Nephritis is inflammation of the kidney, often resulting from drug allergies, infections, or autoimmune diseases, and can lead to severe health complications if untreated. It manifests in various forms, including acute and chronic nephritis and is characterized by symptoms such as oliguria, swelling, and kidney pain. Treatment options include medication, dialysis, and potentially kidney transplantation depending on the severity of the condition.

2. PRESENTED BY:-
NEHA BHARTI
CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR
SMVDCoN, KAKRYAL

3.  The word comes from the Greek nephro-
meaning ‘of the kidney’ and itis meaning
‘inflammation’.
 Nephritis is inflammation of the kidney. It can
cause death if not treated in initial stages. It
often strikes during childhood or adolescence.

4. 1. ACUTE NEPHRITIS 2. CHRNOIC NEPHRITIS
 It is most commonly
caused by hypersensitivity
(allergy) to drug therapy
like analgesics or aspirin
and cyclosporine used for
treatment of certain
autoimmune diseases, anti
cancerous drugs and
medication to treat
depressions such as
lithium.
 It can similarly be due to
very large number of
causes, including
hypertension, polycystic
diseases of the kidney,
autoimmunity,
obstructions of the urinary
tract, high blood calcium
deposit in kidney and uric
acid deposits in kidney
lead to cadmium
intoxication.

6. 1.
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
2. INTERSTITIAL
NEPHRITIS
 It is inflammation of the
glomeruli
 Also known as tubulo-
interstitial nephritis is
inflammation of the
spaces between renal
tubules.
 It is inflammation that
results from UTI that
reaches the pyelum
(pelvis) of the kidney.
 It is an inflammation of
kidney caused by lupus
erythematous (SLE), a
disease of immune
system.
3. PYELONEPHRITIS
4. LUPUS NEPHRITIS

8. It may be caused by a bacterial infection of the
kidneys or exposure to the toxin. However, it more
commonly develops from an abnormal immune
reaction, which can occur in two ways:-
1. An antibody can attack either the kidney itself or a
substance that stimulates an immune reaction
(antigen) attached to kidney cells.
2. An antigen and antibody can combine somewhere
else in the body, forming an immune complex and
then attach to cells in the kidney

9.  WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM
 PROLOGED THROAT INFECTION:- It
is caused by an infection with a type of
streptococcus bacteria. The infection does not
occur in the kidneys, but in a different part of the
body, such as the skin or throat. The strep
bacterial infection causes the tiny blood vessels in
the filtering units of the kidneys (glomeruli) to
become inflamed.
 WRONG DIETARY HABITS,
 EXCESSIVE DRINKING
 FREQUENT USE OF PAINKILLER

11.  AZOTEMIA:- abnormally high levels of
nitrogen-containing compounds (such as urea,
creatinine, various body waste compounds,
and other nitrogen-rich compounds) in the
blood.
 Oliguria is defined as a urine output that is less
than 1 mL/kg/h in infants, less than 0.5
mL/kg/h in children, and less than 400 mL or
500 mL per 24h in adults - this equals 17 or 21
mL/hour.

12.  Swelling of the tissue
 Tiredness
 Cloudy urine
 Uremic
 Pus in urine
 Weight gain
 Mouth ulcers
 Fever and rashes

13.  History collection
 Physical examination
 Kidney function test
 Kidney biopsy
 Imaging studies such as ultrasound or x-rays to
determine blockage and inflammation

14. Although medical management is symptomatic
which include the treat the symptoms which
depends on followings drugs such as:-
 Corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive
medications are often effective in reducing
symptoms
 In case of chronic pyelonephritis, a six month
course of antibiotics may be necessary to rid
the infection. (amoxicillin, trimethoprim /
sulfamethoxazole )

15.  Hypertension can be managed with
antihypertensive drugs, such as calcium
channel blocking agents etc.

16.  DIALYSIS:- It may be necessary to control
symptoms of acute or chronic renal failure.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT:-
 A kidney transplant may be recommended to treat
kidney failure resulting from lupus nephritis.
 A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure to
place a healthy kidney from a live or deceased
donor into a person whose kidneys no longer
function properly.

18.  The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located
on either side of the spine just below the rib cage.
Each one is about the size of a fist. Their main
function is to filter and remove excess waste,
minerals and fluid from the blood by producing
urine.
 When kidneys lose this filtering ability, harmful
levels of fluid and waste accumulate in body,
which can raise blood pressure and result in
kidney failure (end-stage renal disease, which is
also known as end-stage kidney disease). End-
stage renal disease occurs when the kidneys have
lost about 90 percent of their ability to function
normally.

19. Common causes of end-stage renal disease
include:
 Diabetes
 Chronic, uncontrolled high blood pressure
 Chronic glomerulonephritis — an
inflammation and eventual scarring of the tiny
filters within kidneys (glomeruli)
 Polycystic kidney disease

20.  People with end-stage renal disease need to
have waste removed from their bloodstream
via a machine (dialysis) or a kidney transplant
to stay alive.

21. 1. DECEASED-DONOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
 A deceased-donor kidney transplant is when a
kidney from someone who has recently died is
removed with consent of the family or from a
donor card and placed in a recipient whose
kidneys have failed and no longer function
properly and is in need of kidney
transplantation.

22.  The donated kidney is either stored on ice or
connected to a machine that provides oxygen
and nutrients until the kidney is transplanted
into the recipient. The donor and recipient are
often in the same geographic region as the
transplant center to minimize the time the
kidney is outside a human body.
 Only one donated kidney is needed to sustain
the body's needs. For this reason, a living
person can donate a kidney, and living-donor
kidney transplant is an alternative to deceased-
donor kidney transplant.

23. 2. LIVING-DONOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
 A living-donor kidney transplant is the
removal of a kidney from a living donor and
placement into a recipient whose kidneys no
longer function properly.
 About one-third of all kidney transplants
performed in the U.S. are living-donor kidney
transplants. The other two-thirds involve a
kidney from a deceased donor.

24.  Living-donor kidney transplant usually involves a
donated kidney from someone know, such as a
family member, friend or co-worker. Genetically
related family members are most likely to be
compatible living kidney donors.
 A living kidney donor may also be someone
patient don't know, a non directed living kidney
donor.
 Both patient and his living kidney donor will be
evaluated to determine if the donor's organ is a
good match for him/her. In general, patient’s
blood and tissue types need to be compatible with
the donor's.

25. NURSING ASSESSMENT:-
 It is based on complete history of client and as
well as it include the inspection, palpation,
auscultation and percussion.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS:-
 Flank pain related to large, swollen and
congested kidney.
 Edema
 Hematuria and proteinuria