The document provides a comprehensive overview of brick masonry, detailing definitions, classifications, materials, bonding techniques, and the tools used in the craft. It covers the strength factors affecting brick masonry, design principles for masonry walls, and the structural requirements for retaining walls. Key terminologies, types of bonds, and common defects in masonry are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of proper techniques for stability and durability.

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BRICK MASONRY

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C O N T E N T
•DESCRIPTION OF BRICK
•CLASSIFICATION OF BRICK
•MATERIALS FOR BRICK
•MASONRY
•TERMINOLOGY
•BONDS IN BRICK WORK
•TEE JUNCTION
•DIFECTS IN BRICK MASONRY
•REINFORCED BRICK WORK
•BONDS IN PIERS
•PIERS ATTACHTED TO MAIN WALLS
•SQUINT JUNCTION
•SQUINT QUOINS
•TOOLS OF BRICK LAYERS
•RETAINING WALL
•DESIGNING RETAIN WALLS
•WALL ROCK
•BACKFIL SOILS
•STRENGTH OF BRICK MASONRY

3. Brick:
• Basic building unit
• rectangular form block
• length : breadth = 1 : 2 ( height can be different)
Brick Sizes
• Nominal size: 225 x 112.5 x 75 mm (9''×4½" ×3“)
• Architectural size: 215 x 102.5 x 65 mm (8.5“ *4 *2.5)
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4. 4

5. Materials for Bricks
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6. Masonry:
• composed of-
• one or more cementitious materials
• clean well-graded masonry sand and
• sufficient water
Types -
1. Cement mortar
2. Lime mortar
3. Cement-lime mortar
4. Lime-surkhi mortar
5. Mud mortar
Masonry Wall Requirements
i) Adequate strength to support imposed loads
ii) Sufficient water tightness
iii) Sufficient visual privacy and sound transmission
iv) Appropriate fire resistance
v) Ability to accommodate heating, air conditioning, electrical, and
plumbing equipment
vi) Ability to receive various finish materials
vii) Ability to provide openings
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7. Strength of Brick Masonry
Depends on
1. Quality and Strength Of Bricks
2. Type of Mortar Used
3. The Method of Bonding Adopted
4. Slenderness Ratio of the Wall
5. Lateral Pressure due to Wind
Brick Masonry
The art of laying bricks in mortor in a proper systematic manner gives
homogeneous mass which can withstand forces without disintigration
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Terminology:

8. Closer:
Closer is a small piece of a brick cut along the lengthwise
so that the one long face remain uncut to maintain the
bond pattern at the end of the masonry walls.
King closer Queen closer
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Quoin:
The external corner of the wall is called a "Quoin".
QUOIN BRICK- The brick, which forms the external corner
of a wall is known as " Quoin brick".
QUOIN HEADER- A corner header, in the face of wall, which
is a stretcher in the side wall is known as "Quoin header".
QUOIN STRETCHER- A corner stretcher in the face of a
wall, which is header in the side wall is known as "Quoin
stretcher".
Frog:
The depression provided in the face of
a brick is called a"Frog".
Purposes:
(a) To form a key of mortar so as to
increase the lateral strength of the
structure.
(b) To reduce the weight of the bricks,
so that the bricks can be laid with
convenience.
(c) To provide a place for putting the
impression of trade-mark or the year
of manufacturing of the bricks.

9. English Bond
• consist of alternative course of headers and stretchers
• A heading course never start with a queen closer
• The stretchers should have a minimum lap of ¼ of their length
over the headers
• Wall having their thickness equal to an even number of half
bricks 1 brick thick wall, 2 brick thick wall,
3 brick thick wall and so
• In walls having their thickness equal to an odd number of half
brick 1/2 brick thick wall, 1/2 brick thick wall
and so on
• In thick wall the middle portion is certainly filled with header
• The number of vertical joints in their header course is twice
the number of joints in the stretcher course
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BONDS IN BRICK WORK

10. Flemish Bond
• each course consist of alternative headers and
stretchers
• alternative course starts with a header at the
corner
• having their thickness equal to odd number of
half brick,
bats are essentially used to achieve their load
2 types of Flemish bond.
. Single Flemish Bond
. Double Flemish Bond
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11. Single Flemish Bond
This bond is a combination of English and Flemish bond.
In this
work the facing of the wall consist of Flemish bond and
the back consist of
English bond. In this bonding can not be adopted in walls
less than
1 and half brick in thickness.
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In the system of bonding brick work, each course presents
the same
appearance both in the front and back elevations.
Every course consist of headers and stretchers laid
alternatively.
It enables the one brick wall to have flush and uniform
faces on both
the sides
Double Flemish Bond:

