The document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It begins by defining a roof as the uppermost part of a building that protects it from rain, heat, snow, wind, etc. and typically consists of structural elements like trusses, slabs, and domes that support roof coverings. It then covers requirements for good roofs, classifications of pitched/flat/curved roofs, and provides details on flat roofs, pitched roofs including single, double purlin, and trussed roofs, and finally shell and folded plate roofs.
lintels are the horizontal members...this ppt discuss about the lintels ...functions...types etc
structural steel lintels
precast concrete lintels
precast concrete lintels prices
steel lintel lowes
steel lintel beam details
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel sizes for masonry openings
steel lintels masonry
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel size chart
lintel of a house
lintel construction
block wall lintels
what is a window lintel
what is a lintel
steel lintel for concrete block
lintels are the horizontal members...this ppt discuss about the lintels ...functions...types etc
structural steel lintels
precast concrete lintels
precast concrete lintels prices
steel lintel lowes
steel lintel beam details
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel sizes for masonry openings
steel lintels masonry
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel size chart
lintel of a house
lintel construction
block wall lintels
what is a window lintel
what is a lintel
steel lintel for concrete block
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
Doors,Windows & Ventilator in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Doors, Windows & Ventilator is a part of building component which is allow to Air & light move & circulate inward & outward, with in door Human or any other material can be move inside or outside also. here types of doors & windows & ventilation are given with necessity of location, function etc.
ROOF COVERINGS FOR PITCHED ROOFS • Roof covering is an essential component of pitched roof, to be placed over the roof frame work to protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind and other atmospheric agency. Various types of roofing materials are available, and their selection depends upon 1)..
Roof and roof coverings ppt
types of arches in architecture
how did romans build arches
brick arches construction details
arches in building construction
brick arches construction
arch shape
architecture arches
types of arch
type of arch crossword
types of arch bridges
kind of arch crossword
types of arches in architecture
arch crossword
arch type crossword clue
different types of arches
kind of arch
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
Doors,Windows & Ventilator in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Doors, Windows & Ventilator is a part of building component which is allow to Air & light move & circulate inward & outward, with in door Human or any other material can be move inside or outside also. here types of doors & windows & ventilation are given with necessity of location, function etc.
ROOF COVERINGS FOR PITCHED ROOFS • Roof covering is an essential component of pitched roof, to be placed over the roof frame work to protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind and other atmospheric agency. Various types of roofing materials are available, and their selection depends upon 1)..
Roof and roof coverings ppt
types of arches in architecture
how did romans build arches
brick arches construction details
arches in building construction
brick arches construction
arch shape
architecture arches
types of arch
type of arch crossword
types of arch bridges
kind of arch crossword
types of arches in architecture
arch crossword
arch type crossword clue
different types of arches
kind of arch
In this presentation, I have explained pitched roofs in details as follows:
1. external parts of pitched roofs
2. internal parts of pitched roofs
3. types of pitched roofs and their suitability
Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.
different types of roof
types of roofs on houses
roof types and descriptions
roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather.
Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous.
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
3. Requirements of good roofs
Following are the requirements of a well planned roof;
1. It should be durable against the adverse effects of various
agencies such as wind, rain, sun, etc.
2. It should grant the desirable insulation against sound and heat.
3. It should be structurally stable and sound and it should be
capable of taking the loads likely to come over it.
4. It should be well-drained.
5. It should have efficient water-proofing arrangements.
6. It should be fire resistance
4. Classification of roofs
The roofs are classified into the following three categories:
1. Pitched or slopping roofs
2. Flat or terraced roofs
3. Curved roofs
Flat roofs are used in plains where rainfall is less and climate is
moderate.
Pitched roofs are preferred wherever rainfall is more.
Shells and folded plate roofs are used to cover large column free
areas required for auditoriums, factories etc.
The choice of the type of roof will depend on the climatic conditions,
shape of building, availability of materials, importance of building,
etc.
5. Flat Roofs
These roofs are nearly flat. However slight slope (not more than 10°)
is given to drain out the rain water.
The advantages of flat roofs are:
a) The roof can be used as a terrace for playing and celebrating
functions.
b) At any latter stage the roof can be converted as a floor by adding
another storey.
c) They can suit to any shape of the building.
d) Over-head water tanks and other services can be located easily.
e) They can be made fire proof easily compared to pitched roof.
6. The disadvantages of flat roofs are:
a) They cannot cover large column free areas.
b) Leakage problem may occur at latter date also due to
development of cracks. Once leakage problem starts, it needs
costly treatments.
c) The dead weight of flat roofs is more.
d) In places of snow fall flat roofs are to be avoided to reduce
snow load.
e) The initial cost of construction is more.
f) Speed of construction of flat roofs is less.
Flat Roofs
7. Pitched Roofs
In the areas of heavy rain falls and snow fall sloping roof are used.
The slope of roof shall be more than 10°. They may have slopes as
much as 45° to 60° also. The sloped roofs are known as pitched
roofs. The sloping roofs are preferred in large spanned structures like
workshops, factory buildings and ware houses. In all these roofs
covering sheets like A.C. sheet, G.I. sheets, tiles, slates etc. are
supported on suitable structures.
The pitched roofs are classified into;
a) Single roofs
b) Double or purlin roofs
c) Trussed roofs
8. Pitched Roofs
Single roofs
If the span of roof is less than 5 m the following types of single roofs
are used.
1. Lean-to-roof
2. Couple roof
3. Couple-close roof
4. Collar beam roof
5. Collar and scissor roof
In all these roofs rafters placed at 600 mm to 800 mm spacing are
main members taking load of the roof. Battens run over the rafters to
support tiles.
9. Lean-to roof
This is the simplest form
of a pitched roof. In this
type one wall is carried up
sufficiently higher than the
another one to give the
necessary slope to the
roof. The rafters are
suitably secured on the
wall-plates and eaves
boards, battens and roof
covering is provided as
shown.
Suitability:
It is generally used for sheds, out-houses attached to main buildings,
verandahs, etc.
10. Couple roofs
In this type of roof, the
common rafters slope
upwards from the opposite
walls and they meet on a
ridge piece in the middle as
shown in figure
The common rafters are
firmly secured in position at
both the ends, one end being
on the ridge piece and the
other on the wall plate.
Suitability:
This type of roof is used for span up to about 3.60 m
11. Coupled closed roof
This roof is similar to
couple roof except that the
legs of common rafter is
connected by a tie,
preventing the spread out
and overturning of walls
Suitability:
This type of roofs are adopted economically up to a span of 4.20 m
12. Collar beam roof
This roof is variation of
couple close roof. The tie
beam is raised and placed
at a higher level. The tie
beam is the known as a
collar or a collar beam.
A collar beam is adopted
to economise the space
and to increase the height
of room. The collar beam
is usually fixed at one-
third to one-half the
vertical height from the
ridge
Suitability:
The roof can be adopted up to a
maximum span of 4.80m
13. Collar and scissors roof
This roof is similar to
the collar beam roof
expect that two collar
beams which are
crossing each other to
present an appearance of
scissors are provided
(e) Collar and scissors roof
14. Double or Purlin Roofs
If span exceeds, the cost of rafters increase and single roof becomes
uneconomical. For spans more than 5 m double purlin roofs are
preferred. The intermediate support is given to rafters by purlins
supported over collar beams. Figure shows a typical double or purlin
roof.
15. Trussed Roof
If span is more, a frame work of slender members are used to support
sloping roofs. These frames are known as trusses. A number of
trusses may be placed lengthwise to get wall free longer halls. Purlins
are provided over the trusses which in turn support roof sheets.
For spans up to 9 m wooden trusses may be used but for larger spans
steel trusses are a must. In case of wooden trusses suitable carpentry
joints are made to connect various members at a joint. Bolts and
straps are also used. In case of steel trusses joints are made using
gusset plates and by providing bolts or rivets or welding.
16. Depending upon the span, trusses of different shapes are used.
Trussed Roof
18. Shells and Folded Plate Roofs
Shell roof may be defined as a
curved surface, the thickness of
which is small compared to the
other dimensions. In these roofs
lot of load is transferred by
membrane compression instead of
by bending as in the case of
conventional slab and beam
constructions. Caves are having
natural shell roofs.
19. Advantages of shell roofs are:
a) Good from aesthetic point of view
b) Material consumption is quite less
c) Form work can be removed early
d) Large column free areas can be covered.
Disadvantages are:
a) Top surface is curved and hence advantage of terrace is lost.
b) Form work is costly.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Shell Roofs