This document discusses various types of brick bonds used in masonry construction. It begins by defining common brick laying patterns such as stretcher, header, soldier, etc. It then explains different bond patterns including English bond, Flemish bond, English cross bond, rat trap bond, Dutch bond, and others. It also covers special bonds used for garden walls. Finally, it discusses bonds used at wall connections, specifically tee junctions, cross junctions, and squint junctions between walls of varying thicknesses.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
This document describes different types of bonds used in brick masonry construction. Dutch bond strengthens corners by alternating header and stretcher courses with a 3/4 bat at quoins. Raking bond introduces inclined bricks at intervals in thick walls to improve stability. Diagonal and herringbone raking bonds arrange bricks at 45 degrees in opposite directions. Garden wall bonds like English, Flemish, and Monk are used for low compound walls and feature variations in header placement and quoin details.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
Brick masonry involves laying bricks together using mortar. Bricks are laid in various bond patterns with headers and stretchers. English bond and Flemish bond are common, strong bonds. Brick masonry walls are durable and fire resistant due to the thermal mass of bricks. Proper bonding, jointing, and avoiding continuous vertical joints are important for strength. Bricks are classified based on quality and used for different purposes depending on loads and importance of structure.
This document provides information on brick masonry, including the components, properties, types, and bonds used. It defines key terms like stretcher, header, lap, perpend, bed, and various types of closers. It describes the classification of bricks based on field practice, strength, use, finish, manufacture, burning, and type. The types of bonds covered include stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, Flemish bond, and their essential features. Mortars are classified as cement, lime, lime-surkhi, mud, and lime-cement. The document is a comprehensive reference on brick masonry.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
This document discusses different types of flooring materials and their properties. It describes various flooring options like brick, flagstone, concrete, tile, wood, and terrazzo. The key factors that influence the selection of flooring materials are initial cost, appearance, durability, moisture resistance, sound and thermal insulation, fire resistance, and maintenance requirements. Different flooring types suit various needs based on their strengths and weaknesses. The document provides details on constructing and laying different flooring types like brick, concrete, tile and terrazzo floors.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
This document describes different types of bonds used in brick masonry construction. Dutch bond strengthens corners by alternating header and stretcher courses with a 3/4 bat at quoins. Raking bond introduces inclined bricks at intervals in thick walls to improve stability. Diagonal and herringbone raking bonds arrange bricks at 45 degrees in opposite directions. Garden wall bonds like English, Flemish, and Monk are used for low compound walls and feature variations in header placement and quoin details.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
Brick masonry involves laying bricks together using mortar. Bricks are laid in various bond patterns with headers and stretchers. English bond and Flemish bond are common, strong bonds. Brick masonry walls are durable and fire resistant due to the thermal mass of bricks. Proper bonding, jointing, and avoiding continuous vertical joints are important for strength. Bricks are classified based on quality and used for different purposes depending on loads and importance of structure.
This document provides information on brick masonry, including the components, properties, types, and bonds used. It defines key terms like stretcher, header, lap, perpend, bed, and various types of closers. It describes the classification of bricks based on field practice, strength, use, finish, manufacture, burning, and type. The types of bonds covered include stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, Flemish bond, and their essential features. Mortars are classified as cement, lime, lime-surkhi, mud, and lime-cement. The document is a comprehensive reference on brick masonry.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
This document discusses different types of flooring materials and their properties. It describes various flooring options like brick, flagstone, concrete, tile, wood, and terrazzo. The key factors that influence the selection of flooring materials are initial cost, appearance, durability, moisture resistance, sound and thermal insulation, fire resistance, and maintenance requirements. Different flooring types suit various needs based on their strengths and weaknesses. The document provides details on constructing and laying different flooring types like brick, concrete, tile and terrazzo floors.
Brick Masonary ppt presentation by Abhishek BagulAbhishek Bagul
With the inclusion of animations, it was my submission for my bachelor's. it has many of the important concepts of the brick masonry. all the closers and bats concepts are included in it. even some bonds like Flemish bond, English bond, stretcher bond & header bond are added with the animation effect. each brick has its own animation effect and it helps us to easily understand the concepts of the bond.