12. ENGLISH and FLEMISH BOND COMPARATIVE
ENGLISH BOND > FLEMISH BOND
STRONGER
ENGLISH BOND < FLEMISH BOND
ENGLISH BOND < FLEMISH BOND
ENGLISH BOND < FLEMISH BOND
ENGLISH BOND > FLEMISH BOND
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ATTRACTIVE
ECONOMICAL
CAREFUL
SUPERVISION
PROGRESS
OF WORK

13. STRECHING BOND
•Laid as stretchers
•Running wall
•Partition walls, half brick thick leaves of cavity wall
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HEADING BOND
•Laid as headers
•¾ bats in every alternative course
•Used for curved walls

14. GARDEN WALL BOND
•Adopted for 1B thick wall
•Economical
•Not so strong
•Good appearance outer leave of cavity wall
•Garden wall or boundary wall
Garden
wall bond
a)English garden wall bond b)Flemish garden wall bond
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•Heading courses inserted at every fourth or sixth course
•Usually, 1 header course and 3 stretcher course
•Queen closer is placed next to quoin header
•Like English bond
•Course 1 header to 3/5 stretchers
•alternative course a 3-quarter bat placed next to the quoin header
•Sussex or scotch bond

15. RAKING BOND
•Any angle rather than 0/90 degrees
•Increase longitudinal stability
a) Herring-bone bond b) Diagonal bond
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Raking
bond
•More than 4B thick
•45 degree in two direction from the center
•Commonly used for brick paving's
•2 to 4 brick thick
•Introduced at every fifth or seventh course along the height of wall
•Placed end to end
•Inclined one direction only

16. DUTCH BOND
•Modification of the old
English cross bond
•Alternative courses of
headers and stretchers
•Stretching course starts
with the quoin with
three quarter bat
•Every alternative
stretching course a
header placed next to
•three-quarter brick bat
•Like herring bond
•Laid in zig-zag fashion
•Paved flooring
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ZIG ZAG BOND
•Laid on edge
•Economical but weak
•Garden walls and partition walls
•Headers are laid on edge
•Stretchers are laid on edge
•Forming continuous cavity
SILVERLOCK’S BOND
•Like English bond.
•Alternative course of
headers and stretchers
•Queen closer next to
quoin headers
•Stretcher course
header next to quoin
stretcher
•Sufficiently strong
•Good elevation
ENGLISH CROSS BOND

17. TEE JUNCTION
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•For thick walls
•Facing and backing constructed with brick of different thickness
•1 heading course comes after several stretching course
•Load distribution is not uniform
FACING BOND

18. DEFECTS IN BRICK MESONARY
• SULPHATE ATTACK
• CRYSTALLIZATION OF SALTS FROM BRICK
• CORRISION OF EMBEDDED IRON OR STEEL
• SRINKAGE ON DRYING
Defects due to sulphate attack
Defects due to crystallization of salts from bricks
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19. Defects due to corrosion of embedded iron or steel
Defects due to shrinkage on drying
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20. Reinforced Brick Work
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21. Bonds in piers
• Type of bond depends on shape of the pier .
• piers are built in English bond of in Double Flemish bond .
Piers of various thickness:
One and a half brick thick square pier
• Constructed in Flemish bond.
• Vertical joints are produced at the center
• Appearance of Flemish bond is not present in elevation
Elevation
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22. Two brick thick square detached pier
• Vertical joints in the center
• In course -1 : four ¾ bats
four headers
two queen closer
• Flemish bond appear by rotating course-1 to 90 degrees
• Vertical join can be avoided by using Beveled closer inside of header and queen closer.
Beveled closer
Piers attached to main walls ;
• Providing a large bearing area for giving support to the roof .
• increasing the stability of the wall by stiffening it at intermediate points.
One brick thick English bonded attached pier
• Course -1 : headers facing in it
header comes in the center
• Course -2 : two headers penetrating inside the wall
create an overlap between wall and pier.
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23. One and half brick thick English bonded
attached pier
• Course -1 : two ¾ bats placed
• Course – 2 : three headers placed half inside the
wall and half outside.
Two brick thick English bonded attached pier
• Attached to one and half brick thick wall.
• Mostly used for heavy loads.
• Course-1 : six stretchers
four queen closer
half of the pier goes inside and half outside.
• Course -2 : three headers
two queen closer outside the wall.
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24. • To remove the sharp edges the single bull nose brick is used of the pier
extending outside
Dabble Flemish bonded attached piers :
One and half brick thick pier
• Course -1 : Two beveled closer
One queen closer quarter
One stretcher
• Course – 2 : One header (half inside and half outside)
Two header ( fully inside )
One stretcher
Two brick thick pier :
• Better than one and half brick thick pier in strength and appearance
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25. • Course -1 : Two ¾ bats placed as header
Two ¾ bats placed as stretcher
• Course -2 : Four ¾ bats placed as header
One stretcher between header
Squint junction
• Formed when two walls meet at an angel
other than a right angel.
• In English bond or in Flemish bond.
• Rarely adopted.
Squint junction various thickness
Squint quoins
 Divided into two categories
• Obtuse squint quoins
• Acute squint quoins
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26. Obtuse and Acute squint quoins in English bond Obtuse and Acute squint quoins in Flemish bond
Tools of brick-layers
1. Hammer
2. Line and pins
3. Brick axe
4. Spirit level
5. Plumb rule
6. Mason’s square
7. Trowel
8. Two-foot four-fold rule
1
7
2
3
4
5
6
8
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27. Retaining wall
 Dry stone retaining wall
 Day stone pitching or revetment
 Breast walls
 Brick masonry
• Rigid walls used for supporting soil
• For retaining at different levels on the two sides.
Dry stone retaining wall
• Stability depends upon the arrangement
of stones
• Stones should be large size and roughly
hammer-dressed.
• Wall’s minimum top width 60cm
• Front face varying from 1 in 4 to 1 in 3
• Filling consist of stone chips gravel or
similar granular material.
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28. Day stone pitching or revetment
• Used for protecting slopping face
• Stone should be perfectly sound and roughly cut
• Slopes should not be steeper than 1:1
• No projecting stones are allowed
Breast walls
• Used for protecting slopes from the action of weather
• Section of wall depends upon the Hight of wall
• Front and back batters vary from 1 in 4 to 1 in 2
• Minimum top width of 60cm
Brick masonry
• Used for supporting earth, loose stone , coal
etc.
• Stability depends upon its dead weight.
• The top width of masonry walls and concrete
walls should not be less than 60 cm and 45 cm
• Necessary to have proper drainage
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Designing Retaining Walls
The design process for a segmental retaining wall typically has a Wall Design Engineer or Site Civil Engineer
responsible for the wall design envelope. Geotechnical engineers should be hired to evaluate the overall stability of
the site.
Proper retaining wall design requires evaluation of the following:
1.Select the retaining wall location
 Minimize soil excavation and backfill.
 Optimize grading and drainage patterns.
 Consider existing sitefeatures.
2.Determine retaining wall height and geometry
 Calculate the retaining wall height at its tallest position.
 Identify slopes above and below the wall.
 Select the appropriate wall batter or setback.
Determine wall height
and geometry

