Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, smoking, and other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on airway clearance using expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics for secondary infections. Smoking cessation, exercise, chest physiotherapy, and oxygen therapy can help manage chronic bronchitis. Nursing care emphasizes improving breathing, clearing secretions, preventing infections, and enhancing coping skills.
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, characterized by a long-term productive cough. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest discomfort. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, mucolytics, or steroids. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and avoiding irritants can help prevention.
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, characterized by a long-term productive cough. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest discomfort. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, mucolytics, or steroids. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and avoiding pollution can help prevent bronchitis.
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It is characterized by coughing and mucus production. Risk factors include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, and weakened immune systems. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial infections, bronchodilators, expectorants, and lifestyle changes like smoking cessation. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance, breathing exercises, hydration, and preventing exacerbations.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. There are two main types: acute bronchitis, which usually lasts a few weeks and follows a cold or flu, and chronic bronchitis, a long-term illness with daily cough and mucus production for at least 3 months per year. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Managing risk factors like smoking and avoiding pollutants can help prevent bronchitis.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Smoking is the primary risk factor for COPD. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and smoking cessation. Nursing management for COPD patients focuses on improving ventilation and gas exchange, managing activity intolerance and anxiety, and effectively clearing airways through techniques like chest physiotherapy.
This document provides information about bronchitis, including:
- Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by infection or irritation that makes breathing difficult.
- It commonly follows a cold or flu and causes a cough with mucus, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath. Chronic bronchitis lasts over 3 months.
- Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, dust, and repeated acute bronchitis. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exams, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests.
- Treatment focuses on rest, hydration, breathing treatments, and medications like antibiotics, bronchodilators, and
This document provides information about bronchitis, including:
- Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by infection or irritation that makes breathing difficult.
- It commonly follows a cold or flu and causes a cough with mucus, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath. Chronic bronchitis lasts over 3 months.
- Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, dust, and repeated acute bronchitis. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exams, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests.
- Treatment focuses on rest, hydration, breathing treatments, and medications like antibiotics, bronchodilators, and
bronchitis Bronchitis is a condition that develops when the airways in the lu...amerMuhssen
Bronchitis is an infection and inflammation of the bronchial tubes that connect the nose to the lungs. There are two main types: acute bronchitis, which usually follows a cold or flu and lasts a few weeks, and chronic bronchitis, a long-term illness with daily cough and mucus production for at least 3 months per year. Bronchitis is caused by viruses, bacteria, and other irritants and risk factors include smoking, air pollution, and respiratory infections. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchod
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, characterized by a long-term productive cough. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest discomfort. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, mucolytics, or steroids. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and avoiding irritants can help prevention.
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, characterized by a long-term productive cough. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest discomfort. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, mucolytics, or steroids. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and avoiding pollution can help prevent bronchitis.
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It is characterized by coughing and mucus production. Risk factors include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, and weakened immune systems. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial infections, bronchodilators, expectorants, and lifestyle changes like smoking cessation. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance, breathing exercises, hydration, and preventing exacerbations.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. There are two main types: acute bronchitis, which usually lasts a few weeks and follows a cold or flu, and chronic bronchitis, a long-term illness with daily cough and mucus production for at least 3 months per year. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Managing risk factors like smoking and avoiding pollutants can help prevent bronchitis.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Smoking is the primary risk factor for COPD. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and smoking cessation. Nursing management for COPD patients focuses on improving ventilation and gas exchange, managing activity intolerance and anxiety, and effectively clearing airways through techniques like chest physiotherapy.
This document provides information about bronchitis, including:
- Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by infection or irritation that makes breathing difficult.
- It commonly follows a cold or flu and causes a cough with mucus, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath. Chronic bronchitis lasts over 3 months.
- Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, dust, and repeated acute bronchitis. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exams, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests.
- Treatment focuses on rest, hydration, breathing treatments, and medications like antibiotics, bronchodilators, and
This document provides information about bronchitis, including:
- Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by infection or irritation that makes breathing difficult.
- It commonly follows a cold or flu and causes a cough with mucus, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath. Chronic bronchitis lasts over 3 months.
- Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, dust, and repeated acute bronchitis. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exams, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests.