Soil - Building Materials and ConstructionGeeva Chandana
The document provides information about soil and its use in construction. It discusses the key components of soil including minerals, water, air and organic matter. It then describes the five factors that influence soil formation: parent materials, weathering, organic matter, topography and time. The document outlines different soil types based on particle size such as gravel, sand, silt and clay. It discusses principles of soil stabilization including increasing density, adding stabilizing agents, and improving properties like strength and shrinkage resistance. Finally, it briefly mentions different techniques for mud wall construction like cob, rammed earth and adobe.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
Stone masonry is constructed using stone units bonded together with mortar. There are two main types of stone masonry: rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry uses irregularly shaped stones laid without regular coursing, while ashlar masonry uses dressed stone blocks laid in regular horizontal courses. Within rubble masonry, there are different patterns including random, square, and polygonal rubble. Ashlar masonry stones can be finely dressed, rough tooled, rock-faced, or chamfered.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
Floor finishes - flooring and finish typesAnqaParvez
Floor finishes provide protective and decorative coverings for floor surfaces. Common floor finishes include concrete, terrazzo, stone, wood, brick, tile, and vinyl. Finishes are chosen based on factors like durability, maintenance requirements, aesthetics, and intended use of the space. Proper preparation, installation techniques, and sealing are important to ensure floor finishes perform as intended.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
Types of Stairs & Staircase in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Staircase types & design or geometry of staircase is useful for civil engineering students in 2nd year of building construction subject. with will guide to students for understand requirements of good stairs, design dimensions,types of staircase etc.
Brick sizes and positions vary according to local custom and usage. Standard brick sizes ensure proper burning and weight. Bricks are laid in different positions like stretcher, header, shiner, rowlock, sailor, and soldier based on which face is exposed. Various brick terminologies describe features like lap, perpend, bed, racking back, toothing, arris, quoin, frog. Bats and closers are cut portions used to complete bonds - bats have width cut, closers length. Special shaped bricks include bull nose, splays, and dogleg for rounded corners and angled quoins.
This document discusses various wall finishes and patterns. It describes different types of finishes like cement textured, plastered, wood panels, and plywood that can be used on walls. It also discusses plaster finishes like plaster of Paris and gypsum plaster. Other finishes mentioned include laminate, marble powder, wallpapers, fabrics, and cork. The document also covers decorative paint techniques like transparent layers, trompe l'oeil, stenciling, and distressing. Finally, it summarizes mosaics, murals, graffiti style murals, and tile murals as wall covering options.
Plastering involves applying plaster, a mixture of lime or gypsum, sand, and water, to rough or uneven surfaces to make them smooth. The objectives of plastering are to provide an even, durable finished surface and protect the underlying structure. Several tools are used in plastering including trowels, floats, and hawks. There are different types of plaster like lime, cement, mud, and stucco plaster. Cement plaster is suited for damp conditions while lime plaster uses lime as the binding agent. Issues that can arise with plaster include cracking, efflorescence, plaster falling out, and blowing.
The document contains plans and drawings for alternative courses of a brick wall, including front, side, and isometric views showing stretching bond patterns. It includes general notes and identifies the project as an educational assignment submitted to Dezyne E'Cole College in Ajmer, India by Vartika Khandelwal on January 17, 2013 for a brick wall design using stretching bond.
Composite masonry refers to walls constructed using two or more building materials. Common types of composite masonry include stone facing with brick backing, stone slab facing with brick backing, brick facing with concrete backing, ashlar facing with brick backing, and ashlar facing with rubble backing. Composite masonry is used to reduce costs while providing durable, high quality materials on the surface and concealing inferior work. Reinforced brick masonry incorporates steel reinforcement to increase strength and allow the masonry to resist tensile, compressive, and shear stresses, making it suitable for seismic areas.
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
This document discusses different types of brick bonds used in masonry construction. It begins by explaining the necessity of bonds, including strengthening the wall, distributing load uniformly, and ensuring quality work. It then describes 12 common bond types such as stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Each bond type is defined through text and diagrams of wall plans and elevations. The document also covers requirements for good bonds and examples of L-joints and T-joints in different bond configurations.
Purpose of brick bonds
Types of bonds in Brick Masonry in Civil Engineering
Types of bonds in brick masonry with Application
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type
Brick Masonary ppt presentation by Abhishek BagulAbhishek Bagul
With the inclusion of animations, it was my submission for my bachelor's. it has many of the important concepts of the brick masonry. all the closers and bats concepts are included in it. even some bonds like Flemish bond, English bond, stretcher bond & header bond are added with the animation effect. each brick has its own animation effect and it helps us to easily understand the concepts of the bond.
