Bt 202 aug 12 2011 ppt1997-2004
•Download as PPT, PDF•
4 likes•1,455 views
This document discusses acids and bases including definitions, the pH scale, dissociation of weak acids and bases, buffers, and buffering in biological systems. Key points covered include the ionization of water, proton hopping, the definition of pH and pKa, acid-base reactions and conjugate pairs, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and examples of buffers in the body.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
sugar classification and reaction
Introduction
Classification of carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
The Common Monosaccharide Have Cyclic Structure
Organism Contain a Variety of Hexose Derivatives
Monosaccharide Are Reducing Agents
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Type of polysaccharide
Some Homopolysaccharides Are Stored Forms of Fuel
Some Homopolysaccharides Serve Structural Roles
Homopolysaccharied Folding
Reaction of Sugar
Conclusion
Reference
Chemistry of carbohydrates and their structure
The document discusses carbohydrates and their classification. It notes that carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be further classified as aldoses or ketoses depending on whether they have an aldehyde or ketone functional group. Common monosaccharides include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses. Disaccharides are formed from the condensation of two monosaccharide units and include maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are formed from the condensation of many monosaccharide units and can be homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides.
Integration metabolism
The document discusses energy demand and supply as well as the integration of major metabolic pathways for energy metabolism. It outlines several key metabolic pathways including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, degradation of amino acids, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, the hexose monophosphate shunt, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. It then describes how different organs specialize in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism both during fed and starved states to regulate energy supply and demand at the organism level.
Disaccharides
Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides joined by an O-glycosidic linkage. The main disaccharides discussed are:
1) Sucrose (table sugar), which hydrolyzes into glucose and fructose. Inversion of sucrose produces invert sugar, which is sweeter.
2) Maltose, formed from two glucose molecules and is a reducing sugar. It is found in germinating seeds.
3) Lactose is the sugar in milk, formed from glucose and galactose. It is hydrolyzed by lactase in the small intestine.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are based upon the general formula Cn(H20)n
– As if they were hydrates of carbon (most abundant organic molecules in our biosphere)
Monosaccharides by KK Sahu sir
WHAT IS CARBOHYDRATE? CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATE? WHAT IS MONOSACCHARIDE? CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDE. PHYSICAL PROPERTY. CHEMICAL PROPERTY. ATRUCTURAL FORMULA. METABOLISM . IMPORTANCE OF MONOSACCHARIDE. IMPORTANT FACT RELATED TO MONOSACCHARIDE. DISORDER OF MONOSACCHARIDE CONCLUSION. REFRANCES
Buffers
Buffers are compounds or mixtures
of compounds that by their presence
in the solution resist changes in the
pH upon the addition of small
quantities of acid or alkali.
Chapter 7 acids and bases
This document discusses acid-base theories and equilibria in water. It describes the Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories of acids and bases. The autoionization of water and definitions of pH and pOH are explained. Calculations of pH for strong/weak acids and bases, salts, and buffer solutions using the ionization constant and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation are presented with examples. The role of buffers in resisting pH change upon addition of acids or bases is also summarized.
Recommended
sugar classification and reaction
Introduction
Classification of carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
The Common Monosaccharide Have Cyclic Structure
Organism Contain a Variety of Hexose Derivatives
Monosaccharide Are Reducing Agents
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Type of polysaccharide
Some Homopolysaccharides Are Stored Forms of Fuel
Some Homopolysaccharides Serve Structural Roles
Homopolysaccharied Folding
Reaction of Sugar
Conclusion
Reference
Chemistry of carbohydrates and their structure
The document discusses carbohydrates and their classification. It notes that carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be further classified as aldoses or ketoses depending on whether they have an aldehyde or ketone functional group. Common monosaccharides include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses. Disaccharides are formed from the condensation of two monosaccharide units and include maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are formed from the condensation of many monosaccharide units and can be homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides.
Integration metabolism
The document discusses energy demand and supply as well as the integration of major metabolic pathways for energy metabolism. It outlines several key metabolic pathways including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, degradation of amino acids, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, the hexose monophosphate shunt, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. It then describes how different organs specialize in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism both during fed and starved states to regulate energy supply and demand at the organism level.
Disaccharides
Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides joined by an O-glycosidic linkage. The main disaccharides discussed are:
1) Sucrose (table sugar), which hydrolyzes into glucose and fructose. Inversion of sucrose produces invert sugar, which is sweeter.
2) Maltose, formed from two glucose molecules and is a reducing sugar. It is found in germinating seeds.
