The document provides a comprehensive overview of brick masonry, detailing its definition, types of bricks, construction principles, and various bonding techniques. It covers the strength of brick masonry, permissible compressive stress, and common defects, emphasizing the importance of quality workmanship. Additionally, it discusses reinforced brickwork advantages, types of bonds, and considerations for constructing retaining walls and other masonry structures.

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
PROCIDURE
TOPIC : BRICK MASONRY

2. CONTENT
• DEFINITION OF BRICK MASONRY
• TYPES OF BRICKS
• GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN BRICK MASONRY
• BONDS IN BRICK WORK
• OTHER TYPES OF BOND
• BONDS IN PIERS
• SQUINT JUNCTION
• SQUINT QUOINS
• RETAINING WALL
• STRENGTH OF BRICK MASONRY
• PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN BRICK MASONRY
• DEFECTS IN BRICK MASONRY
• REINFORCED BRICK WORK

3. BRICK MASONRY
 The art of laying bricks in mortar in a proper systematic manner gives
homogeneous mass which can withstand forces without disintegration.
 A highly durable form of construction.
 Built by placing bricks in mortar in a systematic manner to construct solid mass.
 Withstand exerted loads.
TYPES OF BRICKS
Bricks can be divided into two types :
i. Traditional bricks
ii. Modular bricks

4. Traditional Bricks
 Have not been standardized in size.
 The dimensions vary from place to place.
 Nominal Size (with Mortar) – 23 × 11.4 × 7.5 cm
 Standard Size – 22.4 cm × 11.4cm × 7cm
Modular bricks
 Same uniform size
 Laid down by Bureau of Indian Standard Institution,
India
 Economical to manufacture,
 Workout to be cheaper.
 Nominal Size (with Mortar) – 20 × 10 × 10 cm
 Standard Size – 19 × 9 × 9 cm
Length varies from -20 to 25 cm
Width varies from -10 to 13 cm
Thickness varies from-5 to 7.5 cm.

5. NOMINAL THICKNESS OF WALL
 Estimated wall thickness to evaluate the quantity of brick work
 Fictitious dimension
 The nominal thickness of one brick wall,
 Traditional brick
• Taken as 23 cm [allowance mortar joint =12mm]
• Actual thickness varies from 21.8cm to 22.4cm
 Modular brick
• Taken as 20 cm [allowance mortar joint =10mm]
• Actual thickness is 19cm

6. The strength of masonry work, however, depends very much upon the type of material used, nature of workmanship and
supervision .There general principles in brick masonry are given bellow:
Quality of brick Laying of bricks
• Should be laid on a full bed of
mortar
• Should be laid truly horizontal
and truly vertical
• Generally laid in the English
bond
Preparation for
joints
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN BRICK MASONARY CONSTRUCTION
Process of Soaking
Brick bats

7. Back bonding
Plastering or pointing
Process for plastering,
• Pre process
• During process
• And post process
Fixing of iron
fixtures
Strengthening
the main wall
Raked back
Reinforcement on half brick
partition
Effect of temperature
Load distribution
Treatment of preservation and air circulation
Joint of quoin brick

8. BONDS IN BRICK-WORK
ENGLISH BOND :
ELEVATION

9. FLEMISH
BOND
✔ Each course consists alternate headers and stretchers.
✔ Alternate course starts with header at the corner.
✔ For breaking of vertical joints closer are inserted in alternate
courses next to the quoin header.
✔ Not as strong as English bond.

10. Flemish bonds are classified as two different types :
1.Single Flemish Bond
• Combination of English and Flemish bond
• In a course, facing is Flemish and backing in English
2.Double Flemish Bond
• Each course presents the same appearance both in the
face and back of the wall
• Every course consists of headers and stretchers
alternately.
Back Back
Front
(ii) even courses
(i) odd courses
Back Back
(b) Single Flemish bond
Front
Front
Front

11. COMPARATIVE MERITS AND DEMERITS OF ENGLISH AND FLEMISH BOND :
ENGLISH BOND FLEMISH BOND
Headers and stretchers are laid in alternate
courses.
Headers and stretchers are laid in alternately in each
course.
Less pleasing appearance. Appearance is more attractive and pleasing.
Expansive. Economical.
Less mortar is used. More mortar is used due to use of bats.
No strict , supervision and skill is demanded. It requires good workmanship and careful supervision.
Absence of vertical joints in the structure. Partly continuous vertical joints appear in the structure.