Soil - Building Materials and ConstructionGeeva Chandana
The document provides information about soil and its use in construction. It discusses the key components of soil including minerals, water, air and organic matter. It then describes the five factors that influence soil formation: parent materials, weathering, organic matter, topography and time. The document outlines different soil types based on particle size such as gravel, sand, silt and clay. It discusses principles of soil stabilization including increasing density, adding stabilizing agents, and improving properties like strength and shrinkage resistance. Finally, it briefly mentions different techniques for mud wall construction like cob, rammed earth and adobe.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
Stone masonry is constructed using stone units bonded together with mortar. There are two main types of stone masonry: rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry uses irregularly shaped stones laid without regular coursing, while ashlar masonry uses dressed stone blocks laid in regular horizontal courses. Within rubble masonry, there are different patterns including random, square, and polygonal rubble. Ashlar masonry stones can be finely dressed, rough tooled, rock-faced, or chamfered.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
Floor finishes - flooring and finish typesAnqaParvez
Floor finishes provide protective and decorative coverings for floor surfaces. Common floor finishes include concrete, terrazzo, stone, wood, brick, tile, and vinyl. Finishes are chosen based on factors like durability, maintenance requirements, aesthetics, and intended use of the space. Proper preparation, installation techniques, and sealing are important to ensure floor finishes perform as intended.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
Types of Stairs & Staircase in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Staircase types & design or geometry of staircase is useful for civil engineering students in 2nd year of building construction subject. with will guide to students for understand requirements of good stairs, design dimensions,types of staircase etc.
Brick sizes and positions vary according to local custom and usage. Standard brick sizes ensure proper burning and weight. Bricks are laid in different positions like stretcher, header, shiner, rowlock, sailor, and soldier based on which face is exposed. Various brick terminologies describe features like lap, perpend, bed, racking back, toothing, arris, quoin, frog. Bats and closers are cut portions used to complete bonds - bats have width cut, closers length. Special shaped bricks include bull nose, splays, and dogleg for rounded corners and angled quoins.
This document discusses various wall finishes and patterns. It describes different types of finishes like cement textured, plastered, wood panels, and plywood that can be used on walls. It also discusses plaster finishes like plaster of Paris and gypsum plaster. Other finishes mentioned include laminate, marble powder, wallpapers, fabrics, and cork. The document also covers decorative paint techniques like transparent layers, trompe l'oeil, stenciling, and distressing. Finally, it summarizes mosaics, murals, graffiti style murals, and tile murals as wall covering options.
Plastering involves applying plaster, a mixture of lime or gypsum, sand, and water, to rough or uneven surfaces to make them smooth. The objectives of plastering are to provide an even, durable finished surface and protect the underlying structure. Several tools are used in plastering including trowels, floats, and hawks. There are different types of plaster like lime, cement, mud, and stucco plaster. Cement plaster is suited for damp conditions while lime plaster uses lime as the binding agent. Issues that can arise with plaster include cracking, efflorescence, plaster falling out, and blowing.
The document contains plans and drawings for alternative courses of a brick wall, including front, side, and isometric views showing stretching bond patterns. It includes general notes and identifies the project as an educational assignment submitted to Dezyne E'Cole College in Ajmer, India by Vartika Khandelwal on January 17, 2013 for a brick wall design using stretching bond.
Composite masonry refers to walls constructed using two or more building materials. Common types of composite masonry include stone facing with brick backing, stone slab facing with brick backing, brick facing with concrete backing, ashlar facing with brick backing, and ashlar facing with rubble backing. Composite masonry is used to reduce costs while providing durable, high quality materials on the surface and concealing inferior work. Reinforced brick masonry incorporates steel reinforcement to increase strength and allow the masonry to resist tensile, compressive, and shear stresses, making it suitable for seismic areas.
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
This document discusses different types of brick bonds used in masonry construction. It begins by explaining the necessity of bonds, including strengthening the wall, distributing load uniformly, and ensuring quality work. It then describes 12 common bond types such as stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Each bond type is defined through text and diagrams of wall plans and elevations. The document also covers requirements for good bonds and examples of L-joints and T-joints in different bond configurations.
Purpose of brick bonds
Types of bonds in Brick Masonry in Civil Engineering
Types of bonds in brick masonry with Application
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type
Bonding in Brick Work_Architecture and Design.pptxAnushCool
The document discusses different types of bonds used in brick masonry construction. Bonds are developed by laying bricks in mortar in various patterns. The most common bonds described are English bond, Flemish bond, stretcher bond, and header bond. English bond uses alternating courses of stretchers and headers while Flemish bond uses one stretcher between each header with headers centered over stretchers below. Stretcher bond uses only stretchers and header bond uses only headers.
This document discusses brick masonry. It defines brick and masonry, and describes brick masonry as the art of laying bricks bonded together with mortar. It discusses different types of bricks used, including standard modular bricks and traditional bricks, as well as classes of bricks based on quality. The document also covers various bonds used in brickwork such as English bond, Flemish bond, and garden wall bonds. It describes strengths, defects, thickness considerations, and proper construction techniques for brick masonry. Finally, it provides a brief comparison between brick masonry and stone masonry.