3) Lactose is the sugar in milk, formed from glucose and galactose. It is hydrolyzed by lactase in the small intestine.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are based upon the general formula Cn(H20)n
– As if they were hydrates of carbon (most abundant organic molecules in our biosphere)
Monosaccharides by KK Sahu sir
WHAT IS CARBOHYDRATE? CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATE? WHAT IS MONOSACCHARIDE? CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDE. PHYSICAL PROPERTY. CHEMICAL PROPERTY. ATRUCTURAL FORMULA. METABOLISM . IMPORTANCE OF MONOSACCHARIDE. IMPORTANT FACT RELATED TO MONOSACCHARIDE. DISORDER OF MONOSACCHARIDE CONCLUSION. REFRANCES
Buffers
Buffers are compounds or mixtures
of compounds that by their presence
in the solution resist changes in the
pH upon the addition of small
quantities of acid or alkali.
Chapter 7 acids and bases
This document discusses acid-base theories and equilibria in water. It describes the Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories of acids and bases. The autoionization of water and definitions of pH and pOH are explained. Calculations of pH for strong/weak acids and bases, salts, and buffer solutions using the ionization constant and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation are presented with examples. The role of buffers in resisting pH change upon addition of acids or bases is also summarized.
Biological buffer
Buffer is a mixture of weak acid and salt of conjugate base that resist the change in pH upon the addition of acid or base. BUFFER + H+ H+ BUFFER.
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL BUFFER 1. Bicarbonate Buffer 2. Phosphate Buffer 3.Protein Buffer 4. Haemoglobin
Monosaccharides
This document discusses carbohydrates and monosaccharides. It defines carbohydrates as compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses. The document discusses various properties of monosaccharides including isomerism, anomerism, mutarotation, and common chemical reactions like oxidation, reduction, and reactions with acids and bases. It also summarizes important derivatives of monosaccharides such as amino sugars, deoxy sugars, sugar acids, sugar alcohols, esters, and glycosides.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINOACIDS
This document summarizes the biosynthesis of amino acids. It discusses how nitrogen fixation by microorganisms and industrial processes provides nitrogen that is assimilated into amino acids through glutamate and glutamine. The carbon backbones for amino acids come from central metabolic pathways, and the L-stereochemistry is enforced by transamination. The pathways are grouped into families, with examples given like the transamination between aspartate and alanine, and the biosynthesis of asparagine, proline, arginine, serine and glycine.
Reactions Of Carbohydrates
This slide will help you to understand about chemical reactions of monosaccharides and Disaccharides. The carbohydrate can can undergo several reactions like oxidation, reduction, esterification, dehydration and tautomerization to give various products.
Carbohydrate oligosaccharides
Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of 2 to 10 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. They are found in many plants and foods. Common oligosaccharides include disaccharides like maltose, lactose, and sucrose. Oligosaccharides serve various functions like promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and increasing mineral absorption. They are also used as prebiotics to improve gastrointestinal health.
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
The Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP shunt) is an alternative pathway to glucose oxidation that generates NADPH and pentose sugars rather than ATP. It occurs in the cytosol and is most active in tissues involved in lipid and steroid biosynthesis that require NADPH. The pathway has an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that regenerates pentose sugars. It is important because it provides precursors for nucleic acid synthesis and NADPH for lipid synthesis, steroidogenesis, and antioxidant defenses. Deficiencies in the pathway can cause hemolytic anemia or neurological disorders.
Glycosidic bonding
n chemistry, a glycosidic bond is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
Chemistry of carbohydrates
This document discusses the chemistry of carbohydrates. It states that carbohydrates are synthesized in plants through photosynthesis and are a major source of energy in our diets. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Important monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and ribose. Glucose is the primary sugar transported in blood and used for energy by tissues. Carbohydrates exist in solution both as open-chain and cyclic ring forms.
Structure and properties of water
Water is a polar molecule comprised of an oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms at an angle of 104.5 degrees. This polar structure results in slightly positive and negative charges on opposite sides of the molecule. Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds between the slightly positive hydrogen of one molecule and the slightly negative oxygen of another. These hydrogen bonds give water important properties like surface tension, capillary action, and allowing it to dissolve many other polar substances. Water can also exist as a liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor) and plays a vital role in all living things.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
Chemistry of amino acids with their clinical applications
A comprehensive presentation on Chemistry of Amino acids with their clinical applications for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning.
Carbohydrate chemistry
This document provides information on carbohydrate structure and classification. It discusses:
- Monosaccharides include glucose and fructose which can form ring structures.
- Carbohydrates can exhibit stereoisomers like enantiomers and diastereomers due to asymmetric carbons.
- Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides linked together, examples include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
- Polysaccharides include homopolysaccharides like starch and cellulose, and heteropolysaccharides like glycosaminoglycans.
- Glycosaminoglycans are important structural components in tissues and involved in various biological functions.
Classification and nomenclature of enzymes
This document discusses the classification and nomenclature of enzymes. It describes three naming systems: trivial names which provide no functional information; systematic names which indicate the substrate and type of reaction; and EC (Enzyme Commission) numbers which classify enzymes into six main classes based on the type of chemical reaction catalyzed. The six classes are oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. EC numbers are a four-digit code that precisely identifies each enzyme and its catalytic activity.
Hydrolysis of ATP
1. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups and serves as the universal carrier of chemical energy in cells.
2. Hydrolysis of ATP releases one phosphate group, forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), which is a highly exergonic reaction with a large negative free energy change.
3. The free energy change is so large because hydrolysis relieves electrostatic repulsion between ATP's phosphate groups and the products ADP and Pi are more stable species than ATP.
Fatty acid synthesis
The document discusses fatty acid synthesis. It begins by describing fatty acids and their roles in the body. It then covers the three main ways fatty acids are produced: diet, adipolysis, and de novo synthesis. The process of de novo synthesis occurs primarily in the liver, adipose tissue, and lactating mammary glands. It involves acetyl-CoA being carboxylated to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Fatty acid synthase then catalyzes the repeating cycles of condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction to elongate the fatty acid chain until a 16-carbon palmitate is produced. NADPH provides reducing equivalents for the reactions.
Carbohydrate Chemistry
https://youtu.be/XTJ87QYY4uw
click on above link for video of above ppt
Chemistry of Carbohydrates for medical, para medical, Science students.
Presentation on Buffer
Our body maintains the acid-alkali balance, slight disturbance in the buffer system may lead to health issues.
Indicators
- Many acid-base indicators are weak acids that partially dissociate in solution, existing in both ionized and un-ionized forms which have different colors. In acidic solution, the equilibrium favors the un-ionized form which is typically red. In alkaline solution, the equilibrium favors the ionized blue form.
- Titration curves show characteristic shapes depending on whether the acid and base are strong or weak. A strong acid-strong base titration has an initial flat region followed by a sharp pH change at the equivalence point. A weak acid-strong base titration has a gradual pH change throughout.
- The suitable indicator for a titration must change color within the sharp pH change region near the
Enzyme kinetics
Enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts in biological processes, accelerating reactions by lowering their activation energy. Enzyme kinetics is the study of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes and how varying conditions affect reaction rates. The Michaelis-Menten model describes reaction rates in terms of the enzyme-substrate binding affinity (Km) and maximum reaction rate (Vmax). Graphical representations like Lineweaver-Burk and Eadie-Hofstee plots can determine these parameters from experimental data.
Regulation of Glycolysis and TCA cycle
The document summarizes the regulation of glycolysis and the TCA cycle. For glycolysis, three key enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase) are regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon. Their activity is also controlled by allosteric effectors and covalent modification. For the TCA cycle, the ratios of NADH/NAD+ and ATP/ADP provide feedback to regulate the cycle. Specifically, citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase are inhibited by accumulated products to regulate the entry and second reaction of the cycle.
Water's Polarity
Water has unique properties primarily due to its polarity. Polarity arises because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, giving water molecules an overall slight charge. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds, contributing to properties like cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and capillary action. Water is the most abundant naturally occurring liquid on Earth and is unusual in that it expands when frozen.
5 p h,buffers
This document discusses salt hydrolysis and buffer solutions. It explains that salt hydrolysis occurs when the cation or anion of a salt reacts with water, producing acidic or basic solutions depending on the relative strengths of the products. There are four types of salt hydrolysis based on the salt containing strong/weak acids and bases. Buffer solutions resist pH changes upon adding acids or bases. They work by containing a weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and conjugate acid. Common examples are discussed along with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for calculating buffer pH.
More Related Content
What's hot
Biological buffer
Buffer is a mixture of weak acid and salt of conjugate base that resist the change in pH upon the addition of acid or base. BUFFER + H+ H+ BUFFER.