- Treatment focuses on rest, hydration, breathing treatments, and medications like antibiotics, bronchodilators, and
bronchitis Bronchitis is a condition that develops when the airways in the lu...amerMuhssen
Bronchitis is an infection and inflammation of the bronchial tubes that connect the nose to the lungs. There are two main types: acute bronchitis, which usually follows a cold or flu and lasts a few weeks, and chronic bronchitis, a long-term illness with daily cough and mucus production for at least 3 months per year. Bronchitis is caused by viruses, bacteria, and other irritants and risk factors include smoking, air pollution, and respiratory infections. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchod
The document provides an overview of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) including definitions, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical assessment, classification, management, and pharmacological treatment options. It defines COPD and its two major forms, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Risk factors include cigarette smoking. Management involves assessing and monitoring the disease, reducing risks, managing stable COPD and exacerbations. Treatment includes bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, rehabilitation, and smoking cessation.
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks after a cold or flu, or chronic, characterized by a persistent cough for at least three months per year over two years. Risk factors include smoking, secondhand smoke, air pollution, age, and weak immune system. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing and fatigue. Diagnosis involves exams, tests, and imaging. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacteria, cough medicine, bronchodilators, and lifestyle changes.
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), specifically bronchitis. It defines bronchitis as an inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs, usually due to infection. The two main types are acute bronchitis, which usually lasts a few weeks, and chronic bronchitis, which is a persistent cough for 3 months. Common causes are smoking, viruses like rhinovirus, and bacteria like streptococcus pneumoniae. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves antibiotics, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and airway clearance techniques.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease..It is one of the most affecting lung disease.. In detailed explanation of disease is there and including its ayurvedic aspect of management is also there...
#Ayurveda#Emphysema#Chronic brochitis
This document discusses asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, triggers, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction.
- It affects over 25 million Americans and its prevalence has been increasing since the 1980s.
- Asthma can be triggered by allergens, viruses, exercise, weather, irritants and other factors.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function testing to detect reversible airflow obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
- Proper treatment and care can help control asthma and prevent its potentially serious consequences like hospitalizations and death.
This document provides information on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and some of its components. It begins with an introduction defining COPD and its causes as disorders that narrow the airways and limit airflow. It then discusses specific conditions like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. For each condition, it covers definitions, classifications, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, pathophysiology, management, pharmacological treatments, and potential complications. The document aims to educate on COPD and its subtypes through detailed descriptions and explanations.
The document discusses several respiratory disorders:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways causing hyperresponsiveness and mucus production. Common triggers include allergies, irritants, exercise and stress. Symptoms are coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Treatment includes preventative inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators for relief.
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation in the air sacs. Symptoms are cough, fever, chest pain and shortness of breath. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Treatment involves antibiotics, fever relief medications and oxygen therapy.
- COPD is a lung disease characterized by obstruction of
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing.
- It affects over 350 million people globally and causes nearly 400,000 deaths per year, most in developing countries.
- Long-term treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments include oral corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and long-acting beta-2 agonists.
- Triggers include infections, allergens, exercise, air pollution, weather changes, drugs, stress, and smoking. Proper management is needed to prevent complications and control symptoms.
1. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes mucus buildup and difficulty breathing. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months.
2. Smoking is a major cause of both acute and chronic bronchitis. Other causes include viral infections, air pollution, and repeated lung irritation.
3. Treatment for bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, antibiotics if bacterial infection is present, and removing irritants like smoking. Managing symptoms can help prevent complications like pneumonia.
The document provides information on three pulmonary diseases: bronchiectasis, COPD, and asthma. It describes the characteristics, causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment for each disease. The key points are:
- Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent dilation of the bronchi due to destruction of elastic and muscular layers. It is often caused by pulmonary tuberculosis and leads to impaired drainage and infection.
- COPD involves chronic airflow obstruction, often caused by cigarette smoking. It encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Spirometry is the gold standard for diagnosis.
- Asthma is an inflammatory disease causing narrowing of the airways. It is often triggered by allergens or
COPD is characterized by airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is defined by cough and sputum production for at least 3 months a year for two years. Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls, impairing gas exchange. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and dyspnea. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and lung transplantation in severe cases. Nursing management focuses on airway clearance, breathing exercises, smoking cessation education, and self-management education.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking and result in limited airflow. The document discusses the definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of COPD. It notes that COPD is the 4th leading cause of death and involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways leading to shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on improving ventilation, removing secretions, managing complications, and improving overall health.
