Brassicaceae
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This document summarizes the characteristics of the plant family Brassicaceae and provides details about one species, Brassica campestris. It notes that Brassicaceae plants typically have four-petaled flowers arranged in a cross-like pattern, six stamens in two rows, and fruits that are siliques. It then describes the habit, morphology, and floral structure of B. campestris. Finally, it outlines some of the economic importance of Brassicaceae, including its use as food crops, for oil production, medicines, and ornamental plants.
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Brassicaceae (/ˌbræsɪˈkeɪsii/) or Cruciferae (/kruːˈsɪfəri/)[2] is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, some shrubs, with simple, although sometimes deeply incised, alternatingly set leaves without stipules or in leaf rosettes, with terminal inflorescences without bracts, containing flowers with four free sepals, four free alternating petals, two short and four longer free stamens, and a fruit with seeds in rows, divided by a thin wall (or septum).
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Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae contains about 950 genera and 20,000 species of herbs, shrubs, and rarely trees distributed worldwide. The family is characterized by having composite flower heads (capitula) composed of disc and ray florets. Some economically important members include sunflower, lettuce, and dandelion. Asteraceae plants provide food, oil, rubber, insecticides, medicines, ornamentals, and also include some common weeds.
Aromatic Plants -origin, botany, utilization
TOPIC – Aromatic Plants -origin, botany, utilization
M.Sc Botany
Plant resource utilization
Aromatic plants
Malvaceae
This document discusses the economic importance of plants in the Malvaceae family. It notes that many genera in the family produce fibers that can be used for textiles, cordage, and other purposes. The most economically important fiber is cotton, produced from the seed coat of cotton plants like Gossypium herbaceum. Other fiber-producing plants mentioned include Hibiscus cannabinus, H. sabdariffa, Abutilon theophrasti, and Urena lobata. Cotton seed is also used to produce edible oil and cattle feed. Some Malvaceae plants like Abelmoschus esculentus are used as vegetables, while others like Hibiscus rosa-sinesis
Apocynaceae
The document summarizes key details about the Apocynaceae family of plants. It notes that many species in this family contain milky sap and alkaloids that can be toxic if ingested but are also used medicinally. The family includes trees, shrubs, climbers, and rare herbs distributed worldwide, especially in subtropical and temperate regions. Two specific genera are highlighted, Rauwolfia and Catharanthus, which contain important medically useful alkaloids like reserpine, ajmaline, vincristine, and vinblastine that are used to treat conditions like hypertension, arrhythmias, tumors, and leukemia.
Floras of faisalabad
The document provides information on 12 different herbs found in the flora of Faisalabad, Pakistan. For each herb, it describes the common name, scientific name, characteristics, stem, leaves, flowers, fruit, and main uses. The herbs included are Amaranthus viridus, Achyranthus aspera, Boerhaavia diffusa, Convolvulus arvensis, Mentha longifolia, Euphorbia prostrata, Galium verum, Anagallis arvensis, and Coriandrum sativum.
ANACARDACEAE.pptx
Anacardiaceae is a family of trees and shrubs commonly known as the mango or cashew family. Key characteristics include alternate, simple or pinnately compound leaves; pentamerous flowers with 10 stamens inserted on a disc and 1-2 carpels forming a drupe fruit. Many plants in this family produce edible fruits like mango and cashew nut. Resins from some species are used for varnishes while others provide gums or cause skin irritation. The family includes about 80 genera and 600 species mostly found in tropical regions.
Labiateae
This document provides information on various plants from the Labiatae/Lamiaceae family including their botanical names, parts used, morphological features, constituents, and medicinal uses. It discusses important species such as peppermint, spearmint, holy basil, oregano, sage, rosemary, lemon balm, and horehound. The Labiatae family contains many aromatic herbs and is widely cultivated for medicinal and culinary purposes. Many species have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
Native Plants of Pakistan
This document summarizes the native ornamental flora of Pakistan. It describes over 30 plant species that are native to various regions of Pakistan, including trees, shrubs, herbs, aquatic plants, and bulbs. For each species, it provides the botanical name, family, diagnostic features, habitat, distribution within Pakistan, and importance. Many of the plants have potential for use as ornamental plants, cut flowers, landscape plants, or have medicinal uses. The document emphasizes that Pakistan has a diverse native flora that is well adapted to the local climate with minimal care requirements and could be better utilized and commercialized.
Pharmacognosy of Vinca
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Description of family fabaceae
This document summarizes the key characteristics of plants in the Fabaceae family, also known as legumes. It describes their distribution in temperate and subtropical regions. Most are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees with branched taproots containing nitrogen-fixing nodules. Their leaves are alternately arranged and compound, stems are branched, and flowers are usually racemose with five fused sepals and five fused petals. Economically, they are important as vegetables, pulses, and for their ability to fix nitrogen in soil.
