This document provides an overview of brick masonry. It discusses the types of bricks used, classifications of bricks, brick terminology, common brick bonds like header bond, stretcher bond, English bond and Flemish bond. It also describes brick masonry structures like piers, T-junctions, squint junctions. The principles of brick masonry construction and tools used by masons are outlined. Additionally, the document covers retaining walls - their design considerations, types, and factors affecting stability.

1. presentation on
BRICK MASONRY

2. Content:
• Introduction to Brick masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Types of Bricks used in masonry work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Classification of brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Terminology of Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• General Principles To Be Observed In Brick Masonry Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• What is Brick Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Different types of Brick Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• TEE-JUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Bonds and Shapes of Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Piers of various thickness in English bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Piers of various thickness in double Flemish bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Piers Attached to Main Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Squint Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Squint Quoins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Tools of brick layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Retaining wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Design of retaining wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Different types of retaining wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Conditions Of Stability Of Retaining Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Reinforced Brick Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Defects In Brick Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
2
3
4-5
6
7
8-15
16
17
17
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
24
24-25
26
27
28
29

3. Brick masonry:
+ =
Mortar:
Types of Bricks used in masonry work:
Traditional
Modular
Bangladesh standard size:
Bangladesh: 9.5×4.5×2.74 inch
With mortar:10×5×3 Inch
Brick masonry work
strength depend on
1.Slenderness ratio
2.Wind lateral pressure
3.Degree of soundness of
construction
Quality of
mortar
Method
of
bonding
Quality of
brick
Mud+Water
Surki+Lime+water
Lime+sand+Water
Cement+Sand+Water
Cement+lime+sand+water
Construction of brick unit bonded together with mortar is termed as brick masonry.
Brick is the common materials of the masonry construction. It is a very durable form of
construction. Types of mortar & brick is the element of brick masonry. Brick is made of
clay or shale formed, dried and fired into manufacturing process.
2

4. Classification of brick: Based on:
Building process: Their using: Raw materials Shapes:
Quality:
3

5. Terminology of brick:
Bat:
Closer:
Orientation :
4

6. TERMINOLOGY OF BRICK:
5

7. General Principales To Be Observed In Brick Masonry Construction:
3.Metalic sound 4.Hardness 5.Brick
wash &
soaking.
6.Brick should laid on
a full bed of mortar
7.Joint properly
filled with mortar.
8.Maintain proper
bond
10.Mortar
quality
11.Curing 7 days 12.Plastering after 28
days
13.18mm gap every
(30-45)m for wide
expansion
15.Corbels &
bracket use for
timber roof
14.Toothing for merge old &
new
9.No use of bats
2.No cracks,flaws or fractured surface and
Free from holes,grit,lumps of lime etc
1.Well burnt
6

8. What is Brick Bonds:
Types of Bonds in Brick
Masonry Wall
Construction:
The most commonly
used types:
01. Header bond
02. Stretcher bond
03. English bond
04. Flemish bond
Other Types of bonds
are:
01. Garden wall bond
02. Raking bond
03. English cross bond
04. Dutch bond
05. Silverlock’s Bond
06. Zigzag bond
07. Facing bond
• Bonds for avoiding vertical joints.
• Spreading a strength to masonry.
• More stable structure
Odd course Even course Axonometric view of wall 7

9. • is also known as heading bond
• Headers are placed as on the faces of
the walls
• is used for full brick thickness wall
which measures 18cm
• three quarter brick bats are used in
alternate courses as quoins.
• also called as running /stretching bond
• Only stretchers on face
• the limitation is that it cannot make
effective bonding
• used only for one-half brick thick walls
• For half brick thick partition wall, fill wall,
Cavity Wall
• Less stronger than header bond
Header bond
Stretcher bond
Most common Brick bonds:
Header bond : Stretcher bond :
8

10. • consists of each course of
alternate headers and stretchers.
• alternate course starts with a
quoin header at the corner.
• header is centrally supported over
the stretcher below it.
TWO TYPES OF FLEMISH BOND:
1.Single Flemish Bond
2.Double Flemish Bond
Elevation
• comprises of alternating courses of
headers and stretchers.
• A queen closer is used at the start
and end of a wall.
• used to construct strong one brick
thickness walls.
According to thickness
Types of English Bond
Elevation
English bond: Flemish bond :
9