This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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Brick masonry involves constructing walls by bonding together brick units with mortar. The strength of brick masonry depends on factors like the quality of bricks, mortar, bonding method, and workmanship. There are different types of bonds used in brick masonry like English bond (alternating header and stretcher courses), Flemish bond (headers and stretchers alternately within each course), and Stretcher bond (all bricks laid as stretchers). Proper use of bonds, materials, and construction techniques provides strong, durable brick masonry walls.
ENGLISH BOND COMMONLY USED
FLEMISH BOND APPEALING
STRETCHER BOND USED AS PARTITION WALL
HEADER BOND USED WHERE CURVED WALL IS REQUIRED.
RAT TRAP BOND - HAS CAVITY AND ACTS AS THERMAL RESISTANCE TO BUILDING AS WELL AS ECONOMICAL.
Brick masonry involves constructing walls by bonding bricks together with mortar. There are different types of bonds used including stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. English bond is the most common, which involves alternating courses of stretchers and headers with queen closers placed after the first header to break vertical joints. Proper bonding is important to impart strength and prevent weaknesses in the masonry wall. Terminology involved includes courses, stretchers, headers, beds, arrises, laps, perpends, quoins, and different types of bats and closures.
There are several types of bonds used in brickwork:
Stretcher bond uses bricks laid lengthwise. Header bond uses bricks laid perpendicular. English bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course. Flemish bond also alternates headers and stretchers but starts each alternate course with a header.
Proper bonding distributes load, adds stability, and can be decorative. Stretcher bond is used for thin walls while header bond is for thick, single wythe walls. English bond is most common, using headers and stretchers, with rules about placement. Flemish bond alternates starting each other course with a header.
The document discusses different types of masonry construction and bonds used in brick masonry walls. It provides details on various types of masonry including brick, stone, concrete, veneer, and gabion masonry. It also describes different bonds used in brick masonry like stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Key points on supervising brick masonry construction are highlighted.
This document discusses different types of brick bonds used in masonry. It describes stretcher bond where only the long edges of bricks are visible, header bond where the short ends are visible in each course, and English bond which alternates between header and stretcher courses. Flemish bond is described as having headers and stretchers arranged alternately within each course, with closers used to break courses. Single and double Flemish bonds are distinguished based on whether the front and back surfaces both display the Flemish pattern.
Brick masonry, stone masonry and its manufacturingAdarshChatra1
Brick masonry is made of brick units bonded together with
mortar
• Components: i) Bricks ii) Mortar
• Mortar Act as a cementing material and units the individual
brick units together to act as a homogeneous mass
Cement mortar
Mud mortar
Lime mortar
Lime-surkhi mortar
1.Stretcher
• Brick laid with its length parallel to the front or direction of a wall.
• The course containing stretchers is called a stretcher course
2.Header
• Brick laid with its breadth or width parallel to the front or direction of the wall.
• Course containing headers is called a header course
3.Arrises
• Edges formed by the intersection of plane surfaces of brick
4. Bed
• Lower surface of the brick when laid flat
5. Bed joint
• Horizontal layer of mortar upon which the bricks are
laid
6. Perpends
• Vertical joints separating bricks in either length or cross directions
• For good bond, perpends in alternate courses should be vertically one
above the other
7. Lap
• Horizontal distance between the vertical joints in successive courses
• For good bond, lap should not be less than one-fourth of a brick
8. Closer
• Piece of brick with the cut made longitudinally used to close
up the bond at the end of brick courses
• Helps in preventing the joints of successive courses to come
in a vertical line
• Generally closer is not specially moulded but it is
prepared by the mason with the edge of the trowel
9. Queen closer
• Obtained by cutting the brick longitudinally
in 2 equal parts
10. King closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of the brick such that half a header
and half a stretcher are obtained on adjoining cut faces
• Used near door and window openings
11. Bevelled closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of half the width but of full length
• Used for splayed brickwork
12. Mitred closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of the brick through its width and
making an angle of 45-60 degree with the length of brick
• Used at corners, junctions etc.
13. Bat
• It is portion of brick cut across the width
14.Bullnose
• Brick moulded with a rounded angle
• Used for a rounded quoin
external angle on the face side of wall
15.Cownose
• Brick moulded with a double bullnose on end
16. Frog
• Is a mark of depth about 10-20mm which is placed
brick to form a key for holding the mortar
Method of arranging the bricks in courses
• Individual units are tied together and the vertical joints of the successive
courses do not lie in same vertical line
• Bond types are distinguished by their elevation
• Bond types:
i. Stretcher bond v. English cross bond
ii. Header bond vi. Dutch bond
iii. English bond vii. Brick on edge bond
iv. Flemish bond viii. Raking bond
ix. Garden wall bond
1. Stretcher bond
• All bricks are laid with their lengths in the longitudinal direction of the
wall; Thickness = half brick
• Only stretcher is visible in elevation
• Use: partition wall, sleeper walls
2. Header bond
• All bricks are laid as headers towards the face of the wall.