12. Types of bonds
1.Stretching bond:
- all bricks are laid as stretchers.
- used half bricks wall only.
- use for partition wall.
2.Heading bond:
- laid as header on the face.
- used for wall curved as plan.
- used for footings in Foundation.

13. 3.Garden wall bond:
- thick wall act as a boundary wall.
- not so strong as English bond.
- sometimes used for levels of cavity walls.
Two types of Garden wall-
a. English Garden wall
b. Flemish garden wall
a. English Garden wall:
- General arrangement of bricks.
- one course of headers and three course of stretchers.
b. Flemish garden wall:
- five stretchers in series.
- a header is laid over the middle of each central
stretches.

14. 4. Facing bond:
- adopted for thick walls.
- constructed with brick of different thickness.
- load distribution is not uniform.
5.Racking bond:
- laid zero to ninety degrees.
- increase the longitudinal stability.
- interval along the height of the wall.
Two types of Racking bond:
a. Herring bone bond:
- suited for very thick wall.
- usually not less than four brick wall.
- inclined at 45°
b. Diagonal bond:
- two to four brick walls
- placed end to end.

15. 6. Dutch bond:
- modification of the old english cross bond.
- alternate course of headers and stretches.
7. English cross bond:
- Similar to english bond.
- alternate course of headers and stretches.
8. Zig zag bond:
- laid as zig-zag pattern.
- adopted in brick paved flooring.
9.Silver locks bond:
- laid on edge.
- weak in strength.
- only recommended for garden and partition walls.
TEE JUNCTION :
- forming the letter T in plan.
- its a different bond.
- similar combination of wall thickness.

16. DETACHED PIERS
ENGLISH BOND DOUBLE FLESMISH BOND
⮚ VERTICAL JOINTS AVAILABLE
⮚ THREE HEADERS
⮚ TWO ¾ BATS
⮚ COURSE 2 = MIRROR OF COURSE
1
1½ BRICK THK
❑ B3 = THREE QUARTER BATS
⮚ VERTICAL JOINTS NOT
AVAILABLE
⮚ SIX STRETCHERS
⮚ FOUR QUEEN CLOSURES
⮚ COURSE 2 = 90dg OF COURSE 1
❑ Q = QUEEN CLOSURE
⮚ CONTINUOUS VERTICAL JOINTS
⮚ TWO HEADERS
⮚ TWO STRETCHERS
⮚ ONE ½ BATS
❑ B2 = HALF BATS
⮚ CONTINUOUS VERTICAL JOINTS
⮚ FOUR HEADERS
⮚ TWO QUEEN CLOSURES
⮚ FOUR ¾ BATS
❑ Q = QUEEN CLOSURE
❑ B3 = THREE QUARTER BATS
1½ BRICK THK
2 BRICK THK 2 BRICK THK

17. ATTACHED PIERS
ENGLISH BOND DOUBLE FLESMISH BOND
❑ B2 = HALF BATS ❑ B3 = THREE QUARTER
BATS
❑ K= KING CLOSURE
❑ Q = QUEEN CLOSURE
⮚ 2 BRICK-THK MORE STRENGTH AND MOSTLY USED FOR
HEAVY LOADS.
⮚ 2 BRICK-THK IS BETTER THAN 1 & 1 ½ BRICK-THK PIER, IN
STRENGTH AND IN APPEARANCE AS WALL, BECAUSE WE GET THE
TYPICAL FLEMISH FACE APPEARANCE, IN THIS THICKNESS OF PIER.

18. SQUINT JUNCTION
ENGLISH BOND DOUBLE FLESMISH
⮚ THE HEADER COURSE OF THE INTERNAL WALL IS TAKEN
INSIDE THE MAIN WALL.
⮚ ALTERNET COURSE OF BOTH THE WALLS REMAIN
UNBONDED
⮚ THIS JUNCTION ARE QUITE DIFFICULT TO BE CONSTRUCTED
⮚ IN COURSE-1 THE INTERNAL WALL IS TAKEN INSIDE THE MAIN WALL.
⮚ IN COURSE-2 BOTH THE WALLS REMAIN UNBONDED
❑ THIS JUNCTION IS FORMED BY AN INTERNAL WALL MEETS AN EXTERNAL CONTINUES WALL.