11. • same appearance both in the front face as well as in the
back face.
• Consist of alternate headers and stretchers course.
• Weaker than English bond.
• Combination of English and Flemish Bond.
• Front face will be Flemish & back face will be
English.
PLAN
PLAN
Double Flemish Bond: SINGLE FLEMISH BOND:
Axonometric view Axonometric view 10

12. • A different but common brick bond.
• bricks are stacked on top of one another.
• used in non-load bearing situations
as alternative of stretcher bond
• for only decorative purpose as partition wall
Elevation
• variant of Flemish bond
• involves a header between two strechers in each course.
• headers is limited and therefore the price is lower.
Elevation
Monk Bond: Stack Bond:
Axonometric view
Axonometric view
11

13. English Cross Bond Dutch Bond Facing Bond
Elevation
• Similar to English Bond.
• Consists of alternate course of header
and stretcher.
• Queen closer are introduced next to
quoin headers and each alternate
stretching has header placed next to
quoin stretcher.
• Old English cross bond .
• Three-quarter brick bat provided at
the quoin.
• Load Bearing Wall.
• This bond is used where bricks of
different sizes are to be used in the facing
and backing of the wall.
• In this bond a header course is provided
after several stretcher courses.
12

14. English Garden Wall Bond
Garden Wall Bond
Flemish Garden Wall Bond
• This arrangement consists of one course of
headers to three courses of stretchers.
• A queen closer is placed next to the quoin
header of the heading course to give the
necessary lap.
• Header placed to three or sometimes even five stretchers
in series throughout the length of the courses.
• A three quarter bat placed next to the quoin header and a
header is laid over the middle of each central stretcher.
13

15. Herring-bone bond
Raking Bond
Diagonal bond
Plan
Plan
• Best suited for very thick walls usually not less
than four bricks thick.
• Bricks are laid in course inclined at 45° in two
directions from the center.
• Commonly used for brick paving.
• Best suited for walls which are 2 to 4 brick thick.
• This bond is usually introduced at every fifth or seventh
course along the height of the wall.
• The bricks are placed end to end in such a way that
extreme corners of the series remain in contact with the
stretchers.
14

16. Rat Trap Bond
Zig-Zag Bond Silverlock’s Bond American Bond
Plan Elevation
• The bricks are laid in a zig-zag
fashion. This is commonly adopted
in brick paved flooring.
• In this bond, the bricks are laid as
headers and stretchers In alternate
courses in such a way that headers are
laid on bed and the stretcher are laid
on edge forming a continuous cavity.
• This bond has courses of headers inserted in
every five or six courses.
• This header bond basically acts as a tie brick.
This bond is normally used in exterior load-
bearing walls.
15

17. 2 brick
1 and ½ brick
1 brick English
bond T junction
1 brick flemish
bond T junction
T-Junction in English Bond
TEE-JUNCTION
T-Junction in Flemish Bond
• Two walls, one brick thick and one and a
half brick thick, meeting at right angles
at the center(T-junction) • Tee junction is formed
when two walls meet each
other at right angles
forming the letter T in plan.
• Two walls, one brick thick and one and a
half brick thick, meeting at right angles at
the center(T-junction)
16

18. Brick piers are vertical structures constructed with various bonds of brick that typically act as supports for walls that
they are built into, or for construction built on top of them, or sometimes freestanding pier.
Pier
Courses of
same pattern
constructed
over one after
another.
To strengthen
the pier, metal
reinforcement
and concrete
fill can be
constructed at
the center.
Extra brick can
be used in
center for
thickness.
Generally English bond or double Flemish bond is adopted bonds for piers.
Other bonds may be adopted, as well as size and shape of the pier depend upon
the architectural requirements.
Bonds and Shapes of Piers
Twisted
brick pier
Round
brick pier
1½ B. pier
in English bond
2 B. pier
in single Flemish bond
17

19. Piers of various thickness in English bond
18

20. Piers of various thickness in double Flemish bond
19

21. Piers of various shapes and sizes are
attached to walls to support
the long walls, and to bear load
of the roofs.
Pier
• 1,3,5,… course of brick wall is attached
with a projected part of 1,3,5,… course
of brick pier. Again, 2,4,6,… course of
brick wall is supported by 2,4,6,… course
of brick pier.
• Projected part of the pier creates a
lock between wall and pier.
• Thickness and shape of pier may vary
according to the thickness of attached
wall.
Piers Attached to Main Walls
20