• Suitable for one b
Masonry involves constructing walls and other structures using masonry units like bricks, stones, or concrete blocks bonded together with mortar. There are different types of bonds used - stretcher bond involves laying all bricks as stretchers, header bond uses headers, and English bond and Flemish bond alternate headers and stretchers in courses. Proper bonding eliminates continuous vertical joints and strengthens the masonry structure. Stone masonry can be rubble masonry using roughly shaped stones or ashlar masonry with finely dressed stones.
Bonding is the arrangement of bricks or stones in successive courses to avoid vertical continuity of joints. This distributes load uniformly and strengthens the structure. The main types of bonds are English bond and Flemish bond. English bond alternates headers and stretchers in courses with queen closers. It is strongest but has rough appearance. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers within each course, using queen closers in alternate courses. It has better appearance but is weaker than English bond. Thickness of brick walls depends on load, height, floor spacing, and material strength.
This document defines and describes various types of bricks and brick masonry terminology. It discusses the ideal composition of bricks, common brick sizes, and terms used to describe parts of bricks like headers, stretchers, arrises, and beds. It also explains different bonds used in brick masonry like English bond, Flemish bond, stretching bond, and their characteristics. Closers like queen closers, king closers and bats of different sizes are also defined.
This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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6. BRICK POSITIONS
• Positions
• Bond: a pattern in which brick is laid.
• Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of the
brick exposed on the outer face of a wall.
• Header: a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed.
• Soldier: a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side
exposed.
• Sailor: a brick laid vertically with the broad side exposed.
• Rowlock or Bull Header: a brick laid on the long, narrow side with
the small or "header" side exposed.
• Shiner: a brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad side
exposed.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. This is the most commonly used bond, for all wall
thicknesses. This bond is considered to be the strongest.
The bond consists of alternate courses of headers and
stretchers. In this bond, the vertical joints of the header
courses come over each other; similarly, the vertical joints
of the stretcher courses also come over each other. In order
to break the vertical joints in the successive courses, it is
essential to place queen closer after the first header (quoin
header) in each heading course. Also only headers are used
for hearting of thicker walls.
15. Q,
1
3. In the stretcher course, the stretchers have a min. lap of 1/4th their length over
headers.
4.There is no continuous vertical joint.
5.Walls of even multiple. of half bricks (i.e. 1 brick thick wall, 2-bricks thick
wall, 3-bricks thick wall) present the same appearance on both faces. Thus a course
showing stretchers on the front face will also show stretchers on the back face.
6. Wall of odd multiple of half bricks (i.e. 1 1/2 brick thick wall, 2 1/2 brick thick
wall etc.) will show stretchers on one face and headers on the other face.
7. The hearting (middle portion) of each of the thicker walls consists entirely
of headers.
8.At least every alternate transverse joint is continuous from face to face.
1. Alternative courses will show either headers or stretchers in elevation.
2. Every alternate header comes centrally over the joint between two stretchers in
course below.
16. 8. A header course should never start with queen's closer, as it will get displaced.
9. The queen's closer should be placed just next to the quoin header. Queen's
closers are not required in stretcher courses.
10. Since the number of vertical joints in the header course are twice the number
of vertical joints in the stretcher course, the joint in the header course are made
thinner than the joints in the stretcher course.
22. FLEMISH BOND
In this type of bond, each course is comprised of alternate headers
and stretchers.
Every alternate course starts with a header at the corner (i.e .. quoin
header). Quoin closers are placed next to the quoin header in
alternate courses to develop the face lap. Every header is centrally
supported over the stretcher below it.
Flemish bonds are of two types :
(i) Double flemish bond (ii) Single flemish bond.
23. In the double flemish bond, each course presents the same
appearance both in the front face as well as in the back face. Alternate
headers and stretcher are laid in each course. Because of this, double
flemish bond presents better appearance than English bond.
DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND
24. Special features of double flemish bond
1. Every course consists of headers and
stretchers placed alternately
2. The facing and backing of the wall, in each course,
have the same appearance.
3. Quoin closers are used next to quoin headers in every
alternate course.
4. In walls having thickness equal to odd multiple of half bricks, halfbats
and three-quarter bats are amply used.
5. For walls having thickness equal to even multiple of half bricks, no bats are
required. A header or stretcher will come out as header or stretcher on the same
course in front as well as back faces.
25.
26.
27.
28. . Single flemish bond : Single flemish bond is comprised of double
flemish bond facing and English bond backing and hearting in each
course. This bond thus uses the strength of the English bond and
appearance of flemish bond. However, this bond can be used for
those walls having thickness at least equal to 1 1/2 brick. Double
flemish bond facing is done with good quality expensive bricks.
However, cheaper bricks can be used for backing and hearting.
29.
30.
31. Comparison of English Bond and Flemish Bond
1.English bond is stronger than flemish bond for walls thicker than 1
1/2 brick.
2.Flemish bond gives more pleasing appearance than the English
bond.
3.Broken bricks can be used in the form of bats in Flemish bond.
However, more mortar is required.
4. Construction with Flemish bond requires greater skill in
comparison to English bond.
32.
33. ENGLISH CROSS BONDH
This is a modification of English bond, used to improve the
appearance of the wall. This bond combines the requirements of
beauty and strength. Special features of the bond are as follows:
1. Alternate courses of headers and stretchers are provided as
in English bond.
2. Queen closers are placed next to quoin headers.
3. A header is introduced next to the quoin stretcher in every
alternate stretcher course.
ENGLISH CROSS BOND
35. This type of bond uses stretcher bricks on edges instead of bed. This bond is
weak in strength, but is economical. Hence it is used for garden walls, compound walls
etc. Bricks are kept standing vertically on end. The bricks are arranged as headers
and stretchers in such a manner that headers are placed on bed and stretchers are
placed on edge thus forming a continuous cavity. Due to this, the bond consumes less
number of bricks.
RAT TRAP BOND
36.
37. DUTCH BOND
"This is another modified form of English bond. In this bond the
corners of the wall are strengthened. Special features of this type of
bond is as follows :
1. Alternate courses of headers and stretchers are provided as in
English bond.
2. Every stretcher course starts at the quoin with a three-quarter bat.
3. In every alternate stretcher course, a header is placed next to the
three-quarter brick bat provided at the quoin.
38. . RAKING BOND
This bond is used in thick walls. In this type of bond, the bonding bricks are kept
at an inclination to the direction of the wall. Due to this, the longitudinal stability of
thick wall built in English bond is very much increased. This bond is introduced at
certain
intervals along the height of the wall. Following are special features of raking bond:
1. The bricks are arranged in inclined direction, in the space between the external
stretchers of the wall.
2. The raking or inclination should be in opposite direction in alternate courses
of raking bond.
3. Raking bond is not provided in successive courses. It is provided at a regular
interval of four to eight courses in the height of a wall.
4. The raking course is generally provided between the two stretcher courses
of the wall having thickness equal to even multiple of half-bricks, to make the bond
more effective.
39.
40. 1.Diagonal bond
In this type of bond, bricks are arranged at 45 in such a way that extreme
corners of the series remain in contact with the external line of stretchers.
Bricks cut to triangular shapes and of suitable sizes are packed in the small tri-
angular spaces at the ends. This bond is best suited for walls which are 2 to 4 bricks
thick. The bond is introduced at regular vertical interval, generally at every fifth or
seventh course. In every alternate course of the bond, the direction of bricks is
reversed.
41.
42. 2. Herring-bone bond . This bond is more suitable for walls which
are thicker than four bricks thick. Bricks are arranged at 45 in two opposite directions
from the centre of the wall thickness.. The bond is introduced
in the wall at regular vertical interval. In every alternate course, the directions of bricks
are changed. The bond is also used for ornamental finish to the face work, and also for
brick flooring
43.
44. ZIG ZAG BOND
This bond is similar to herring-bone bond,
except that the bricks are laid in zig-zag fashion, . This
bond is commonly used for making ornamental panels
in the brick flooring.
45. • This type of bond is used for the construction
of garden walls, boundary walls, compound
walls, where the thickness of the wall is one
brick thick and the height does not exceed
two metres.
This type of bond is not so strong as English
bond, but is more attractive. Due to
this reason, it is sometimes used in the
construction of outer leaves of cavity walls.
GARDEN WALL BOND
46. Garden wall bonds
• Garden wall bonds are of three types:
•
• (I) Garden wall English bond
(ii) Garden wall Flemish bond
• (iii) Garden wall Monk bond.
47. Garden wall English bond
• Garden wall English bond : In this bond, the
header course is provided only after three to
five stretchers courses. In each header course,
a queen closer is placed next to quoin header,
to provide necessary lap. In stretcher courses,
quoin headers are placed in alternate courses.
48.