Lower respiratory tract infections affect the lungs and airways. They can be caused by viruses like influenza or bacteria such as Streptococcus. Symptoms range from mild cough and fever to difficulty breathing. Doctors diagnose based on exams, chest X-rays, and tests. Specific infections include bronchitis, which causes coughing and wheezing, and pneumonia, which inflames the air sacs in the lungs. Treatment depends on the infection but may include antibiotics, cough medicine, oxygen, or smoking cessation.
The document is a student project on asthma and emphysema. It includes a certificate page signed by teachers, an acknowledgements page thanking those who helped with the project, and an index of the contents. The main body discusses the objectives, introduction, theories, signs and symptoms, causes, and diagnosis of asthma and emphysema. It provides detailed information on the environmental and genetic factors involved in causing asthma, as well as the symptoms and progression of emphysema due to damage of the alveoli in the lungs from smoking or other causes. Spirometry and other lung function tests are used to diagnose both conditions.
This document provides information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It begins with an introduction stating that COPD is a progressive and partially reversible disease comprising chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It then discusses the incidence and prevalence of COPD in the United States. Next, it describes the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It concludes by outlining the diagnostic tests, complications, medical management including medications and lifestyle changes, and nursing management of COPD.
Asthma and COPD are chronic respiratory diseases characterized by inflammation in the lungs that cause breathlessness. Asthma involves narrowing of the airways while COPD involves damage to the lungs over many years, usually due to smoking. The main symptoms of both diseases are breathlessness, coughing, and excess mucus. While there is no cure for either condition, treatments can help control symptoms and prevent worsening of the diseases. Treatments include bronchodilators to open airways, steroids to reduce inflammation, and oxygen therapy for severe cases. Proper management is aimed at improving quality of life and preventing complications.
This document discusses cough, its mechanism, phases, pathophysiology and approach to patients presenting with cough. It defines cough and outlines its mechanism as a sudden expiratory thrust interrupting breathing. It describes the inspiratory, compressive and expulsive phases of cough. The pathophysiology involves cough receptors in the airways activating afferent nerves that signal the cough center in the brainstem. A detailed history and examination is important to determine the cause and duration of cough. Common causes of acute, subacute and chronic cough are outlined. Investigations including sputum examination, chest imaging and pulmonary function tests may help diagnose the specific condition. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause, with additional options for antitussive agents
The document discusses respiratory disorders and focuses on asthma. It defines asthma as a condition where the airways become inflamed, narrow, and produce excess mucus, making breathing difficult. The document outlines the causes, types, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, classification based on severity, complications, and treatment of asthma through medications and non-pharmacological methods. It also briefly discusses other respiratory disorders like COPD, bronchiectasis, and their causes, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking. In COPD, airflow to the lungs is limited by inflammation and damage to airways and lung tissue. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and managing exacerbations. Nursing care aims to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, and ensure effective airway clearance and rest.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The document provides an overview of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) including definitions, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical assessment, classification, management, and pharmacological treatment options. It defines COPD and its two major forms, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Risk factors include cigarette smoking. Management involves assessing and monitoring the disease, reducing risks, managing stable COPD and exacerbations. Treatment includes bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, rehabilitation, and smoking cessation.
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks after a cold or flu, or chronic, characterized by a persistent cough for at least three months per year over two years. Risk factors include smoking, secondhand smoke, air pollution, age, and weak immune system. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing and fatigue. Diagnosis involves exams, tests, and imaging. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacteria, cough medicine, bronchodilators, and lifestyle changes.
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), specifically bronchitis. It defines bronchitis as an inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs, usually due to infection. The two main types are acute bronchitis, which usually lasts a few weeks, and chronic bronchitis, which is a persistent cough for 3 months. Common causes are smoking, viruses like rhinovirus, and bacteria like streptococcus pneumoniae. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves antibiotics, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and airway clearance techniques.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease..It is one of the most affecting lung disease.. In detailed explanation of disease is there and including its ayurvedic aspect of management is also there...
#Ayurveda#Emphysema#Chronic brochitis
This document discusses asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, triggers, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction.
- It affects over 25 million Americans and its prevalence has been increasing since the 1980s.
- Asthma can be triggered by allergens, viruses, exercise, weather, irritants and other factors.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function testing to detect reversible airflow obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
- Proper treatment and care can help control asthma and prevent its potentially serious consequences like hospitalizations and death.
