF PRODUCTION
GOES UP
PRICES OF COMMODITIES
RISE SHARPLY
BEGINNING OF DEPRESSION
24. What causes recession
Decrease in spending by
consumers due to lack of
faith in the economy
Less consumption would
mean decline in demand
for products
Which leads the
manufacturers to cut
down on production
Lower production would
lead to job cuts
Which leads to high
levels of unemployment
Which perpetuates the
cycle due to limited
spending
25. How we measure business cycle ?
The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-
down movements in economic activity, measured by
fluctuations in Real GDP and other macroeconomic
variables.
?
26. NEED FOR CONTROLLING BUSINESS CYCLES
Business
Cycles
Harm to business community
Create unemployment and
poverty
Hence the need to create
stabilization
Through Government
Intervention