BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

1. S.S.A.S.I.T,
SURAT
GTU

2. B.BRICK MASONRY
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3. WHAT IS BRICK-MASONARY
 BRICKBRICK :- Brick is a building unit ,which is in the form of
rectangular block in which length to breadth ratio is 2 but
height can bedifferent.
 MASONARYMASONARY :-Construction of building unit bonded
together with mortar.
 BRICKMASONRYBRICKMASONRY:-The art of laying bricks in mortar in a
proper systematic manner gives homogeneous mass which
can withstand forces without disintegration, called Brick
masonry.
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TYPES OF
BRICKS
Thebricksused in masonry areof two types:
1.Standard modular brick
2.Traditional bricks
1. Standard modularbricks:
As fixed by Indian standard institution, the sizes of bricks
is:
Actual size:19cm x9cm x 9cm
Nominal size: 20cm x10cm x 10cm

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2. Traditional bricks:
This bricks have not been standard in size. The dimensions of
this bricks vary from place to place. The size of traditional
brick is:
Actual size: 22.9cm x11.2cm x7.0cm
Nominal size: 22.9cm x11.4cm x7.6cm

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FIRSTCLASS BRICKS
The bricks which are well burnt and are of
uniform sizeand shapeareknow asfirst class
bricks.
PROPERTIES
•They shall bewell burnt and freefrom saline
deposit.
•They shall beof uniform in sizeand colour.
•They shall havefineuniform texture.
•They havestraight edgesand even surface.
USES
Masonry work , flooring, facework etc.
CLASSES OF BRICKS

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SECONDCLASS BRICKS
The bricks which not well burnt and
are not of uniform shape and size and
colour are known as second class
bricks.
PROPERTIES
•They shall not be having uniform
brick colour.
•They shall be same what irregular
shapehaving rough surface.
•They arenot so hard.
USES
Thesebricksarein interior wall.

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THIRDCLASS BRICKS
The bricks which are under burnt
and are not uniform in shape and
sizearecalled third class bricks.
PROPERTIES
•They shall beslightly under burnt.
•They shall beyellowish in colour.
•They shall have loose and non-
uniform texture.
USES
Temporary building construction

11. Bond is the arrangement of bricks or stones in each course, so as
to ensure the greatest possible interlocking and to avoid the
continuity of vertical joints in two successive courses, both on
thefaceand in thebody of awall.
RULES FORBONDING:
For getting good bond, the bricks should be of uniform size
and to obtain uniform lap, the length of the bricks should be
twiseitswidth plusonejoint.
Theminimum lap should beof ¼ brick along thelength of wall
and ½ brick acrossthethicknessof thewall.
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BONDS IN BRICK
WORK

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In thick wall, the stretchers should be placed in the facing,
while the hearting is entirely filled with headers to prevent
theformation of vertical jointsin thebody of thewall.
It is preferable to provide header course on both the sides of
thewall, at every sixth course.
The vertical joints in the alternate course should come in the
samevertical line.
In alternate course, the header should be placed exactly on
thecentreof thestretcher, in thecourseaboveor below it.

13. TYPES OF BONDS
1. English Bond
2. Flemish Bond
3. Stretching Bond
4. Heading Bond
5. Garden Wall Bond
6. Raking Bond
7. Facing Bond
8. Dutch Bond
9. English crossBond
10. Zig-zag Bond
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14. (1) ENGLISHBOND
 The English bond is the strongest bond, commonly used for
all wall thickness. It consists of alternate course of header
and stretcher.
 The arrangement of bricks is such that the vertical joints in
the header course come over each other and the vertical
jointsin thestretcher coursearealso comein thesameline.
 In order to break thevertical joints in thesuccessivecourse,
it isnecessary to providequeen closer, after thefirst header
known asquoin header, in each heading course.
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17. ENGLISHBOND:-
Thefollowing arethesalient featuresof English bond:
The alternate course in English bond will show either
header or stretcher in elevation.
A header course will start with quoin header and then
queen closer isplaced to break thevertical joints.
Every alternate header comes centrally above or below the
jointsbetween two stretcher.
In stretcher course, the stretcher have a minimum lap of ¼
their length over theheader.
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18. ENGLISHBOND:-
The walls having thickness in the multiple of even number of
half bricks. Such as1 brick, 2 bricks thick wall appearanceon
both sides.
The wall having thickness in the multiple of odd number of
half bricks, such as 1 ½ bricks and 2 ½ bricks same course
will show stretcher on front faceand headerson back face.
In thick walls, the middle or hearting portion will entirely
consistsof headersonly.
Since the number of vertical joints in the header course are
twice the number of joints in the stretcher course, the joints in
the header course are made thinner than the joints in the
stretcher course.
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20. (2) FLEMISHBOND
 The bond, in which headers and stretchers are laid
alternately in thesamecourse, iscalled "Flemish bond".
 Every alternate course starts with a header at the corner,
knowns s quoin header and the queen closers are placed
next to thequoin header.
 The alternate headers of each course are placed in the
centreof thestretchersin thecoursebelow.
 In walls having thickness equal to odd number of half
bricks, thebatsareused to achievethebond.
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23. Thefollowing arethesalient featuresof Flemish bond:
(i) Headers and stretchers are laid alternately in the same
course.
(ii) Every header in each course lies centrally over every
stretcher of theunderlying course.
(iii) In every alternate course a queen closer is placed next to
quoin header, so as to provide a lap of approximately 1/4
in.
(iv) Brick bats are to be used in walls having thickness equal
to an odd multipleof half brick.
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24. (A) SINGLE FLEMISH BOND
This type of bond is a combination of English and
Flemish bond. The facing of the wall consists of Flemish
bond and the backing consists of English bond in each
course.
This type of bonding can be adopted for walls having
thicknessat least equal to oneand half bricks.
This bond is adopted to present the attractive appearance
and to ensurefull strength in thebrick work.
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TYPES OF FLEMISH BONDS