This document provides information on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and some of its components. It begins with an introduction defining COPD and its causes as disorders that narrow the airways and limit airflow. It then discusses specific conditions like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. For each condition, it covers definitions, classifications, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, pathophysiology, management, pharmacological treatments, and potential complications. The document aims to educate on COPD and its subtypes through detailed descriptions and explanations.
The document discusses several respiratory disorders:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways causing hyperresponsiveness and mucus production. Common triggers include allergies, irritants, exercise and stress. Symptoms are coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Treatment includes preventative inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators for relief.
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation in the air sacs. Symptoms are cough, fever, chest pain and shortness of breath. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Treatment involves antibiotics, fever relief medications and oxygen therapy.
- COPD is a lung disease characterized by obstruction of
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing.
- It affects over 350 million people globally and causes nearly 400,000 deaths per year, most in developing countries.
- Long-term treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments include oral corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and long-acting beta-2 agonists.
- Triggers include infections, allergens, exercise, air pollution, weather changes, drugs, stress, and smoking. Proper management is needed to prevent complications and control symptoms.
1. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes mucus buildup and difficulty breathing. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months.
2. Smoking is a major cause of both acute and chronic bronchitis. Other causes include viral infections, air pollution, and repeated lung irritation.
3. Treatment for bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, antibiotics if bacterial infection is present, and removing irritants like smoking. Managing symptoms can help prevent complications like pneumonia.
The document provides information on three pulmonary diseases: bronchiectasis, COPD, and asthma. It describes the characteristics, causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment for each disease. The key points are:
- Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent dilation of the bronchi due to destruction of elastic and muscular layers. It is often caused by pulmonary tuberculosis and leads to impaired drainage and infection.
- COPD involves chronic airflow obstruction, often caused by cigarette smoking. It encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Spirometry is the gold standard for diagnosis.
- Asthma is an inflammatory disease causing narrowing of the airways. It is often triggered by allergens or
COPD is characterized by airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is defined by cough and sputum production for at least 3 months a year for two years. Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls, impairing gas exchange. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and dyspnea. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and lung transplantation in severe cases. Nursing management focuses on airway clearance, breathing exercises, smoking cessation education, and self-management education.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking and result in limited airflow. The document discusses the definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of COPD. It notes that COPD is the 4th leading cause of death and involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways leading to shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on improving ventilation, removing secretions, managing complications, and improving overall health.
Lower respiratory tract infections affect the lungs and airways. They can be caused by viruses like influenza or bacteria such as Streptococcus. Symptoms range from mild cough and fever to difficulty breathing. Doctors diagnose based on exams, chest X-rays, and tests. Specific infections include bronchitis, which causes coughing and wheezing, and pneumonia, which inflames the air sacs in the lungs. Treatment depends on the infection but may include antibiotics, cough medicine, oxygen, or smoking cessation.
The document is a student project on asthma and emphysema. It includes a certificate page signed by teachers, an acknowledgements page thanking those who helped with the project, and an index of the contents. The main body discusses the objectives, introduction, theories, signs and symptoms, causes, and diagnosis of asthma and emphysema. It provides detailed information on the environmental and genetic factors involved in causing asthma, as well as the symptoms and progression of emphysema due to damage of the alveoli in the lungs from smoking or other causes. Spirometry and other lung function tests are used to diagnose both conditions.
This document provides information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It begins with an introduction stating that COPD is a progressive and partially reversible disease comprising chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It then discusses the incidence and prevalence of COPD in the United States. Next, it describes the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It concludes by outlining the diagnostic tests, complications, medical management including medications and lifestyle changes, and nursing management of COPD.
Asthma and COPD are chronic respiratory diseases characterized by inflammation in the lungs that cause breathlessness. Asthma involves narrowing of the airways while COPD involves damage to the lungs over many years, usually due to smoking. The main symptoms of both diseases are breathlessness, coughing, and excess mucus. While there is no cure for either condition, treatments can help control symptoms and prevent worsening of the diseases. Treatments include bronchodilators to open airways, steroids to reduce inflammation, and oxygen therapy for severe cases. Proper management is aimed at improving quality of life and preventing complications.