49. Garden wall FIemish bond
• Garden wall FIemish bond : In this bond, each
course contains one header after three to five
stretchers continuously placed, throughout
the length of the course. Each alternate course
contains a three-fourth brick bat placed next
to the quoin header, develop necessary
lap, and a header laid over the middle
of each central stretcher. This bond is also
known as scotch bond or Sussex bond.
50.
51. Garden wall Monk bond
• Garden wall Monk bond
• This is special type of garden-wall
Flemish bond in which each course contains
one header after two successive stretchers.
Every alternate course contains a quoin
header followed by a 3/4 brick bat. Due to
this, the header rests over the joint
between two successive stretchers.
52.
53. Bonds at connections
• Connection is the place where two walls
coming from different directions meet.
• The walls should be properly united at the
connecting point through some proper bond.
The following three requirements should be
satisfied by the bond at the connection.
54. Bonds at connections
• (i) There should be no continuity in the
vertical joints,(ii) use of brick bats should
be as minimum as possible, and (iii) the
connection should be structurally strong to
resist differential settlement, if any.
Connections are of the following two types :
• (a) Junctions (b) Quoins.
55. Junctions
• Junction is that connection which is formed at
the meeting of one (subsidiary) wall at same
intermediate position of another wall. When
both these walls meet at right angles, we get a
tee-junction. If the subsidiary wall crosses the
main wall and continues beyond the junction,
we have a cross-junction or intersection.
However, if the subsidiary wall meets the main
wall at some intermediate point, and if the
angle formed between the two is other than a
right angle, a squint junction is formed.
56. Quoin
• Quoin is the connection formed when two
external walls meet. Alternatively, quoin
is the connection which is formed when a wall
takes a turn. When the two walls
meet at 90°, we have a right angled or square
quoin. If the angle at the connection
is other than 90°, a squint quoin is formed.
57. Tee Junctions
• (a) External and Internal walls in English
bond
• Tee-junction is formed when the internal wall
at its end meets external wall at some
intermediate position. Tee-junctions can be
either in English bond or in Flemish bond.
58. Tee junction in one brick thick external wall and ½ brick
internal wall
59. Tee junctions
• The picture in previous slide shows the Tee-
junction between a one-brick thick external
wall and a half-brick thick internal wall
(partition wall), both walls being constructed
in English bond. Bond is obtained by making
alternate courses of internal wall entering into
the stretcher course of the main wall. Due to
this, lap of half brick is obtained through the
brick (shown shaded). Alternate courses of
both the walls remain unbonded.
60. Tee junctions
• The picture in the next slide shows a Tee-
junction between a 1 ½ brick thick external
wall and one brick thick internal (cross) wall,
both the walls being constructed in English
bond. Here, the header course of the internal
wall centres the stretcher course of the main
wall through half of its width. Due to this, lap
of quarter-brick is obtained through the tie-
brick, which is placed near the queen closer
(Q). Alternate courses of both the walls
remain unbonded
61. Tee junction in 1 1/2 brick thick external wall and 1
brick internal wall
62. Tee Junctions
The picture in the next slide shows the Tee-junction
between 1 1/2 brick thick external wall and 1 1/2
brick thick internal wall, both the walls being
constructed in English bond. In alternate courses, the
header brick at the junction enters the stretcher
course of the main wall. The tie-brick (shown
shaded), placed near the queen closer (Q) furnishes
a lap of quarter brick. Additional lap is obtained in
the same course, through placing a 3/4 brick bat as
shown. Alternate courses of both the walls remain
unbonded.
63. Tee junction in 1 1/2 brick thick external wall and 1 1/2
brick internal wall
64. Tee Junctions
• The picture in the next slide shows the Tee-junction
between 2-brick thick main wall and 1 1/2 brick thick
cross-wall, both the walls being constructed in
English bond. Here, the header course of internal
wall enters the stretcher course of the main wall
through half of its width. Due to this, lap of quarter
brick is obtained through the tie-brick (header brick)
Which is placed near the queen closer (Q). Additional
lap is obtained in the same course, through placing a
3/4brick bat as shown. Here also, alternate courses
of both the walls remain unbonded.
65. Tee junction in 2 brick thick external wall and 1 1/2
brick internal wall
66. External wall in Flemish bond and
Internal wall in English bond.
• The picture in the next slideshows the Tee-
junction for an 1 1/2 brick thick external wall
in Double Flemish bond and one brick thick
internal wall in English bond.
The header course of internal wall enters into
the main wall, thus getting a lap of one-quar-
ter brick. The tie-brick (header course) is
placed adjacent to a queen closer. Alternate
courses of both the walls remain unbonded.
67.
68. Both external and internal walls in
double Flemish bond
• The picture in the next slide shows the Tee-
junction for a 1-brick thick main wall and t
brick thick cross wall, both being constructed
in Double Flemish bond. The stretcher bricks
of alternate courses of the cross- wall enter
into the main wall through half brick length.