P cognosy of vinca
Vinca, also known as Catharanthus roseus, is a plant native to Madagascar that is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine. The plant is perennial and cultivated by direct sowing or in nurseries. It has glossy green leaves and red, pink, or white flowers. Microscopy shows dorsiventral leaf structure with palisade parenchyma below the upper epidermis. The plant contains over 90 alkaloids, notably the dimer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine which are used to treat cancers like Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia. Extracts and alkaloids from v
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COWPEA,LENTIL,HORSE GRAM,LABLAB, RICE BEAN,WINGED BEAN
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Theophrastus and carl linn.
The document summarizes the contributions of Theophrastus and Carl Linnaeus to the fields of botany and taxonomy. It notes that Theophrastus was Aristotle's successor and is considered the father of botany, classifying plants into four groups and describing nearly 500 species. It then discusses Carl Linnaeus and his development of the binomial nomenclature system and a classification system based on plant reproductive structures, which became widely used despite having limitations in accurately reflecting relationships.
Teak
Teak is an important timber tree native to India and Southeast Asia. Its botanical name is Tectona grandis and it belongs to the Verbenaceae family. Teak is found naturally in peninsular India and is distributed in states like Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. It has also been introduced to other parts of Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Teak is a large tree that can grow over 30 meters tall with opposite, elliptic or obovate leaves. It produces white bisexual flowers and one-seeded fruits. Teak is cultivated from seed and used widely for construction, furniture, and other wood products due to its
Photoperiodism
Photoperiodism is the phenomenon where plant growth and development is influenced by the length of day and night. It is the response of plants to the relative length of light and dark periods. The document is a short introduction to the topic of photoperiodism written by Dr. Vasanta I. Kahalkar of the Department of Botany at M. G. College in Armori.
Photoperiodism
Photoperiodism is the phenomenon where plant growth and development is influenced by the length of day and night. It discusses how certain plants flower or go dormant based on changes in day length and season. The document is a short introduction to the topic of photoperiodism written by Dr. Vasanta I. Kahalkar from the Department of Botany at M. G. College in Armori.
Origin and bennettitalean theory
The Bennettitalean theory proposes that angiosperms evolved from extinct gymnosperms called Bennettitaleans, based on similarities between the reproductive structures of Bennettitaleans and early flowering plants like Magnolia. However, there are also many differences between Bennettitaleans and angiosperms in terms of features like stamen arrangement, seed structure, and plant anatomy. While the reproductive structures share some superficial similarities, overall Bennettitaleans cannot be considered the direct ancestors of flowering plants due to these anatomical differences. The theory suggests angiosperms may have shared a common ancestor with Bennettitaleans rather than evolving directly from them.
Nastic movment
Nastic movements are plant movements that are independent of external stimuli and are controlled by internal mechanisms. There are two types of nastic movements: growth movements which are permanent, and turgor movements which are temporary and reversible.
Some examples of specific nastic movements include nyctinasty, which is the opening and closing of plant organs in response to day and night cycles. Seismonasty is the movement of plants in response to physical disturbances like touch or wind. Thigmonastic movements occur in response to touch but without regard to the direction of the stimulus, as seen in insect-trapping plants. Hydronasty is the movement of plants in response to atmospheric moisture.
Growth regulator & auxin
This document discusses plant growth regulators, specifically auxins. It defines growth and categorizes growth-controlling substances into growth promoters and inhibitors. Auxins are described as growth-promoting substances that were first discovered through experiments showing they promote growth in coleoptiles and cause curvature. The role of auxins is summarized, noting they promote stem elongation, root growth, apical dominance, fruit development, and tropic movements in plants. Auxins are widely used to enhance growth, induce rooting, delay abscission, and produce parthenocarpic and seedless fruits in agriculture.
Double fertilization & triple fusion
This document discusses double fertilization and endosperm development in plants. It explains that double fertilization involves one male gamete fusing with the egg to form a diploid zygote, and the other fusing with the central cell's polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm nucleus. This triggers endosperm development, which provides nourishment for the developing embryo. The document outlines three types of endosperm - nuclear, cellular, and helobial - based on whether cell walls form during division of the primary endosperm nucleus.
Butea
- Butea monosperma is a moderate sized deciduous tree native to tropical regions of South Asia. It is commonly known as Palas.
- The tree has trifoliate leaves that are ovate, entire, glabrous above and densely grey and silky beneath. It produces orange-red bisexual flowers in dense racemes.