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL BUFFER 1. Bicarbonate Buffer 2. Phosphate Buffer 3.Protein Buffer 4. Haemoglobin
Monosaccharides
This document discusses carbohydrates and monosaccharides. It defines carbohydrates as compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses. The document discusses various properties of monosaccharides including isomerism, anomerism, mutarotation, and common chemical reactions like oxidation, reduction, and reactions with acids and bases. It also summarizes important derivatives of monosaccharides such as amino sugars, deoxy sugars, sugar acids, sugar alcohols, esters, and glycosides.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINOACIDS
This document summarizes the biosynthesis of amino acids. It discusses how nitrogen fixation by microorganisms and industrial processes provides nitrogen that is assimilated into amino acids through glutamate and glutamine. The carbon backbones for amino acids come from central metabolic pathways, and the L-stereochemistry is enforced by transamination. The pathways are grouped into families, with examples given like the transamination between aspartate and alanine, and the biosynthesis of asparagine, proline, arginine, serine and glycine.
Reactions Of Carbohydrates
This slide will help you to understand about chemical reactions of monosaccharides and Disaccharides. The carbohydrate can can undergo several reactions like oxidation, reduction, esterification, dehydration and tautomerization to give various products.
Carbohydrate oligosaccharides
Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of 2 to 10 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. They are found in many plants and foods. Common oligosaccharides include disaccharides like maltose, lactose, and sucrose. Oligosaccharides serve various functions like promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and increasing mineral absorption. They are also used as prebiotics to improve gastrointestinal health.
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
The Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP shunt) is an alternative pathway to glucose oxidation that generates NADPH and pentose sugars rather than ATP. It occurs in the cytosol and is most active in tissues involved in lipid and steroid biosynthesis that require NADPH. The pathway has an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that regenerates pentose sugars. It is important because it provides precursors for nucleic acid synthesis and NADPH for lipid synthesis, steroidogenesis, and antioxidant defenses. Deficiencies in the pathway can cause hemolytic anemia or neurological disorders.
Glycosidic bonding
n chemistry, a glycosidic bond is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
Chemistry of carbohydrates
This document discusses the chemistry of carbohydrates. It states that carbohydrates are synthesized in plants through photosynthesis and are a major source of energy in our diets. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Important monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and ribose. Glucose is the primary sugar transported in blood and used for energy by tissues. Carbohydrates exist in solution both as open-chain and cyclic ring forms.
Structure and properties of water
Water is a polar molecule comprised of an oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms at an angle of 104.5 degrees. This polar structure results in slightly positive and negative charges on opposite sides of the molecule. Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds between the slightly positive hydrogen of one molecule and the slightly negative oxygen of another. These hydrogen bonds give water important properties like surface tension, capillary action, and allowing it to dissolve many other polar substances. Water can also exist as a liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor) and plays a vital role in all living things.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
Chemistry of amino acids with their clinical applications
A comprehensive presentation on Chemistry of Amino acids with their clinical applications for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning.
Carbohydrate chemistry
This document provides information on carbohydrate structure and classification. It discusses:
- Monosaccharides include glucose and fructose which can form ring structures.
- Carbohydrates can exhibit stereoisomers like enantiomers and diastereomers due to asymmetric carbons.
- Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides linked together, examples include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
- Polysaccharides include homopolysaccharides like starch and cellulose, and heteropolysaccharides like glycosaminoglycans.
- Glycosaminoglycans are important structural components in tissues and involved in various biological functions.
Classification and nomenclature of enzymes
This document discusses the classification and nomenclature of enzymes. It describes three naming systems: trivial names which provide no functional information; systematic names which indicate the substrate and type of reaction; and EC (Enzyme Commission) numbers which classify enzymes into six main classes based on the type of chemical reaction catalyzed. The six classes are oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. EC numbers are a four-digit code that precisely identifies each enzyme and its catalytic activity.
Hydrolysis of ATP
1. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups and serves as the universal carrier of chemical energy in cells.
2. Hydrolysis of ATP releases one phosphate group, forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), which is a highly exergonic reaction with a large negative free energy change.
3. The free energy change is so large because hydrolysis relieves electrostatic repulsion between ATP's phosphate groups and the products ADP and Pi are more stable species than ATP.
Fatty acid synthesis
The document discusses fatty acid synthesis. It begins by describing fatty acids and their roles in the body. It then covers the three main ways fatty acids are produced: diet, adipolysis, and de novo synthesis. The process of de novo synthesis occurs primarily in the liver, adipose tissue, and lactating mammary glands. It involves acetyl-CoA being carboxylated to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Fatty acid synthase then catalyzes the repeating cycles of condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction to elongate the fatty acid chain until a 16-carbon palmitate is produced. NADPH provides reducing equivalents for the reactions.
Carbohydrate Chemistry
https://youtu.be/XTJ87QYY4uw
click on above link for video of above ppt
Chemistry of Carbohydrates for medical, para medical, Science students.
Presentation on Buffer
Our body maintains the acid-alkali balance, slight disturbance in the buffer system may lead to health issues.