19. SQUINT QUOINS
ACUTE QUOINS OBTUSE QUOINS
❑ THIS QUOINS FORMED BY TWO EXTERNAL WALLS MEET
❑ ACUTE SQUINT- THIS IS FORMED WHEN THE
ENCLOSED ANGLE ON THE INSIDE OF THE TWO
WALLS IS LESS THAN 90DG
❑ OBTUSE SQUINT- THIS IS FORMED WHEN THE
ENCLOSED ANGLE ON THE INSIDE OF THE TWO
WALLS IS MORE THAN 90DG
ENGLISH
BOND
DOUBLE
FLESMISH
BOND

20.  A structure that retain (holds back) any material (usually earth) and prevents it from sliding or eroding away.
 To resist the material pressure of the material that it is holding back.
 There are various materials used to construct retaining walls such as concrete blocks, concrete, treated lumber, rocks
or boulders.
 The material held or supported by a retaining wall is known as a backfill, its top surface may be horizontal or inclined.
Retaining Wall
Dry Stone Retaining Walls:
 This is the simplest form of retaining wall.
 stability depends on the arrangement of stones in the wall and the friction between
the individual stones.
 a minimum top width of wall - 60 cm.
 the front face should have a batter varying from 1 in 4 to 1 in 3.
 6 m for the height of dry-stone masonry
 The stones used in the wall construction are laid at right angle to the face baller.

21. Dry Stone Pitching or Revetment:
 It is generally provided to protect the slopping face of an earthen cutting or embankment from erosion.
 Pitching should be carried at least 90 cm.
 The slopes of embankment should not be steeper than 1:1, a slope of 1½ : 1 being usually adopted.
 Every stone in pitching is laid flat and no projecting stones are allowed.
Breast walls:
 To protect the slopes of cutting in natural ground from the action of weather.
 Depends upon the height of wall, the nature of the backing and the slope of
cutting.
 The front and back batters of the wall vary from 1 in 4to 1 in 2 (1in horizontal : 4
or 2 vertical)
 The minimum top width of 60 cm.

22. Brick Masonry, Stone Masonry or Plain Concrete Retaining Walls:
 Much more stronger than dry stone masonry wall.
 To resist the thrust from the backing
 Constructed for heights beyond 6 m
 The bottom width of the walls varies with the height.
Conditions of Stability of Retaining Walls:
 Structurally capable of resisting the pressure applied to it.
 Should be proportioned
 Be safe from consideration of sliding,
 The weight of wall together with the force resulting from the earth pressure acting on it, should not stress
 To prevent accumulation of water behind a retaining wall.
 As far as possible, long masonry retaining walls should be provided

23. Compressive strength of brick masonry
The compressive strength of a wall depends on
• Type and strength of brick
• Mix of mortar
• Size and shape of masonry construction
Permissible compressive strength based on basic compressive
stress (fb) multiplying with
• Stress reduction factor (K f )
• Shape modification factor (K p )
A wall or column carrying a compressive load behaves like any other strut, and its
load bearing capacity depends on the compressive strength of the materials, the
cross-sectional area and the geometrical properties as expressed by the
slenderness ratio .

24. Defects during manufacturing process
• OVERBURNING OF BRICKS
• UNDERBURNING OF BRICKS
• BLACK CORE
• SPOTS
• BLOATING
• CHUFFS
• POROSITY

25. Defects in post-construction process
• Sulphate attack
• Crystalisation of salt bricks (Efflorescence)
•
• SHRINKAGE ON DRYING
• Corrosion of embedded iron or steel
SHRINKAGE
Sulphate attack

26. o
Composite structural material that consists of load-
bearing brickwork masonry with reinforcement.
Construction materials needed :
•First-class brick
•Reinforcement (Wrought iron, flat bar, Steel
meshes)
•Cement mortar (1 : 3)
Applications of reinforced brick masonry :
•It is used in columns and piers
•In brick arches, reinforced brickwork is
preferred
•Nowadays, reinforced brickwork is used in
brick slab
•It is also used in reinforced beam
Reinforced in brick masonry

27. Advantages of reinforced brick masonry over conventional brick masonry :
•Lower cost housing
•Reinforced brick masonry plays an important role during an earthquake
•Lowest labour cost
•It gives weather protection
•It is cheaply supervised
•It provides additional strength to our structure

28. THANK YOU