30. 3. Evaluate structural requirements
 Check the gravitywall table for reinforcement requirements
 Ifgeogrid isrequired,see the geogrid charts for approximate gridlength.
4. Calculate the total wall structure
 Usethe Setback Chart to calculate the totalwall setback.
 Add the required gridlengthsto determinetotal wall envelope.
Buildinga reinforced retaining wall requiresadvanced planning and careful layout at the job site.
Wall Rock
WallRock can be used for the base material,withinthe ABBlock cavities and behind the block.
Wall Rock mustbe compactible aggregate ranging insizefrom 0.25in.to 1.5inwithno more than 10%passing the #200
sievewith a minimum densityof 120lbs/ft³.Thereneeds to be a balanced mixof the sizesto achieve good compaction.
Theproper placement of the wall rock servesseveral purposes:
 Locks the block and grid together to forma “Rock-Lock” connection.
 Increasesthe overall weight of each ABUnit,increasing structural stability. Wall Rock
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Evaluate structural requirements

31. Backfill Soils
 On-sitesoilscan be used for backfill around the geogrid reinforcement only ifthey meet or exceed the design specificationsintheapproved
plans.
 Heavy expansive clays or organic soilsshallnot be used inthe reinforced zone.
Foundation Soil Preparation
 Foundation soilshallbe excavated asdimensionedon the plansand compacted to a minimum of 95% of Standard Proctor prior to
placement of thebase material.
 Foundation soilshallbe examined by the on-sitesoilsengineer to ensure that theactual foundationsoilstrengthmeets or exceeds assumed
design strength. Soilnot meeting the required propertiesshallbe removed and replaced with acceptable material
What are the Stability of Different Type of Retaining Walls?
Thestability of a gravity wall isdue to the self –weight of the wall and the passive resistance developed in front of the wall. Thegravity walls
are designed using Coulomb’s theory. Reinforced concretes are more economical to gravity walls because the backfillitselfprovidesmostof
the required dead load.
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32. Strength of Brick Mansonry
The strength of brick masonry mainly depends on the strength of bricks that are used in the
construction.The strength of bricks depends on the soilused to make the bricks,method and
making process,burningof bricks.Sincethe nature ofthe soilvaries from region to region,the
average strength of bricks also varies from region to region.
The permissible compressive stress of brick masonry depend upon several factors such as,
1.Type of bricks (1st class, 2nd class, 3rdclass)
2.Strength of bricks
3.Size and shape of the masonry construction.
4.Mix of mortar.
5.Workmanship.
6. The method adopted for Laying bricks ; There are some useful checklists which can be applied
to increase the strength of brick masonry.
7. Visual check-The bricks to be used should be good quality , burnt well with uniform shape,
size, and color .
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CONCLUSION