25. (B) DOUBLE FLEMISHBOND
 In double Flemish bond, each course presents the same
appearanceboth in thefront and back face.
 In each course, the alternate header and stretchers are
laid.
 This type of bonds are economical and presents better
appearance than English bond, it is weaker than the
English bond.
 It can be constructed in one brick thick wall, having
sameappearanceof both thefaces. 25

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27. Comparison of English Bond and flEmish
Bond
SR
NO
.
ENGLISHBONDS FLEMISHBOND
1 Thisbond consistsof headersand stretchers
laid in alternativecourses.
Thisbond consistsof headersand
stretcherslaid alternatively in each
course.
2 It isstrongest of all thebonds. It islessstrong for wallshaving
thicknessmorethan 13 ½ inches.
3 It providesrough appearanceespecially for
onebrick thick walls.
It providesgood appearancefor all
thicknessof walls.
4 Thereareno noticeablecontinuousvertical
jointsin thestructurebuilt in thisbond.
Therearepartly continuousvertical
jointsin thestructurebuilt in thisbond.
5 Much attention isnot required in providing
thisbond.
Special attention isrequired in providing
thisbond.
6 Progressof work ismore. Progressof work isless.
7 It iscostly becausetheuseof brick batsis
not allowed.
It iseconomical becausebrick batsare
allowed for forming thisbind.
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28. (3) STRETCHING BOND
 In thistypeof bond, all thebricksarelaid asstretcher.
 The length of the bricks are thus along the direction of the
wall.
 Thisbond isused for half brickswall only, such asacavity
walls, partition walls.
 Since, the header are not used, suitable reinforcement bars
areused for providing strength.
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30. (4) HEADING BOND
 In thistypeof bond, all thebricksarelaid as header on the
faces.
 The overlap is kept equal to half the width of the brick,
which is obtained b using a three-quarter bat in each
alternatecourseat quoins.
 This type of bricks gives better alignment and hence it is
used for wallscurved in plan.
 It is mainly used for footing in foundation for better
transversedistribution of load.
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32. (5) GARDEN WALLBOND
This type of bond is used for the construction of garden
wall or aboundary wall.
This type of bond is not so strong as English bond and
used for the construction of walls up to plinth level or for
thewallswherelargestressesdoesnot come.
English garden wall bond
Flemish garden wall bond
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33. TYPES OF GARDEN WALL BONDS
(a) ENGLISHGARDEN WALLBOND
In this type of bond, the general arrangement of bricks
is similar to that of English bond, but in spit of using
alternate course of headers and stretchers. It consists of one
courseof headersto threecourseof stretchers.
A queen closer is placed next to the quoin header of the
heading courseto givethenecessary lap.
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35. TYPES OF GARDEN WALL BONDS
(b) FLEMISHGARDEN WALLBOND
In this type of bond, each alternate course consists of one
header and three to five strechers in series thought the length
of thecourse.
Each alternate course contains a three-quarter bat placed
next to the quoin header and a header is laid over the middle
of each central stretcher.
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37. (6) RAKING BOND
This type of bond is used in thick walls and the bonding-
bricksarelaid at an inclination to thedirection of thewall.
This arrangement helps to increase the longitudinal stability
of thick wallsbuilt in English bond.
Herring-bonebond
Diagonal bond
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38. TYPES OF RAKING BONDS
(a) HERRING BONEBOND
This type of bond suitable for thick walls, usually not less
than four bricksthick.
In this bond, the bricks are laid in courses inclined at 45°
in two direction from thecentre.
Thebond iscommonly used for brick paving.
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40. TYPES OF RAKING BONDS
(b) DIAGONALBOND
This bond is best suited for walls, which are 2 to 4 brick-
thick.
This bond is usually introduced at every fifth or seventh
coursealong theheight of thewall.
In this bond, the bricks are placed end to end in such a
way that extreme corners of the series remain in contact with
thestrechers.
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42. (7)FACING BOND
This arrangement of bricks is adopted for thick walls, where
the facing and backing are desired to beconstructed with bricks
of different thickness.
This bond consists of heading and stretching courses so
arranged that one heading course comes after several stretching
courses. Since the number of joints in the backing and the
facing differ greatly, theload distribution isnot uniform.
This may sometimes lead to unequal settlement of the two
thicknessof thewall.
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43. (8)DUTCHBOND
This bond is modified form
of English bond.
It consists of alternate
course of headers and
strechers.
In thisbond, each stretching
course starts with a three-
quarter bat as quoin and a
header is placed after the
quoin.
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STRENGTH OF BRICK MASONRY
1.Typeand quality of bricks
2.Mix proportion of mortar
3.Sizeand shapeof masonry construction