Indicators
- Many acid-base indicators are weak acids that partially dissociate in solution, existing in both ionized and un-ionized forms which have different colors. In acidic solution, the equilibrium favors the un-ionized form which is typically red. In alkaline solution, the equilibrium favors the ionized blue form.
- Titration curves show characteristic shapes depending on whether the acid and base are strong or weak. A strong acid-strong base titration has an initial flat region followed by a sharp pH change at the equivalence point. A weak acid-strong base titration has a gradual pH change throughout.
- The suitable indicator for a titration must change color within the sharp pH change region near the
Enzyme kinetics
Enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts in biological processes, accelerating reactions by lowering their activation energy. Enzyme kinetics is the study of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes and how varying conditions affect reaction rates. The Michaelis-Menten model describes reaction rates in terms of the enzyme-substrate binding affinity (Km) and maximum reaction rate (Vmax). Graphical representations like Lineweaver-Burk and Eadie-Hofstee plots can determine these parameters from experimental data.
Regulation of Glycolysis and TCA cycle
The document summarizes the regulation of glycolysis and the TCA cycle. For glycolysis, three key enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase) are regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon. Their activity is also controlled by allosteric effectors and covalent modification. For the TCA cycle, the ratios of NADH/NAD+ and ATP/ADP provide feedback to regulate the cycle. Specifically, citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase are inhibited by accumulated products to regulate the entry and second reaction of the cycle.
What's hot (20)
Chemistry of amino acids with their clinical applications
Chemistry of amino acids with their clinical applications
Viewers also liked
Water's Polarity
Water has unique properties primarily due to its polarity. Polarity arises because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, giving water molecules an overall slight charge. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds, contributing to properties like cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and capillary action. Water is the most abundant naturally occurring liquid on Earth and is unusual in that it expands when frozen.
5 p h,buffers
This document discusses salt hydrolysis and buffer solutions. It explains that salt hydrolysis occurs when the cation or anion of a salt reacts with water, producing acidic or basic solutions depending on the relative strengths of the products. There are four types of salt hydrolysis based on the salt containing strong/weak acids and bases. Buffer solutions resist pH changes upon adding acids or bases. They work by containing a weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and conjugate acid. Common examples are discussed along with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for calculating buffer pH.
Unit 3 water properties power point
Water has unique properties due to its polar molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds. Its polarity allows it to dissolve more substances than any other liquid. Water's high heat of vaporization, specific heat, and ability to form hydrogen bonds give it a high heat capacity which moderates Earth's temperature. Water's cohesion and adhesion properties are responsible for important phenomena like surface tension and capillary action.
Water- Biochemistry
Water is essential for all life and makes up a large percentage of the human body. It is present in every cell and is required for enzyme action, transport of solutes, and the folding of biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids. Water regulates body temperature and accelerates biochemical reactions by providing ions. The polarity and hydrogen bonding properties of water molecules are responsible for many of water's unique properties, such as its high melting point, heat capacity, and ability to dissolve polar and ionic compounds. These properties make water essential for the structure and function of biological molecules and living organisms.
What are the physical characteristics of water
Water is the most abundant liquid on Earth, covering about 70% of the planet's surface. It has unique physical properties like a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization. Water exists in three states - liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor) - and its density peaks at 3.98°C in its liquid form. In addition to moderating Earth's climate, water is widely used as a coolant in power plants and heat exchange systems due to its heat transfer abilities.
Chem 2 - Acid-Base Equilibria II - The Auto-Ionization of Water
1) Water can act as both an acid and a base, donating or accepting protons in chemical reactions.
2) Water undergoes autoionization, reacting with itself to form hydronium and hydroxide ions. The equilibrium constant for this reaction is known as Kw.
3) In pure water at 25°C, Kw equals 1.0 × 10-14, meaning the concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions are both 1.0 × 10-7.
Acids, bases, & salts
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as compounds that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, have a pH below 7, and react with metals. Bases are defined as compounds that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water and have a pH above 7. Salts are neutral compounds formed by the reaction of acids and bases. Common acids and bases are listed, along with their uses. The pH scale and indicators are also explained.
Viewers also liked (7)
Chem 2 - Acid-Base Equilibria II - The Auto-Ionization of Water
Chem 2 - Acid-Base Equilibria II - The Auto-Ionization of Water
Similar to Bt 202 aug 12 2011 ppt1997-2004
Chem 132 principles of chemistry lab ii montgomery
This document provides an introduction to principles of chemistry lab II, covering acids and bases, pH, buffers, and hydrolysis. Key points include:
- Acids and bases are classified as strong or weak based on their degree of ionization in aqueous solutions.
- The pH scale quantifies the concentration of hydronium ions in solution and relates it inversely to acidity.
- Buffers help maintain pH within a narrow range by consuming added hydronium or hydroxide ions.
- Indicators change color over specific pH ranges and can be used to approximate solution pH.
- Hydrolysis reactions involve the breaking of salt bonds in water and the formation of conjugate acid-base pairs.
Prabhakar singh ii sem-p-h and buffers
Prabhakar singh ii sem-p-h and buffersDepartment of Biochemistry, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal Univarsity, Jaunpur
This document discusses pH, buffers, and buffer capacity. It defines pH as a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in solution on a scale from 0-14. Buffers resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added by containing both a weak acid and its conjugate base. The effectiveness of a buffer depends on the total concentration of its components and having close to equal concentrations of the weak acid and conjugate base. Common applications of buffers include maintaining pH in blood and enzymes.Ph,buffers,balance
The document discusses acid-base balance and buffers. It provides:
1. The syllabus for MBBS and BDS programs which covers topics like pH, Henderson-Hasselbach equation, acid-base regulation in the human body, and importance of selectively permeable membranes.
2. Information on water functions in the body, its role in thermal regulation, and water movement via osmosis.
3. Definitions of acids, bases, pH, and how buffers work to resist pH changes when acids or bases are added. Common buffer systems in the body like bicarbonate are discussed.
4. Applications of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation to calculate pH changes, abundance of ion
AP Chemistry Chapter 17 Outline
The document discusses various concepts related to aqueous equilibria including:
1) The common ion effect where adding a strong electrolyte containing a common ion with a weak electrolyte decreases the ionization of the weak electrolyte.
2) Buffers and how they resist pH changes through reactions of the weak acid/base with added strong acid or base.
3) Solubility products (Ksp) and how solubility is affected by factors like common ions, pH, and complex ion formation.
Acids and bases 13052020
This document provides an overview of acids and bases according to different theories:
1) Arrhenius concept defines acids and bases as compounds that release H+ and OH- ions in water.
2) Bronsted-Lowry concept defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors in any reaction.
3) Lewis concept defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors, forming coordinate covalent bonds.
Buffer solutions maintain pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base and are important in biological systems like blood plasma.
pH by KK SAHU sir
Introduction
History
Acid & Base
Ionization of water
Definitions of pH
(1) Mathematical Definition
(2) pH
(3) pOH
Buffer solution
(1) Types
(2) Buffer action
(3) Biological buffer systems
Henderson – Hasselbalch Equation
Measurement of pH
(1) pH Scale
(2) pH indicators
(3) pH meter
pH in human body and nature
Importance
Conclusion
Reference
The PH Scale
The document discusses pH and the pH scale. It defines pH as the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions and explains that pH values below 7 indicate increasing acidity while values above 7 indicate increasing basicity. It provides examples of calculating pH from given hydrogen ion concentrations and vice versa. It also discusses buffer solutions and how they resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Apchemunit15presentation 120311192458-phpapp01
1. This unit covers acid-base chemistry including solutions containing a common ion, buffered solutions, and titrations.
2. Buffered solutions contain relatively large concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. They resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
3. Titration curves are generated by plotting pH versus volume of titrant added. The pH changes slowly until near the equivalence point, where a small change in titrant produces a large pH change as the ratio of [H+]/[OH-] changes dramatically.
ABDULLAH_AMINO_ACID_PRESENTATION_1[1].pptx
Amphoteric Nature: The Key to Amino Acid's Versatility
Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, possess a unique ionic characteristic known as amphoteric behavior. This means they can act as both acids and bases depending on the surrounding environment (pH). This property arises from the presence of two functional groups within their structure:
An amino group (NH2) with a basic nature, capable of accepting a proton (H+).
A carboxyl group (COOH) with acidic character, able to donate a proton.
In aqueous solutions, amino acids exist primarily in a zwitterionic form. Here, the carboxyl group loses a proton becoming a negatively charged carboxylate (COO-), while the amino group gains a proton becoming a positively charged ammonium (NH3+). Despite having opposite charges, the molecule remains electrically neutral due to the internal balancing of charges.