22. Squint Junction When two walls meet each other at an angle other than a right angle, create a squint junction.
• Formed when an internal wall meets an external
continuous wall at an angle other than 90°.
• Usually, the angle is kept at 45°.
• Is like Tee-junction with an oblique wall.
• English bond or Flemish bond.
• Not very common in brick masonry.
1,3,5,… 1,3,5,…
2,4,6,… 2,4,6,…
Squint junction
in English bond
Squint junction
in Flemish bond
Squint Quoins
A quoin at the corner of a building not forming a right angle
is called a squint quoin.
• Divided into two categories:
i. Obtuse squint quoins
ii. Acute squint quoins
• One wall is longer than the other,
thus produce an acute-angled squint at the back street
and an obtuse-angled squint at the opposite angle.
21

23. 1. Hammer 2. Line and pins 3. Brick axe 4. Spirit level
5. Plumb rule 6. Mason’s square 7. Trowel 8. Two foot four fold rule
TOOLS OF BRICK-LAYER
22

24.  Retaining wall is a structure that are designed to withstand lateral
pressure of soil ,liquid , earth filling , sand or other granular
materials.
 Requires : hill road construction , masonry dam , wings wall of
bridge
 Resisting force : Bearing ,Sliding ,Overturning
 Type : Dry stone masonry ,stone masonry ,brick
masonry ,Plain cement concrete and reinforce cement
concrete.
Masonry dam Earth fill
Wings wall
Retaining wall
23

25. The thrust from the backing which tends to overturn the
wall or cause it to slide ,is the deciding factor in the
selection of the section and type of the wall.
Conditions :
>cohesion of soli
>dryness of the backing material
>the manner in which the materials is filled against the
wall
FACTORS:
# the wall is so designed that the selfweight is sufficient.
#the resultant force must lies within the middle third of
base.
# no tension at wall base
# calculate the earth pressure.
Design of retaining wall: Different types of retaining wall
24

26. The easiest way to build a stone retaining wall is to
use the dry-stack method that requires no mortar
 Height restricted to 6m.
Dry stone pitching or revetment :
It is generally provided to protect the slopping face
of an earthen cutting or embankment from erosion.
 Thickness varies from 30 cm to 75 cm.
Breast wall :
Stone walls provided to protect the slopes of cutting in
natural ground from the action of weather.
 Minimum top width 60 cm.
Dry stone retaining wall
Brick masonry ,stone masonry , or plain concrete retaining wall :
 Provide support to earth
 More stronger
 Height beyond 6m.
Dry stone retaining wall
Dry stone pitching Dry stone pitching
Dry stone retaining wall
25

27. Conditions Of Stability Of Retaining Walls
Retaining walls should be –
• capable of resisting the pressure
• Proportioned(section) so that it won’t overturn
• Safe from consideration of sliding
• Provided with expansion joints located at 6-9m apart. (Long masonry
retaining wall)
• Should not stress its foundation to a value greater than
safe bearing capacity of the soil.
• The backing material should be suitably drained
by providing weep holes.
26

28. Reinforced Brick Work
• Strengthens brick work
• Capable of resisting both compressive as well as tensile & shear stress
• Extensively used in seismic areas
• Essential to use 1st class bricks
• Reinforcement should be bedded and surrounded with mortar cover of 15-25cm.
• Frequently adopted for the construction of retaining walls
27

29. Defects In Brick Masonry
• Sulphate attack
• Crystallization of salts from bricks
• Corrosion of embedded iron or steel
• shrinkage in brick masonry
28

30. Conclusion:
As bricks have very low tensile strength. Brick masonry cannot be used in a high seismic zone.
Since bricks absorb water easily, it causes effluorescence when not exposed to air. A rough surface of bricks can
cause mold to grow if not cleaned properly.
Brick masonry is very cheaper. Brick masonry increases the thermal mass of a building and
thereby resists fire. Brick blocks do not require any dressing and light in weight . The bonding strength is
very good and the brickwork is more durable. No complicated lifting equipment is required for brickwork,
no problem with its availability. masonry tends to be heavy and must be built upon a strong foundation,
such as reinforced concrete , to avoid setting and cracking.
That’s why ,brick masonry is the most prominent masonry among all other masonries in construction.
29

31. 30
THANK YOU