This document discusses cough, its mechanism, phases, pathophysiology and approach to patients presenting with cough. It defines cough and outlines its mechanism as a sudden expiratory thrust interrupting breathing. It describes the inspiratory, compressive and expulsive phases of cough. The pathophysiology involves cough receptors in the airways activating afferent nerves that signal the cough center in the brainstem. A detailed history and examination is important to determine the cause and duration of cough. Common causes of acute, subacute and chronic cough are outlined. Investigations including sputum examination, chest imaging and pulmonary function tests may help diagnose the specific condition. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause, with additional options for antitussive agents
The document discusses respiratory disorders and focuses on asthma. It defines asthma as a condition where the airways become inflamed, narrow, and produce excess mucus, making breathing difficult. The document outlines the causes, types, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, classification based on severity, complications, and treatment of asthma through medications and non-pharmacological methods. It also briefly discusses other respiratory disorders like COPD, bronchiectasis, and their causes, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking. In COPD, airflow to the lungs is limited by inflammation and damage to airways and lung tissue. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and managing exacerbations. Nursing care aims to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, and ensure effective airway clearance and rest.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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3. INTRODUCTION
Acute lower respiratory infections are a leading cause of sickness and mortality
both in children and adults worldwide. Unfortunately, acute lower respiratory
infections are not uniformly defined and this may hamper a true appreciation of
their epidemiological importance. From an epidemiological point of view, the
definition of acute lower respiratory infections usually includes acute bronchitis
and bronchiolitis, influenza and pneumonia.
4. DEFINITION
Bronchitis is inflammation or swelling of the bronchial tubes (bronchi), the air
passages between the nose and the lungs. More specifically, bronchitis is when the
lining of the bronchial tubes becomes inflamed or infected. Bronchitis is caused by
viruses, bacteria, and other particles that irritate the bronchial tubes.
5. INCIDENCE
The incidence of acute bronchitis in adults is high, between 30 and 50 per 1000
people per year.
The clinical syndrome lasts approximately 2 weeks and has a clear impact on
daily activities
The major risk factor is cigarette smoking. Smoking accounts for 900,000 deaths
annually in India. In India about 57% of males and11% of females use tobacco in
some form. The alarming fact is the rising trend in minors. Various estimates
reveal that nearly 55% of children between the age 13 to 15 are using tobacco
in one form or the other, and a total of 36.9% children initiate smoking before
the age of 10.
6. TYPES
Acute bronchitis
Acute bronchitis is a shorter illness that commonly follows a cold or
viral infection, such as the flu Acute bronchitis usually lasts a few
days or weeks .
Infection or other factor that irritate the lungs cause acute
bronchitis.
The same viruses that cause colds and the flu often cause acute
bronchitis.
These viruses are spread through the air when people cough. They
also are spread through physical contact.
7. Chronic bronchitis
it occurs when the lining of the bronchial tubes is constantly
irritated and inflamed .
Chronic bronchitis if have a cough with mucus on most days for at
least 3 month a year.
Repeatedly breathing in fumes that irritate and damage lungs and
airway tissues causes chronic bronchitis .smoking is the major
causes of this condition .
Breathing is air pollution and dust or fumes from the environment
or the workplace also can lead to chronic bronchitis
8. ETIOLOGY
Cigarette smoking
Cigarette smoke has several direct effects.(The irritating - causes hyperplasia of
cells, including goblet cells, which subsequently results in increased production
of mucus. Hyperplasia reduces airway diameter and increases the difficulty in
clearing secretions.
Smoking reduces the ciliary activity and may cause actual loss of ciliated cells.
Smoking also produces abnormal dilation of the distal air space with destruction
of alveolar walls.
Passive smoking is the exposure of second hand tobacco smoke (E lS) or also
known as environmental tobacco smoke or second hand smoke
9. Occupational chemical and dust
Air pollution are harmful to the person with existing lung disease
The effect of outdoor air pollution also risk as like cigarette smoking
Another risk factor is indoor heating and cooking
Person is intense to prolonged exposure to vapour. Irritant and fumes in work
place
10. Infection
Severe reoccurring of Respiratory infection in childhood
cause reduced lung function for kids cause later on
adulthood respiratory symptoms
The most viral and bacterial respiratory infection which
commonly caused by .Influenza,S.pneumonia,Moraxella
catarrhalis
11. Hereditary
AAT(Alpha 1-Anti trypsin-serine ptotease inhibitor) Deficiency is the
genetic risk factor .It is an autosomal recessive Disorder
It is produced by Liver and normally found in lungs.