Buffer solutions, henderson, ph metry
This document discusses buffer solutions, including their definition, examples, and mechanisms of action. It defines a buffer as a solution that resists changes to its pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. Common buffer systems include carbonic acid/sodium bicarbonate and monosodium phosphate/disodium phosphate. The Henderson-Hasselbach equation relates the pH of a buffer solution to the ratio of its conjugate acid and base forms and their pKa values. Buffers in the body include bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffers that help maintain blood pH within a narrow range.
body fluids (water, acid, base and buffers).pptx
Water is a polar molecule made of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom in a covalent bond. It has many unique properties including being a universal solvent, having high surface tension and specific heat, and exhibiting strong cohesion and adhesion. These properties arise from water's polar nature and hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Buffers help maintain pH and resist changes upon addition of acids or bases through acid-base reactions between their components. The body maintains pH levels through important buffer systems including bicarbonate, phosphate, and proteins that buffer cellular fluids and blood.
Application of Statistical and mathematical equations in Chemistry Part 5
Application of Statistical and mathematical equations in Chemistry
Part 5
Strong Acids and Bases
Ph theory
Weak Acids and Weak Bases
Salts of Weak Acids and Bases theory
A buffer solution theory
POLYPROTIC ACID IONIZATION
Buffer solution
1. A buffer solution maintains a fairly constant pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or base. There are two types: acidic buffers containing a weak acid and salt of that acid, and basic buffers containing a weak base and salt of that base.
2. Buffer solutions resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added. The buffer capacity depends on the concentrations of the buffer components and how close the pKa is to the solution's pH.
3. Common acid-base indicators like phenolphthalein and methyl orange change color over a specific pH range, signaling the endpoint in acid-base titrations.
Biochemistry 304 2014 student edition acids, bases and p h
- The document provides an overview of acids, bases and pH, including the ionization of water, calculation of pH, and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. It discusses weak acids and buffers, and how pH affects protein solubility and enzyme function. Sample calculations are provided for determining pH, titration curves, and ionic strength. The key goals are to understand concepts related to acid-base chemistry and calculations involving pH, pKa, and buffering capacity.
Acid base balance-1
This document discusses acid-base balance and the mechanisms that regulate pH levels in the human body. It covers topics like buffers, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation of pH. The three main points are:
1) Buffers like bicarbonate help maintain pH levels by neutralizing excess hydrogen ions. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes the buffering capacity of bicarbonate.
2) The respiratory system regulates pH rapidly through exhalation of carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin transports carbon dioxide as bicarbonate from tissues to the lungs.
3) The kidneys regulate pH over longer periods through reabsorption of bicarbonate, and excretion of fixed acids, ammonium
02 hydrolysis. buffers__colloids
The document discusses several topics related to medical chemistry including:
1) Hydrolysis of salts derived from weak acids/bases can cause solutions to be slightly acidic or alkaline as the ions undergo reactions with water to reach equilibrium concentrations based on acid/base dissociation constants.
2) Buffer solutions resist pH changes upon addition of small amounts of acid or base through equilibria involving both acidic and basic components of comparable concentrations.
3) Aqueous colloidal dispersions can be stabilized by electric charge alone or by charge and solvation shells, with solubility of hydrophilic particles depending on salt concentration and competition for hydration shells.
Manish ppt
The document discusses pH and buffers. It defines pH as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration. pH is measured on a scale from 0 to 14, with values below 7 being acidic and above 7 being basic. Buffers resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added by using an equilibrium between a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. Common methods for measuring pH include pH strips, pH indicators, and pH meters. The most important buffer system in the body is the carbonic acid-hydrogen carbonate buffer system, which helps maintain pH levels in body fluids.
Ph and buffer
This document discusses acid-base balance and pH. It defines pH as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with values below 7 being acidic and above 7 being basic. The body maintains acid-base balance through buffer systems like bicarbonate and proteins, and respiratory and renal compensation mechanisms. Disturbances in acid-base balance can cause metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, or respiratory alkalosis.
acids and bases
The document discusses key concepts regarding acids and bases including: Bronsted-Lowery acids and bases, conjugate acid-base pairs, the pH scale, strong and weak acids and bases, acid-base properties of salts, and Lewis acids and bases. Key equations discussed include the ionization of water and the autoionization constant Kw. Sample problems are provided for calculating pH, percentage of ionization, and acid and base dissociation constants.
Similar to Bt 202 aug 12 2011 ppt1997-2004 (20)
Chem 132 principles of chemistry lab ii montgomery
Chem 132 principles of chemistry lab ii montgomery
Application of Statistical and mathematical equations in Chemistry Part 5
Application of Statistical and mathematical equations in Chemistry Part 5
Biochemistry 304 2014 student edition acids, bases and p h
Biochemistry 304 2014 student edition acids, bases and p h
More from Mohit Chowdhury
Sept 14, 2011 new
This document provides information about nucleotides, nucleic acids, DNA and RNA structure and function. It discusses:
- The components of nucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides.