- Cultivation involves sowing seeds in nurseries from June to July. Seedlings are ready for transplantation after 8-10 months and are generally planted during the rainy season. The gum of B. monosperma is used as an astringent and substitute for kino, and in tannin production.
Bixa
Bixa orellana, also known as annatto or lipstick plant, is a small evergreen tree native to tropical America and the West Indies. It is cultivated for its seeds, which are a source of natural dye. The tree has opposite leaves with entire margins and an acuminate apex. It produces white bisexual flowers in racemes and spiny, many-seeded fruits. Bixa orellana is propagated from seed and the seedlings are ready for transplantation after 10-12 months, with transplanting done in pits during the rainy season. The dye extracted from its seeds is used in the food industry to color rice and in products like soap, paint and varnish.
Bija
Bija, or Pterocarpus marsupium, is a deciduous tree native to India that yields a red gum called kino. It is found commonly in Western Ghat regions of India as well as Nepal and Sri Lanka. The large tree has imparipinnate compound leaves with 5-9 sub-opposite leaflets and yellow flowers in short axillary and terminal panicles. It produces orbicular pods containing 1-2 reniform seeds. The tree is propagated from seed and used for its strong, durable wood which is suitable for building, furniture, tools and musical instruments. Extracts from its wood and leaves are also used in Ayurvedic medicine to regulate blood sugar levels.
Acacia catechu
Acacia catechu, also known as khair, is a deciduous tree found throughout India that grows up to 12 meters tall. It has short hooked spines and bipinnately compound leaves. The bark is grayish brown and the pale yellow flowers grow in spikes. The fruit is a flat, straight pod. It is propagated from seed and the seedlings are ready for transplantation after 10-12 months. Acacia catechu is used to produce dyes from its heartwood which are used for painting, coloring paper, and dyeing cloth. It also protects ships from weather and sea water when used to dye the ship cells.
Acacia arabica
Acacia arabica, or babul, is a thorny tree native to North Africa that grows widely in dry, sandy regions of Africa and India. It belongs to the Mimosaceae family. The tree has bipinnate leaves with 10-20 pairs of subsessile leaflets and yellow flowers. It is propagated from seeds sown in nurseries, with seedlings ready for transplanting 8-10 months later in the rainy season. The gum from A. arabica is used to make polishes, inks, adhesives, and varnishes, and it is also used as a tonic for women after childbirth and to treat diabetes.
Hydrosere
1. Plant succession is the orderly change of plant communities over time in a given area. Hydrosere is the succession that occurs in aquatic environments like ponds and lakes.
2. The stages of hydrosere succession include a phytoplankton stage, rooted submerged stage, rooted floating stage, reed-swamp stage, sedge meadow stage, woodland stage, and a climax forest stage.
3. Xerosere is succession on bare rock surfaces. It begins with crustose lichens colonizing the rock, followed by foliose and fruticose lichens, then mosses, herbs, shrubs, trees, and ultimately a climax forest community.
Types of embryo sac
The document describes the structure and development of three types of embryo sacs:
1) Monosporic embryo sacs develop from a single megaspore that undergoes three nuclear divisions without cell wall formation, resulting in an eight-nucleated sac with haploid nuclei.
2) Bisporic embryo sacs form when one cell of the megaspore dyad develops while the other degenerates, with each nucleus dividing twice to create the eight-nucleated sac.
3) Tetrasporic embryo sacs form when the four megaspore nuclei remain in a single cell (coenocyte) and all participate in embryo sac formation.
Structure of stamen
The document summarizes the structure of the stamen and the process of microsporogenesis. It discusses that the stamen contains an anther which is bilobed and contains two pollen sacs in each lobe. The pollen sacs contain pollen grains that mature and are later released. The internal structure of the anther wall contains four layers - epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum. Microsporogenesis is the process where sporogenous tissue in the anther develops into microspore mother cells through meiotic division, forming a pollen tetrad of four pollen grains. The arrangement of pollen tetrads can be tetrahedral, isobilateral, decussate
Structure of ovule
The document summarizes the structure of the ovule and types of ovules. It describes that the ovule consists of an integument(s), funicle, nucellus, and micropyle. There are two main types of integuments - unitegmic with one integument and bitegmic with two integuments. Six types of ovules are described based on the position of the micropyle and chalaza relative to the funicle: orthotropous, anatropous, hemi-anatropous, campylotropous, amphitropous, and circinotropous. Anatropous ovules have the body completely inverted so
Equisetum
This document summarizes the external and internal morphology of Equisetum (horsetail). It describes that Equisetum has underground stems called rhizomes that produce both sterile and fertile aerial branches. The sterile branches are green and photosynthetic while the fertile branches are short-lived and bear spores. The stems have scale-like leaves arranged in whorls and fibrous roots occur at rhizome nodes. Internally, the stem has ridges and grooves with photosynthetic tissue under ridges and air canals under grooves. Vascular bundles alternate with the canals and a pith cavity is in the center.