The symptoms of disease aggravated by patient with smoking cause
subsequent destruction of lung disease
12. Age
Children with lower immunity
Old age people due to Changes in lung structure ,Thoracic cavity and
lung muscles
13. Person with GERD
Bronchitis may also occur when acids from stomach consistently back up into
esophagus and a few drops go into upper airway.
The chances of bronchitis having more sever symptoms including the elderly,
those with weakened immune system ,smokers , and repeated exposure to
lungs.
14.
15. Clinical manifestation
Inflammation or swelling of the bronchi
Coughing
Production of clear, white, yellow, grey, or green mucus (sputum)
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Fatigue
Fever and chills
Chest pain or discomfort
Blocked or runny nose
16. Diagnostic studies
History collection
Physical examination
Chest x- rays -no evidence of infiltrates or consolidation
Sputum cultures -Gram stain, culture, and sensitivity tests may be
obtained to determine presence of bacterial infection.
Pulmonary function test-Spirometry to determine forced vital
capacity (FVC),.
Spirometer exercises
Bronchoscopy
18. Air flow optimization
Expectorants
one must be careful not to completely suppress the cough, for it is an important
way to bring up mucus and remove irritants from the lungs.
Acefylline, Piperazine, Diphenhydramine
Acetyl (Acetylcysteine 200mg
Ammonium cholride, Diphenhydramine HCl , Ephedrine HCl
19. Bronchodilators –
These open the bronchial tubes and clear out mucus.
Bronchodilators They don’t alter the lung function but they improve
symptoms of the disease
Mucolytics - these thin or loosen mucus in the airways, making it
easier to cough up sputum.(N-Acetyl
cystine,erdosteine,carbocysctine)
Anti-inflammatory medicines and glucocorticoid steroids - these are
for more persistent symptoms.
Anticholinergic ( Ipratropium bromide 2-4 puffs every 6 hour)
Beta-2 agonist (Albuterol)
20. Corticosteroids -Beclomethasone (inhaled) Prednisone (oral)
Corticosterids In combination with long acting beta-2 agonist
Inhaled corticosteroids are preffered because oral corticosteroids have marked
adverse effects.
Theophylline Improve haemoglobin saturation in patients with sleep related
breathing disorders.
It provides Bronchodilation and Anti-inflammatory effect
21. Antibiotics - these are effective for bacterial infections, but
not for viral infections. They may also prevent secondary
infections
Antibiotics First line agents
• Doxycycline
• Amoxicillin
2nd line agents
• Co-amoxicalv
• Clarithromycin
• Cefixime
22. Treatment of chronic bronchitis
Smoking cessation
Oxygen therapy (supplemental oxygen for patients with resting
hypoxemia)
Aerobic physical exercise (walking 20 min or bicycling )
Adequate systemic hydration increases the mobilization of
secretions.
Chest physiotheraphy
24. Nursing management
Nursing Assessment
Determine smoking history, exposure history, positive family history of
respiratory disease, onset of Dyspnea.
Obtain history of upper airway infection, course, and length of symptoms.
Assess severity of cough and characteristics of sputum production. Auscultate
chest for diffuse rhonchi and crackles as opposed to localized crackles usually
heard with pneumonia.
25. Nursing Diagnoses
Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to chronic airflow limitation
Ineffective Airway Clearance related to bronchoconstriction, increased
mucus production, ineffective cough, possible bronchopulmonary
infection
Risk for Infection related to compromised pulmonary function, retained
secretions, and compromised defence mechanisms
Impaired Gas Exchange related to chronic pulmonary obstruction, V/Q
abnormalities due to destruction of alveolar capillary membrane
26. Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements related to
increased work of breathing, air swallowing, drug effects with resultant
wasting of respiratory and skeletal muscles
Activity Intolerance related to compromised pulmonary function,
resulting in shortness of breath and fatigue
Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to hypoxemia and hypercapnia
Ineffective Coping related to the stress of living with chronic disease,
loss of independence, depression, anxiety disorder
28. Evaluation: Expected Outcomes
Coughs up secretions easily; decreased wheezing and crackles
Reports less dyspnea, effectively using pursed-lip breathing
No fever or change in sputum
ABG levels and/or SpO2 improved on low-flow oxygen
Tolerates small, frequent meals; weight stable
Reports walking longer distances without tiring
Sleeping in 4- to 6-hour intervals; uses low-flow oxygen at night as prescribed
Demonstrates more effective coping; expresses feelings; seeks support group
29. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND