This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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Purpose of brick bonds
Types of bonds in Brick Masonry in Civil Engineering
Types of bonds in brick masonry with Application
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type
types of arches in architecture
how did romans build arches
brick arches construction details
arches in building construction
brick arches construction
arch shape
architecture arches
types of arch
type of arch crossword
types of arch bridges
kind of arch crossword
types of arches in architecture
arch crossword
arch type crossword clue
different types of arches
kind of arch
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote rectangular units made of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks can be joined together using mortar, adhesives or by interlocking them.[1][2] Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.
In this slide there is a brief discussion about Types , Making & examples of bricks & also plastering
Purpose of brick bonds
Types of bonds in Brick Masonry in Civil Engineering
Types of bonds in brick masonry with Application
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type
types of arches in architecture
how did romans build arches
brick arches construction details
arches in building construction
brick arches construction
arch shape
architecture arches
types of arch
type of arch crossword
types of arch bridges
kind of arch crossword
types of arches in architecture
arch crossword
arch type crossword clue
different types of arches
kind of arch
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote rectangular units made of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks can be joined together using mortar, adhesives or by interlocking them.[1][2] Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.
In this slide there is a brief discussion about Types , Making & examples of bricks & also plastering
Brick Masonry, Advantages of Masonry, Principle In Brick Masonry Construction, Technical Terms In Brick Masonry, Bonds In Brick Masonry, Method of bonding New Brick work with old, Expansion and Contraction joint, Reinforced Masonry Walls
Brick masonry, stone masonry and its manufacturingAdarshChatra1
Brick masonry is made of brick units bonded together with
mortar
• Components: i) Bricks ii) Mortar
• Mortar Act as a cementing material and units the individual
brick units together to act as a homogeneous mass
Cement mortar
Mud mortar
Lime mortar
Lime-surkhi mortar
1.Stretcher
• Brick laid with its length parallel to the front or direction of a wall.
• The course containing stretchers is called a stretcher course
2.Header
• Brick laid with its breadth or width parallel to the front or direction of the wall.
• Course containing headers is called a header course
3.Arrises
• Edges formed by the intersection of plane surfaces of brick
4. Bed
• Lower surface of the brick when laid flat
5. Bed joint
• Horizontal layer of mortar upon which the bricks are
laid
6. Perpends
• Vertical joints separating bricks in either length or cross directions
• For good bond, perpends in alternate courses should be vertically one
above the other
7. Lap
• Horizontal distance between the vertical joints in successive courses
• For good bond, lap should not be less than one-fourth of a brick
8. Closer
• Piece of brick with the cut made longitudinally used to close
up the bond at the end of brick courses
• Helps in preventing the joints of successive courses to come
in a vertical line
• Generally closer is not specially moulded but it is
prepared by the mason with the edge of the trowel
9. Queen closer
• Obtained by cutting the brick longitudinally
in 2 equal parts
10. King closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of the brick such that half a header
and half a stretcher are obtained on adjoining cut faces
• Used near door and window openings
11. Bevelled closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of half the width but of full length
• Used for splayed brickwork
12. Mitred closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of the brick through its width and
making an angle of 45-60 degree with the length of brick
• Used at corners, junctions etc.
13. Bat
• It is portion of brick cut across the width
14.Bullnose
• Brick moulded with a rounded angle
• Used for a rounded quoin
external angle on the face side of wall
15.Cownose
• Brick moulded with a double bullnose on end
16. Frog
• Is a mark of depth about 10-20mm which is placed
brick to form a key for holding the mortar
Method of arranging the bricks in courses
• Individual units are tied together and the vertical joints of the successive
courses do not lie in same vertical line
• Bond types are distinguished by their elevation
• Bond types:
i. Stretcher bond v. English cross bond
ii. Header bond vi. Dutch bond
iii. English bond vii. Brick on edge bond
iv. Flemish bond viii. Raking bond
ix. Garden wall bond
1. Stretcher bond
• All bricks are laid with their lengths in the longitudinal direction of the
wall; Thickness = half brick
• Only stretcher is visible in elevation
• Use: partition wall, sleeper walls
2. Header bond
• All bricks are laid as headers towards the face of the wall.
• Suitable for one b
This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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Comparative Analysis of Lezza Soho, bTi Landmark, Pinacle Tower & GP House.pptxJoynul Abadin Rasel
Leeza SOHO, also known as Li Ze Tower, is a 207 m tall commercial skyscraper located in the Lize Financial Business District in Beijing, China.
bTi Landmark, Pinacle Tower & GP House is most renowned tall buildings in Bangladesh!
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How to find and understand what is climate responsive or not climate responsive! Here are two buildings for example from Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Door and Windows a complete presentation of Building Construction sector. Windows Definition, Door Definition, Types of Doors and Windows, Design of Door, Design of Windows, Dimension of Doors etc.
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This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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This is about Polarization of Light, Type of Polarization, Different between Unpolarized Light and Polarized Light, Malus Law, Method of Polarization, Application of Polarization.
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Medieval communes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) among the citizens of a town or city. These took many forms and varied widely in organization and makeup.
Communes were first recorded in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, thereafter becoming a widespread phenomenon. They had greater development in central-northern Italy, where they became city-states based on partial democracy. At the same time in Germany they became free cities, independent from local nobility.
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Twentieth century composers embraced this term to name their musical era because it seemed modern and exciting, and the various styles of music could not be combined under one stylistically descriptive term. Twentieth century music was preceded by several late romantic era developments, including impressionism and neoclassicism. In the twentieth century, there is no specific rule. There adds a term which is called visual art to music.
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Romanticism was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general.
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Classical era music followed the late Baroque period of music. It maintained many styles of the Baroque tradition but placed new emphasis on elegance and simplicity (as opposed to Baroque music's grandiosity and complexity) in both choral music and instrumental music. It was followed by the Romantic period.
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20th Century music era (1900-Present). By the end of the Romantic period, classical music had reached something of a turning point. Composers began to reject these traditions in different ways in the 20th Century, creating a broad range of totally new and often radical music. As a result, there is no recognizable unified sound to the music of this period, and it is, in general, much more stylistically divergent than the preceding eras of Western art music.
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The Romantic period started around 1830 and ended around 1900
It was a time when composers, artists and authors moved away from the formal restraint of the Classical period.
Romantic Music is a stylistic movement in Western orchestral music associated with the period of the nineteenth century commonly referred to as the Romantic era (or Romantic period).
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Early music is music of the European classical tradition from after the fall of the Roman Empire, in 476.
Western music known today has its roots in the musical practices found in Europe and the Middle East over twenty centuries ago. These musical practices, in turn, have their roots in ancient Greek and Roman practices which are detailed in musical and philosophical treatises of the time.
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The Classical period was an era of classical music between roughly 1730 and 1820. The Classical period falls between the Baroque and the Romantic periods. Classical music has a lighter, clearer texture than Baroque music, but a more sophisticated use of form.
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The Baroque Period of Western Music History circa 1600 to 1750 AD. It may derive from the word barroco in Portuguese meaning “irregular shape.” Originally used in a derogatory fashion to describe artistic trends of this time period, baroque has come to broadly refer to the century and a half beginning in 1600.
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The Baroque Period of Western Music History circa 1600 to 1750 AD. It may derive from the word barroco in Portuguese meaning “irregular shape.” Originally used in a derogatory fashion to describe artistic trends of this time period, baroque has come to broadly refer to the century and a half beginning in 1600.
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Early music generally comprises Medieval music (500–1400) and Renaissance music (1400–1600) but can also include Baroque music (1600–1750). Early music is a broad musical era for the beginning of Western art music.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. CONTENT
• DEFINITION OF BRICK MASONRY
• TYPES OF BRICKS
• GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN BRICK MASONRY
• BONDS IN BRICK WORK
• OTHER TYPES OF BOND
• BONDS IN PIERS
• SQUINT JUNCTION
• SQUINT QUOINS
• RETAINING WALL
• STRENGTH OF BRICK MASONRY
• PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN BRICK MASONRY
• DEFECTS IN BRICK MASONRY
• REINFORCED BRICK WORK
3. BRICK MASONRY
The art of laying bricks in mortar in a proper systematic manner gives
homogeneous mass which can withstand forces without disintegration.
A highly durable form of construction.
Built by placing bricks in mortar in a systematic manner to construct solid mass.
Withstand exerted loads.
TYPES OF BRICKS
Bricks can be divided into two types :
i. Traditional bricks
ii. Modular bricks
4. Traditional Bricks
Have not been standardized in size.
The dimensions vary from place to place.
Nominal Size (with Mortar) – 23 × 11.4 × 7.5 cm
Standard Size – 22.4 cm × 11.4cm × 7cm
Modular bricks
Same uniform size
Laid down by Bureau of Indian Standard Institution,
India
Economical to manufacture,
Workout to be cheaper.
Nominal Size (with Mortar) – 20 × 10 × 10 cm
Standard Size – 19 × 9 × 9 cm
Length varies from -20 to 25 cm
Width varies from -10 to 13 cm
Thickness varies from-5 to 7.5 cm.
5. NOMINAL THICKNESS OF WALL
Estimated wall thickness to evaluate the quantity of brick work
Fictitious dimension
The nominal thickness of one brick wall,
Traditional brick
• Taken as 23 cm [allowance mortar joint =12mm]
• Actual thickness varies from 21.8cm to 22.4cm
Modular brick
• Taken as 20 cm [allowance mortar joint =10mm]
• Actual thickness is 19cm
6. The strength of masonry work, however, depends very much upon the type of material used, nature of workmanship and
supervision .There general principles in brick masonry are given bellow:
Quality of brick Laying of bricks
• Should be laid on a full bed of
mortar
• Should be laid truly horizontal
and truly vertical
• Generally laid in the English
bond
Preparation for
joints
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN BRICK MASONARY CONSTRUCTION
Process of Soaking
Brick bats
7. Back bonding
Plastering or pointing
Process for plastering,
• Pre process
• During process
• And post process
Fixing of iron
fixtures
Strengthening
the main wall
Raked back
Reinforcement on half brick
partition
Effect of temperature
Load distribution
Treatment of preservation and air circulation
Joint of quoin brick
9. FLEMISH
BOND
✔ Each course consists alternate headers and stretchers.
✔ Alternate course starts with header at the corner.
✔ For breaking of vertical joints closer are inserted in alternate
courses next to the quoin header.
✔ Not as strong as English bond.
10. Flemish bonds are classified as two different types :
1.Single Flemish Bond
• Combination of English and Flemish bond
• In a course, facing is Flemish and backing in English
2.Double Flemish Bond
• Each course presents the same appearance both in the
face and back of the wall
• Every course consists of headers and stretchers
alternately.
Back Back
Front
(ii) even courses
(i) odd courses
Back Back
(b) Single Flemish bond
Front
Front
Front
11. COMPARATIVE MERITS AND DEMERITS OF ENGLISH AND FLEMISH BOND :
ENGLISH BOND FLEMISH BOND
Headers and stretchers are laid in alternate
courses.
Headers and stretchers are laid in alternately in each
course.
Less pleasing appearance. Appearance is more attractive and pleasing.
Expansive. Economical.
Less mortar is used. More mortar is used due to use of bats.
No strict , supervision and skill is demanded. It requires good workmanship and careful supervision.
Absence of vertical joints in the structure. Partly continuous vertical joints appear in the structure.
12. Types of bonds
1.Stretching bond:
- all bricks are laid as stretchers.
- used half bricks wall only.
- use for partition wall.
2.Heading bond:
- laid as header on the face.
- used for wall curved as plan.
- used for footings in Foundation.
13. 3.Garden wall bond:
- thick wall act as a boundary wall.
- not so strong as English bond.
- sometimes used for levels of cavity walls.
Two types of Garden wall-
a. English Garden wall
b. Flemish garden wall
a. English Garden wall:
- General arrangement of bricks.
- one course of headers and three course of stretchers.
b. Flemish garden wall:
- five stretchers in series.
- a header is laid over the middle of each central
stretches.
14. 4. Facing bond:
- adopted for thick walls.
- constructed with brick of different thickness.
- load distribution is not uniform.
5.Racking bond:
- laid zero to ninety degrees.
- increase the longitudinal stability.
- interval along the height of the wall.
Two types of Racking bond:
a. Herring bone bond:
- suited for very thick wall.
- usually not less than four brick wall.
- inclined at 45°
b. Diagonal bond:
- two to four brick walls
- placed end to end.
15. 6. Dutch bond:
- modification of the old english cross bond.
- alternate course of headers and stretches.
7. English cross bond:
- Similar to english bond.
- alternate course of headers and stretches.
8. Zig zag bond:
- laid as zig-zag pattern.
- adopted in brick paved flooring.
9.Silver locks bond:
- laid on edge.
- weak in strength.
- only recommended for garden and partition walls.
TEE JUNCTION :
- forming the letter T in plan.
- its a different bond.
- similar combination of wall thickness.
16. DETACHED PIERS
ENGLISH BOND DOUBLE FLESMISH BOND
⮚ VERTICAL JOINTS AVAILABLE
⮚ THREE HEADERS
⮚ TWO ¾ BATS
⮚ COURSE 2 = MIRROR OF COURSE
1
1½ BRICK THK
❑ B3 = THREE QUARTER BATS
⮚ VERTICAL JOINTS NOT
AVAILABLE
⮚ SIX STRETCHERS
⮚ FOUR QUEEN CLOSURES
⮚ COURSE 2 = 90dg OF COURSE 1
❑ Q = QUEEN CLOSURE
⮚ CONTINUOUS VERTICAL JOINTS
⮚ TWO HEADERS
⮚ TWO STRETCHERS
⮚ ONE ½ BATS
❑ B2 = HALF BATS
⮚ CONTINUOUS VERTICAL JOINTS
⮚ FOUR HEADERS
⮚ TWO QUEEN CLOSURES
⮚ FOUR ¾ BATS
❑ Q = QUEEN CLOSURE
❑ B3 = THREE QUARTER BATS
1½ BRICK THK
2 BRICK THK 2 BRICK THK
17. ATTACHED PIERS
ENGLISH BOND DOUBLE FLESMISH BOND
❑ B2 = HALF BATS ❑ B3 = THREE QUARTER
BATS
❑ K= KING CLOSURE
❑ Q = QUEEN CLOSURE
⮚ 2 BRICK-THK MORE STRENGTH AND MOSTLY USED FOR
HEAVY LOADS.
⮚ 2 BRICK-THK IS BETTER THAN 1 & 1 ½ BRICK-THK PIER, IN
STRENGTH AND IN APPEARANCE AS WALL, BECAUSE WE GET THE
TYPICAL FLEMISH FACE APPEARANCE, IN THIS THICKNESS OF PIER.
18. SQUINT JUNCTION
ENGLISH BOND DOUBLE FLESMISH
⮚ THE HEADER COURSE OF THE INTERNAL WALL IS TAKEN
INSIDE THE MAIN WALL.
⮚ ALTERNET COURSE OF BOTH THE WALLS REMAIN
UNBONDED
⮚ THIS JUNCTION ARE QUITE DIFFICULT TO BE CONSTRUCTED
⮚ IN COURSE-1 THE INTERNAL WALL IS TAKEN INSIDE THE MAIN WALL.
⮚ IN COURSE-2 BOTH THE WALLS REMAIN UNBONDED
❑ THIS JUNCTION IS FORMED BY AN INTERNAL WALL MEETS AN EXTERNAL CONTINUES WALL.
19. SQUINT QUOINS
ACUTE QUOINS OBTUSE QUOINS
❑ THIS QUOINS FORMED BY TWO EXTERNAL WALLS MEET
❑ ACUTE SQUINT- THIS IS FORMED WHEN THE
ENCLOSED ANGLE ON THE INSIDE OF THE TWO
WALLS IS LESS THAN 90DG
❑ OBTUSE SQUINT- THIS IS FORMED WHEN THE
ENCLOSED ANGLE ON THE INSIDE OF THE TWO
WALLS IS MORE THAN 90DG
ENGLISH
BOND
DOUBLE
FLESMISH
BOND
20. A structure that retain (holds back) any material (usually earth) and prevents it from sliding or eroding away.
To resist the material pressure of the material that it is holding back.
There are various materials used to construct retaining walls such as concrete blocks, concrete, treated lumber, rocks
or boulders.
The material held or supported by a retaining wall is known as a backfill, its top surface may be horizontal or inclined.
Retaining Wall
Dry Stone Retaining Walls:
This is the simplest form of retaining wall.
stability depends on the arrangement of stones in the wall and the friction between
the individual stones.
a minimum top width of wall - 60 cm.
the front face should have a batter varying from 1 in 4 to 1 in 3.
6 m for the height of dry-stone masonry
The stones used in the wall construction are laid at right angle to the face baller.
21. Dry Stone Pitching or Revetment:
It is generally provided to protect the slopping face of an earthen cutting or embankment from erosion.
Pitching should be carried at least 90 cm.
The slopes of embankment should not be steeper than 1:1, a slope of 1½ : 1 being usually adopted.
Every stone in pitching is laid flat and no projecting stones are allowed.
Breast walls:
To protect the slopes of cutting in natural ground from the action of weather.
Depends upon the height of wall, the nature of the backing and the slope of
cutting.
The front and back batters of the wall vary from 1 in 4to 1 in 2 (1in horizontal : 4
or 2 vertical)
The minimum top width of 60 cm.
22. Brick Masonry, Stone Masonry or Plain Concrete Retaining Walls:
Much more stronger than dry stone masonry wall.
To resist the thrust from the backing
Constructed for heights beyond 6 m
The bottom width of the walls varies with the height.
Conditions of Stability of Retaining Walls:
Structurally capable of resisting the pressure applied to it.
Should be proportioned
Be safe from consideration of sliding,
The weight of wall together with the force resulting from the earth pressure acting on it, should not stress
To prevent accumulation of water behind a retaining wall.
As far as possible, long masonry retaining walls should be provided
23. Compressive strength of brick masonry
The compressive strength of a wall depends on
• Type and strength of brick
• Mix of mortar
• Size and shape of masonry construction
Permissible compressive strength based on basic compressive
stress (fb) multiplying with
• Stress reduction factor (K f )
• Shape modification factor (K p )
A wall or column carrying a compressive load behaves like any other strut, and its
load bearing capacity depends on the compressive strength of the materials, the
cross-sectional area and the geometrical properties as expressed by the
slenderness ratio .
24. Defects during manufacturing process
• OVERBURNING OF BRICKS
• UNDERBURNING OF BRICKS
• BLACK CORE
• SPOTS
• BLOATING
• CHUFFS
• POROSITY
25. Defects in post-construction process
• Sulphate attack
• Crystalisation of salt bricks (Efflorescence)
•
• SHRINKAGE ON DRYING
• Corrosion of embedded iron or steel
SHRINKAGE
Sulphate attack
26. o
Composite structural material that consists of load-
bearing brickwork masonry with reinforcement.
Construction materials needed :
•First-class brick
•Reinforcement (Wrought iron, flat bar, Steel
meshes)
•Cement mortar (1 : 3)
Applications of reinforced brick masonry :
•It is used in columns and piers
•In brick arches, reinforced brickwork is
preferred
•Nowadays, reinforced brickwork is used in
brick slab
•It is also used in reinforced beam
Reinforced in brick masonry
27. Advantages of reinforced brick masonry over conventional brick masonry :
•Lower cost housing
•Reinforced brick masonry plays an important role during an earthquake
•Lowest labour cost
•It gives weather protection
•It is cheaply supervised
•It provides additional strength to our structure