Sporogonium of funaria
The document summarizes the structure of the mature sporophyte of the moss Funaria. It has three main parts: the foot, seta, and capsule. The foot anchors the sporophyte to the gametophyte. The seta is a stalk that raises the capsule above the gametophyte and transports water and nutrients. The capsule contains the spores and can be divided into the apophysis, theca, and operculum. The theca contains spore sacs that produce spores via meiosis. When mature, the spores are released through the opening of the operculum.
Funaria
This document summarizes the external and internal features of the moss Funaria. It describes the gametophyte generation including the leafy stem, rhizoids, and reproductive structures. Sexual reproduction in Funaria involves the production of antheridia and archegonia on separate shoots. Fertilization occurs when motile sperm from the antheridia swim down and fuse with eggs in the archegonia, forming a zygote that develops into the sporophyte generation. Vegetative reproduction can also occur through fragmentation, secondary protonema, tubers, and gemmae.
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Brassicaceae
- 1. Brassicaceae: Dr. Vasanta I. Kahalkar Assistant Professor Department of Botany M. G. Arts, Science and Late N. P. Commerce College, Armori
- 2. Characters of Brassicaceae: • Flowers actinomorphic rarely zygomorphic, hermaphrodite; sepals four in two whorls of two each, petals four, diagonally arranged-cruciform; stamens six, tetradynamous; gynoecium bicarpellary, syncarpous, parietal placentation, bilocular due to the formation of false septum (replum); fruit siliqua.
- 3. Brassica campestris • Habit and habitat: • An annual herb, cultivated for seeds which yield oil. • Root: • Tap and branched. • Stem: • Herbaceous erect, cylindrical, solid, glabrous or hairy. • Leaf: • Simple, alternate, exstipulate, lower ones lyrate and upper oblong or lanceolate, unicostate reticulate venation, hairy, sessile.
- 4. • Inflorescence: • A corymbose-raceme. • Flower: • Ebracteate, pedicellate, complete, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, cruciform, tetramerous, hypogynous, and yellow. • Calyx: • Sepals 4 (2 + 2) in two whorls, outer whorl antero-posterior, the two lateral one saccate, green, polysepalous, imbricate aestivation. • Corolla: • Petals four, polypetalous, cruciform, valvate aestivation, yellow.
- 5. • Androecium: • Stamens six, tetradynamous, in two whorls, the outer with two short lateral stamens and inner with four long stamens arranged in two median pairs. Basifixed, polyandrous, introrse. Four green nectaries are present, on the inner side of each short stamen and a similar one at the base but outside each pair of long median stamens. • Gynoecium: • Bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior, unilocular becoming bilocular by the development of false septum called – replum; parietal placentation, style short, stigma bilobed. • Fruit:- Siliqua. • Floral Farmula
- 7. Economic Importance of Brassicaceae: This family is of considerable economic importance. • 1. Food: • The plants of this family which are cultivated as vegetable crops are: • Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (H. Phul gobhi), B. oleracea var. capitata (H. Band gobhi), Brassica campestris (mustard, Mohari), Brassica rapa (H. Shalgam), Raphanus sativus (H. Muli), are edible and cooked as vegetables. • 2. Oil:- The seed of B. campestris (mustard) yield mustard oil or Karwa-tel which is widely used as a cooking medium. B. nigra (H. Kalirai) and B. juncea (H. rai) also produce oil. • After extracting oil the cake is left behind which is highly nutritious as a cattle feed; the oil cake is also used as soil fertilizer. Raphanus seeds also produce a pungent oil which is often used in adulteration of sarson oil; this oil has digestive properties.
- 8. • 3. Medicines: • The leaves and tender shoots of Lepidium sativum are used in liver complaints, asthma, cough and bleeding piles. Rorippa montana is an appetizer and a stimulant. The seeds of Cheiranthus cheiri are used in bronchitis and fever. The flowers are used in paralysis and impotency. Lobularia is used for gonorrhoea. Iberis amara is used in rheumatism and gout. • 4. Ornamentals: • Some plants are grown in gardens for their beautiful flowers viz. Cheiran thus cheiri (wall flower), Iberis amara (candituft) Lobularia, Matthiola (stock), Hesperis (rocket), Alyssum, Lunaria (honesty) etc.
- 9. Thank you