Due to this, it is necessary to place a half-brick
bat adjacent to it, in the main wall. The
alternate courses of each wall
remain unbonded.
69.
70. Both external and internal walls in
double Flemish bond
• The picture in the next slideshows the tee-
junction for a 1 ½ brick thick main wall and
one-brick thick cross-wall, both being
constructed in double Flemish bond. In
alternate courses, the stretcher bricks of the
cross wall enter into the main wall through
quarter brick. A queen closer (Q) is placed
next to it in the main wall as shown.
Alternate courses of both the walls remain
unbonded
71.
72. Cross-junction or Intersection
• Cross-junction or Intersection
• A cross-junction is formed when two internal
walls cross each other at right angles. One of
the walls may be called as the main wall while
the other of lesser thickness as cross-wall.
73. Cross-junction or Intersection
• The picture in the next slide shows a cross-
junction between 1 ½brick thick main wall and
1 brick thick cross-wall, both being
constructed in English bond. The header
course of cross-wall enter into the main wall :
the tie bricks thus give a lap of quarter brick
on both sides. Alternate courses of both the
walls remain unbonded.
74.
75. Cross-junction or Intersection
• The picture in the next slide shows a cross-
junction between two walls, each of 1 ½ -
brick thick constructed in English bond. A lap
of quarter brick is obtained through header
courses, on both the sides. Alternate courses
thus remain unbonded.
76. Squint junction
• A squint junction is formed when an internal
wall meets an external continuous wall at an
angle other than 90°. Usually, the angle of
squint is kept at 45 degrees, though
squint junctions are not very common in brick
work.
77. Squint junction in
English bond
• The next slide shows a squint junction
between a 1 1/2 brick thick external wall and a
1-brick thick internal wall, (a) both being
constructed in English bond. The header
courses of the cross-wall is taken inside the
main wall, thus getting the required bond.
Alternate courses of both the walls remain
unbonded.
79. Squint junction in
English bond
The next slide shows a squint junction between
two (b) wall each of 1 ½ brick thickness and
constructed in English both. The header bricks
are taken inside the main wall. Alternate
courses remain unbonded.
81. Squint junction in
Double Flemish bond
• The picture in the next slide shows the squint
junction for the walls constructed in Double
Flemish bond. These junctions are quite
difficult to be constructed.
84. QUOINS
• Quoin is the connection formed when two
external walls meet. Alternatively, quoin is the
connection which is formed when an external
wall takes a turn. Quoins are of two types :
• 1. Right-angle or square quoin.
• 2. Squint quoin
85. Squint Quoins
• Squint quoins can be of two types:
• (a) Acute squint.
(b) Obtuse squint.
86. Acute squint
• (a) Acute squint:
• This is formed when the enclosed angle on the
inside of the two walls is less than 90° .
Generally, the acute angle is kept
equal to 60° .
89. Obtuse squint
• Obtuse squint :
• This is formed when the enclosed angle on the
inside of the two walls is more than 90° . The
angle generally varies from 105° to 135° , the
more common being 120°
92. BOND IN BRICK
PIERS
• Piers of brick masonry are provided to have
supports for beams, trusses or other structural
members. Piers are also known as columns or
pillars. These piers may be of two types,
depending upon their location with reference
to the adjoining load bearing wall (if, any):
• (a) Detached or isolated piers.
• (b) Attached piers.
93. ISOLATED PIERS
• Though piers may be constructed in any type
of bond, generally English bond or double
Flemish bond is adopted. The size of the pier
as well as its shape (i.e., square, rectangular or
circular) depends upon the magnitude of the
load as well as architectural requirements.
99. ATTACHED PIERS
• Attached piers are constructed along the wall
for two purposes:
• (i) to provide larger bearing. area for
supporting heavy girders, roof etc. and
(ii) to provide stiffness to the wall.
100.
101.
102.
103. BOND IN FOOTINGS
• Footings distribute the load of wall or pier, to a wider area at
its base, through the provision of steps or offsets. Each step of
the footing can be constructed either in single course of bricks
or in double or more courses. Footings of single course of
brick in each step is adopted for light loads. In such a case the
bricks are laid as headers on the outside. This would make it
possible to give greater bearing to the projecting portion
(offset) inside the wall or pier. In the case of double or
multiple courses, the method of construction and bonding is
similar. to that adopted for the wall or pier.
104. BOND IN FOOTINGS
• The previous shows an isometric view of wall
footing in which each step consists of one
brick course only and the offset is equal to
brick.
Each alternate course consists of header bricks
only.