48. DEFECTS IN BRICK MASONRY
1. Sulphate attack:
This is a common defect, at locations where the brick
work is exposed. The sulphate salts present in brick react
with aluminum salts of cement. Due to the reaction, increase
in the volume of mortar takes lace, which results in cracking,
chipping and spelling of bricks. This may also cause failure
of brickwork.
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49. 2. Crystallization of salts from bricks:
If the bricks are manufactured from earth containing
excessivesolublesalts. Thesesaltsdissolved in water (dueto
rain or due to the entry of moisture) and appear in the form
of fine whitish crystals on the exposed brick surface. This is
also known as efflorescence. The masonry surface will give
an ugly appearance.
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50. 3. Corrosion of embedded fixtures:
Iron, steel fixtures (pipes, holdfasts etc.) and reinforcement
etc., embedded in brick masonry gets corroded in presence of
moisture. The corrosion results in increased volume, which
caused cracksin brick masonry.
4. Dry shrinkage:
When moisture penetrates the brick work it swells. On
evaporation of moisture the brick shrinks resulting in
development of cracks in the masonry joints frequent swelling
and shrinkagemay causefailureof masonry.
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51. 5. Quality of brick:
Use of interior quality bricks will also caused expansion and
cracking in brickwork.
6. Weather/Climate action:
In snow bound areas if water is present in the brickwork
cause freezing of water. The increase in volume may cause
cracking in brickwork.
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THICKNESS OF A BRICK WALL
1.Super imposed load per unit length of thewall.
2.Overall height of thewall.
3.Height of thewall between two floors.
4.Strength of brick masonry, which dependsupon the
quality of bricks, quality of mortar and method of
bonding.

53. 1.Thebricksused in a
good work should be
sound hard and well
burnt with uniform size
shapeand color. The
bricksshould not absorb
water morethan 20% of
their weight when dry
when immersed in water
at about 24 hours.

54. 2. Thebricksshould bethoroughly soaked in clear water . It
helpsto removedirt, dust and other solublesaltswhich causes
efflorescence. It also reducestheir tendency of suction of water
from wet mortar.

55. 3. Thebricksshould belaid on afull bed of mortar. They
should beslightly pressed in to thebed mortar whilelaying
so asto ensureproper adhesion.

56. 4. All thejointsshould beproperly flushed and filled with
mortar so that no cavity isleft in between.
5. No brick batsshould beused in thework except when it is
absolutely necessary.
6. Brick work isgenerally laid in theEnglish bond .Other
typesof bondslikeFlemish bond, diagonal bond, Dutch bond
etc arealso beused.

57. 7. Only specified mortar of agood quality should beused
in thework, themortar ratio is1:4 .Thicknessof jointsshould
not exceed 13mm in any case.
8. Thebricksmust belaid on proper bed with their frogs
pointing upwards.
9. Plastering should bedoneafter about 28 daysof
completion of brick masonry.

58. COMPARISON BETWEEN BRICK
MASONRY AND STONE MASONRY
(1) Stone is strongerand more durable than brick and for
public buildings; it is decidedly more suitable than brick.
It reflects strength in every inch of it. It is in tune with
nature. Its color improves and looks more serene with
age.
On the other hand, brick is an artificial product made as a
copy of stone. It isflimsy material and plastering isonly a
camouflagefor itsdefects.
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59. (2) Stone is water proof. On the other hand, Brick
absorbs moisture and with dampness certain salts rise in
the walls from the ground and cause disintegration of
bricks.
Especially brick should not be allowed to come in contact
with urine or sewage and in such places it must always be
covered with cement plaster or any other protectivecoat.
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60. (3) Brick offers greaterfacility forornamental work in
plasteras a rough shape can first be given to it by means
of any tool. Thisisnot so in caseof stones.
(4) Plasterdoes not stick so well to stones asit doesto
brick.
(5) On account of the regular shape and uniform size of
brick, a proper bond can be obtained with
comparative ease.
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61. (6) Due to the handy size of brick, brick masonry can
bemorerapidly constructed than stonemasonry.
(7) Brick wall requires a fixed quantity of mortar
and even with careless masons, the regular shape of the
brick considerably reduces the possibility of hollows
being left in thebody of thewall. Thisisnot so with some
stonewalls.
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62. (8) It is possible to build brick walls of any
thickness e.g., 4 1/2 in, 3 in, 9 in, 13 1/2 inch etc.
Whereas, theminimum thicknessof ordinary stonewall is
15 in. Stone walls of a smaller thickness than 15 in, have
to be constructed with properly dressed stones, which
involvesacomparatively high cost.
(9) Brick does not absorb as much heat as stone
does. So, brick ismorefireresistant than stone.
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