- DNA and RNA secondary and tertiary structure.
- Key discoveries in DNA including it being identified as the genetic material and the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure.
- RNA types including mRNA, tRNA and rRNA and their functions in transcription and translation.
- DNA replication, transcription, and mutations.
Sept 5 bt202
This document discusses enzyme kinetics and regulation. It begins by defining enzymes as proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in cells. Enzymes have specific active sites that bind substrates and use mechanisms like cofactors and induced fit to lower activation energy. Reaction rates follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics and can be regulated through feedback inhibition, allosteric modulation, covalent modification like phosphorylation, and proteolytic cleavage of zymogens. The document also describes different types of reversible and irreversible enzyme inhibition.
Bt202 aug 24, 2011new
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable providing a student's personal contact information without their consent.
Bt 202 water
This document provides an overview of biochemistry by discussing the properties of water and its importance for life. It notes that water is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds, giving it unique properties like high heat capacity and surface tension. These hydrogen bonds allow water to dissolve many polar substances. Water's hydrogen bonding and ability to dissolve biomolecules make it essential as the universal solvent for living organisms. The document also briefly discusses solutions, solutes, solvents, and how water interacts with charged and nonpolar compounds.
Bt 202 aug 19 2011new
The document discusses several key topics in biochemistry including:
- The essential elements that make up most of an organism's mass including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
- Carbon's versatility in forming linear, branched and cyclic structures in biomolecules.
- Common functional groups in biomolecules like amino acids, nucleotides, sugars and their derivatives.
- Classes of biomolecules including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids.
- Stereoisomers and the different types like enantiomers and diastereomers.
Aug 26 2011
The document discusses several key topics regarding proteins and enzymes:
1. It describes the primary structure of proteins and how their amino acid sequence determines their function. It also discusses polymorphic proteins and early protein sequencing methods.
2. Protein folding and the factors that influence a protein's three-dimensional structure are summarized, including non-covalent bonds, domains, and common structural motifs like alpha helices and beta sheets.
3. The roles of different protein types like globular, fibrous, and assembly proteins are highlighted. Key fibrous proteins like collagen and elastin are also mentioned.
Sept 9 bt202
The document discusses different types of lipids found in biological membranes and their functions. It describes storage lipids like triglycerides that are used for energy storage. It also discusses structural lipids like phospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols that make up biological membranes. Finally, it summarizes various mechanisms of transport across membranes including passive diffusion, active transport via pumps and channels.
More from Mohit Chowdhury (7)
Recently uploaded
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Indian satta Matka Dpboss Matka Kalyan Chart Matka Boss otg matka Guessing Satta Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto RicoCorey Perlman, Social Media Speaker and Consultant
Social media for business Building Your Employer Brand with Social Media
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Best practices for project execution and delivery
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and Creation
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media Masterclass
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptx
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firm’s foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...
Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-inspired to the data-driven praxis (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdown
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
An introduction to the cryptocurrency investment platform Binance Savings.
Learn how to use Binance Savings to expand your bitcoin holdings. Discover how to maximize your earnings on one of the most reliable cryptocurrency exchange platforms, as well as how to earn interest on your cryptocurrency holdings and the various savings choices available.
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying Them
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
-- June 2024 is National Volunteer Month --
Check out our June display of books on voluntary organisations
Organizational Change Leadership Agile Tour Geneve 2024
Organizational Change Leadership at Agile Tour Geneve 2024
Mastering B2B Payments Webinar from BlueSnap
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
Recently uploaded (20)
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka
The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...
The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...
The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media Masterclass
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media Masterclass
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptx
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptx
Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...
Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
An introduction to the cryptocurrency investment platform Binance Savings.
An introduction to the cryptocurrency investment platform Binance Savings.
Organizational Change Leadership Agile Tour Geneve 2024
Organizational Change Leadership Agile Tour Geneve 2024
Bt 202 aug 12 2011 ppt1997-2004
- 1. BT-202 Biochemistry Aug 16, 2011
- 5. Soaps, toothpaste and cleaning agents.
- 21. HF + H 2 O H 3 O + + F -
- 28. Proton donor
- 45. pH of some aqueous fluids. pH scale ranges from 0-14.
- 65. Buffer
- 67. Buffer The acetic acid-acetate pair as a buffer system
- 73. Buffers in cells and tissues Cytoplasm of cells contain many amino acids with functional groups that are weak acids or weak bases
- 74. Buffers in cells and tissues Blood plasma is buffered inpart by the bicarbonate system.